Lower Body Shape Research Articles

Stratified body shape-driven sizing system via three-dimensional digital anthropometry for compression textiles of lower extremities

Poor fit has become one of reasons for high non-compliance in the use of garments made of compression textiles in venous deficiency treatments. A novel methodology to categorize lower body shapes and sizes has been established via three-dimensional digital anthropometric technology in this study based on 208 Hong Kong subjects aged 40–60 years. Three new parameters were introduced to classify body shapes, namely the “A-angle” for assessing the “alignment” of lower extremities, the “cosine values of the key angle” at the turning point for below-knee shape determination, and “gradient” for above-knee shape categories. The mathematical simulation via the interpolation function was employed to explore the characteristics of shape variation trends with the involvement of dynamic interactions of both circumferences ( Cir) and heights ( Hei) of lower extremities. The clustering analysis quantitatively segmented the sample population into three stratified leg morphologies (i.e. diamond, inverted trapezoid, and balanced leg shapes) in terms of the determined anthropometric landmarks along the lower extremities, in which the C ir( s) of the brachial ( cB1), calf ( cC), and thigh ( cF) exhibited most obvious differences among the clustered lower limbs. The created stratified shape-driven sizing system and methodologies further involved the body shape classifications into the Cir-based size categories to cater for diverse body morphologies in product size selection, thus improving dimensional fitness and accurate treatment using compression textiles in practice.

Description and Classification of the Youth’s Body Type in Shanghai

The carried out standard of the garment size is not able to reflect the body shapes of the modern. In order to achieve a better standard, which is in accord with the requirement of the modern, the figures of 520 women and men, all in the age of 18 to 40, are measured. 18 variables of body shapes are chosen, and 7 variables are derived from them. All the data is processed by SPSS, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and cluster analysis are used. Both of women’s upper and lower body shapes are classified into 6 categories, and the similar segregation is carried on men with 4 categories, which is an ideal classification. The results offer the support for understanding the current situation of the body shapes of young women and men in Shanghai, for customizing a new standard, and for providing theoretical basis and reference on optimization of designs of clothing structure.

B8-1 An Analysis of Characteristics of Korean Females' Lower Body Shape Using Fuzzy Logic and Classification Methods

B8-1 An Analysis of Characteristics of Korean Females' Lower Body Shape Using Fuzzy Logic and Classification Methods

Fuzzy classification of young women's lower body based on anthropometric measurement

The traditional method of body classification is discrete, using crisp and rather dichotomous classification methods; there are many shortcomings for ergonomic design of clothing products by this method. This paper proposes a fuzzy method to classify lower body shapes based on triangular fuzzy numbers. By using factor analysis and correlation analysis, we found that the height, the waist girth, and the difference of hip-waist are crucial dimensions to represent lower body shape. We then classified the lower body shape into three categories according to the difference of hip-to-waist, and finally used the membership of triangular fuzzy numbers to represent the lower body shapes. Results show that the fuzzy method of body classification can more accurately represents body information than the traditional method without increasing the number of body types. Additionally, we established that the mean of the height, waist girth and hip girth of the young women of northeast China increased by about 0.8 cm, 1.5 cm and 1.4 cm respectively compared with ten years ago.Relevance to industry: Anthropometric data is the basis of garment pattern design, and body classification is a necessary precondition for developing a garment size system. These research achievements will add value to the pattern design of young women's lower body clothing, the development of new sizing systems and related industries.

슬랙스 맞음새 평가를 위한 하반신 체형 유형화에 관한 연구

Abstract This study intended to suggest criteria for selection of subjects by lower body shape types necessary for evaluating slacks. For this, the characteristics were examined by lower body parts which would influence the fit of slacks on 3D human body shape data of the front and sides of the lower body for lower body shaping. The frequency of subjects by lower body shape types and the boundary points for discrimination of each type were suggested so that they could be available in selecting subjects. Using the data from Size Korea(2004), indirect measurement values measured on the front and sides of the lower body among 3D human body shape data of 175 subjects were analyzed. Their height, waist, and hip circumference fell under the range of standard deviation based on the mean of women aged 18 24 years, and then lower body shaping was conducted by combining ～the front and side shapes of the lower body. The front of the lower body was classified into four sections: average waist/average hip type(F1), average waist/narrow hip tyle(F2), narrow waist/narrow hip type(F3) and narrow waist/wide hip type(F4) and the sides of the lower body were divided into four sections: average abdomen/average hip type(S1), flat abdomen/average hip type(S2), average abdomen/protrude hip type(S3)and round abdomen/flat hip type(S4), and thus total 16 lower body types were created by cross analysis. Besides, discriminant analysis suggested the boundary points for each shape type of the front and sides of the lower body as a criterion for deciding lower body shape type of each subjectKeywords: 3D human body shape data(3 ), Slacks fit( ), 차원 인체 형상 데이터 슬랙스 맞음새 Lower body shape type( ), Discriminant analysis( ) 하반신 체형 유형 판별 분석

Classification of Lower Body Types of Female Adults aged 18 to 69 based on 3D Body Scan Data - Focusing on the Front Type, Lateral-Front Type, and Lateral-Back Type -

This study classified the lower body types of female adults aged 18 to 69. The lower body was divided into front, lateral front, and lateral back. In order to understand the shape and somatotype of each segment, 592 people were analyzed based on girth, height, length, depth, width, angle and cross section distance for each segment. For data analysis, SPSS 18.0 was performed for descriptive statics, principal component analysis, K-means cluster analysis, ANOVA, and Duncan's test (as verification). Factor analysis was performed based on index values, calculation values, angles, and cross section distances. The measured items resulted in a.) 16 items were extracted to 5 factors in the case of the front factor (FF) of the lower body, and b.) 24 items were extracted to 6 factors in the case of lateral front factor (LFF) and lateral back factor (LBF). Each factor was put through K-means cluster analysis, classifying the lower bodies into one of four types of based on the front type (FT), the lateral front type (LFT), and the lateral back type (LBT) respectively. This study proposed an understanding of various lower body shapes by segmenting and classifying the lower body shapes for each type.

중년 여성의 니트 슬랙스 기본 원형 개발

Abstract This paper proposes knit slacks patterns by lower body shape of middle-aged women. In addition, this paper aims to propose a design method for a prototype of nice knit slacks using the properties of knitwear. To select basic woven slack patterns which would be used in designing prototype of knit slacks for middle-aged women, two industrial slack patterns and two educational slack patterns were collected, and lab coats were prefabricated using muslin. Then, a shape test was performed by an evaluation board which consisted of eight experts who majored in Clothing Construction. Using blended yarn (1/17’s) with 64% wool, 23% rayon and 13% nylon, 12G knit slacks in plain stitch were made. In terms of waist circumference of knit slacks, the front and the back were set to W/4+1+2(D) and W/4-1+2(D), respectively, with 1cm of difference using waist circumference (Omphalion) to cover the abdominal circumference. To make the front-back width of the side line even, the front waist circumference was increased by 1cm. The ease of hip circumference was set to 4cm in total with H/4+1+0.8 in front and H/4+1-0.8 in the back (0.8cm in difference). Crotch length was set by adding 3cm (width of waist belt) after deducting crotch height from waist height (Omphalion). The center front angle was shifted by 1cm while the center back angle was shifted from the center front to the side line by 5cm.Key words : middle-aged women( ), knit slacks( ), woven slacks(중년 여성 니트 슬랙스 우븐 슬 ), development of prototype( )랙스 원형 개발

A Study on the Classification of Lower Body Shapes of Men in Their 50s and 60s

A Study on the Classification of Lower Body Shapes of Men in Their 50s and 60s

Investigation of the Validity of 3-D Virtual Fitting for Pants

The effectiveness of 3D virtual fitting technology when visualizing the fit and silhouette of pants by analyzing the similarities between real and virtual fit using 20 fit locations, 3 lower body shapes, and fit status was investigated. We produced 61 custom pants for the participants and virtually tried each on a personalized 3D body scan avatar. The technology was not generally effective for visualizing pant fit. Especially, the waist placement of the virtual pants was lower than that for the actual pants. The virtual software indicated less ease than the actual pants and could not express stress folds due to slight misfit. The front silhouette of the virtual pants spread wider than the real pants. The virtual pants for females with a hip tilt shape had the greatest divergence from the actual pants. The virtual pants with good fit appeared more effectively than did those with poor fit.

Research on lower body shape of late pregnant women in Shanghai area of China

Anthropometric data, especially the data of lower body of late-pregnant women, has become an immediate need for ergonomic design of maternity products, such as clothing, related motherhood supplies, maternity support products, and so on. So 55 late pregnant women in Shanghai area of China were randomly selected for this lower body shape research. By anthropometric measurement method 18 dimensions were measured to characterize lower body shape of late pregnant women. Mean values, standard deviations (SD), coefficients of variation, and percentiles for each variable were estimated. It was found that the morphology of hip and abdomen mostly influenced the lower body shape. Then according to the characters of hip and abdomen, the late pregnant women's lower body shapes were divided into two types. Moreover this paper also analyzed the change trend of lower body shape along late pregnancy months (7 to 9th months). As a result of this research, the late pregnant women's lower body shapes were described from different aspects which were thought to provide a guide for the maternity products design. Relevance to industryThe anthropometric data is essential to design reasonable and professional maternity products for late pregnant women, such as maternity support products, maternity clothing and so on. Especially this study can benefit the maternity garment industry. Moreover utilization of the anthropometric data, product designers would be able to outfit to a wider range of target users.

Plus-size여성의 맞음새 향상을 위한 하반신 체형 연구

Data from 540 subjects (included in the obesity group whose BMI was over 25) was selected from 2,445 subjects in the <TEX>$6^{th}$</TEX> Korean Body Size Survey. A total of 25 direct measurements were selected for the relevant literature lower body size measurement analysis, that included 9 components related to BMI, height and circumferences, 3 components related to width and thickness, 5 components related to length, 3 components related to height, and 2 other components. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, cluster analysis and variance analysis were executed using PASW 18.0 to analyze the data. In accordance with the factor analysis results to classify the lower body shape of overweight women in their 20s to 60s whose BMI was over 25, 4 factors were identified (lower body volume, leg volume, lower body length and leg length). A total of 4 lower body shapes of overweight women were found through cluster analysis using 4 factor scores from the factor analysis. Body Shape 1 had the largest lower body and leg volume. It was the heaviest group. Leg length was at a normal level. Body Shape 1 was 22.2% (122 subjects). Body Shape 2 had the longest legs and the smallest body shape; however, Body Shape 2 was the leg obesity group with the largest leg volume. It was 39.8% (215 subjects). Body Shape 3 had a smaller leg volume in proportion to the lower body thickness and a long lower body length. It comprised 27.8% (150 subjects). Body Shape 4 comprised 9.8% (53 subjects) with the shortest leg. Its lower body obesity was at a normal level.

Development of Automated Custom-Made Pants Driven by Body Shape

Mass customization and automated custom clothing have been regarded as promising methods for the apparel industry to create well-fitting clothing for customers. However, current off-the-shelf automated custom patternmaking software cannot generate custom clothing with perfect fit since alteration starts from a single graded base pattern regardless of customers' body shape, resulting in an extreme pattern alteration in areas that the system cannot accomplish effectively for some customers. Therefore we developed a set of basic pants patterns optimized for three lower body shape groups, and tested whether improved customization could occur if the alteration process is started from differently shaped block patterns that are suitable for each body figure. The body shape groups were identified using a new data driven method using multiple body measurements (depths, angles, and arcs). The results showed that the new made-to-measure system incorporating body shape information into block patterns can generate custom patterns with better fit.

A Classification of Obese Middle-aged Men's Lower Body Shapes

Considering the fact that the fit for men's clothes is important for the sizing system modern ready-made pants, an analysis of obese middle-aged men is required at this period of time to determine the appropriate fit for obese men. The following research focused on 635 middle-aged obese men who had a BMI index of at least 25 and a waist circumference from the belly-button level of 34 inches or more. This research deals with the articles of circumference, thickness and other major physical changes that happen during the 30s, 40s, and 50s. According to the analysis of these body measurement articles with specific regard to age, men's height and the height of their waist seemed to decrease as their age increased. This demonstrates that as these men grow older, the waist and stomach slowly curved into a circular and flat body type due to their obesity. In this study, the first factor figure was the height and leg length. The second factor figure was the waist form. The third factor figure was the center thigh circumference. The fourth and fifth factor figures were the hip length and shape. Lastly, the sixth factor figure was the calf circumference. These 6 factor figures construct 80.57% of the volume explanation and showed 3 patterns through a cluster analysis that showed different patterns of obesity forms for waist circumferences in key figure 1, waist and thigh circumferences in key figure 2, and waist and buttocks circumferences. Therefore, it was worthwhile to consider the circumferences of the waist, buttocks and thigh according to the body type category to enhance the drafting of well-fitting pants.

Categorization of lower body shapes for adult females based on multiple view analysis

Body shapes are generally identified by subjective comparisons of body silhouettes or by calculating ratios of girths. In this study, we developed a reliable and objective categorization method for the lower body shapes of women using principal component (PC) analysis and cluster analysis. A total of 2,488 women aged 18—35 within the 90th percentile of body mass index (34.14) were selected from SizeUSA body scan data. Body measurements chosen for the analysis include buttocks angle and 14 proportional measures of widths, depths, front/back depths, girths, and front/back arcs of key lower body locations. Five PCs were extracted, but only the first three components made a strong contribution to explained variance (PC1: waist to top hip silhouette, PC2: top hip to full hip silhouette, and PC3: buttocks prominence). However, PC4 (abdomen prominence) and PC5 (slope from abdomen point to front hip point) were also critical for representing a distinctive shape. They had a single variable, and therefore each variable was retained as z-score. Three body shape groups were categorized by K-means cluster analysis using three PC scores and two z-scores. In order to provide a simple and intuitive application method for defining a new person’s body shape group, we developed two discriminant functions using raw measurements. Body shape can be classified within our system from body measurements by calculating function scores and comparing them with a bivariate plot of function scores of the body shape groups.

Preferences for body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio do not vary with observer age

Several studies have suggested that mate selection strategies alter with age, but the mechanism of this shift in mate strategy is unclear. Two possibilities suggest themselves. The first is that preferences themselves alter, compensating for the changing mate value of the observer. Alternatively, the preferences may remain constant with observer age, but an individual may compensate for changes in their own relative by consciously targeting different regions of the attractiveness spectrum as their own mate value changes. To address this question, we asked 142 Caucasian subjects (aged 18–87 years) to rate 50 photographs of women varying in lower body shape (the waist-hip ratio, or WHR), and overall body mass (body mass index, or BMI). We found no effects of observer age on preferences. This suggests that the criteria for do not alter with changing observer age, and instead that it is the strategies employed using this information that may change.

모핑 기법을 활용한 40대 남성 하반신 가상모델 생성에 관한 연구

With rapid expansion in e-retailing of apparel business, personalized fitting model service shows the possibility as the differentiated marketing strategy in cyber shopping. According as necessity of personalized fitting model construction rises, it is tried personalized fitting model creation in several fields such as computer engineering, mechanical engineering, information engineering. But, because existent study was concentrated only on human body modeling, it does not reflect average morphological characteristics of human body properly. In this study, we wish to examine if morphing is fit for expressing characteristic of average human body shape and suggest desirable morphing. We used 3-D scan data of 254 Korean middle aged men collected by Size Korea 2004. The result of this study are as follows: Lower body types were categorized by height hip girth and lower drop(hip girth-navel girth) which were main factors of lower body shape. Then each factor was divided into 3 groups respectively, 30% in the middle, over 30%, under 30%. In 27 groups, the group which belonged to 30% in the middle of height, 30% in the middle of hip girth, 30% in the middle of lower drop was selected as a representative group. We tested geometrical figure by differ volume, tilt, position of point. And we created a representative type of men`s lower bodies by morphing the representative group and analyzed it`s horizontal, vertical sections. A representative type which was created by morphing reflected a real body and changed realistically at the part of hip, crotch, calf muscle and so on. A cross sections of a representative type were similar to average cross sections of the representative group in size and shape. So it was proved that morphing was successful.

Relation of obesity-related attitudes, knowledge, and eating behaviors with body weight and body shape satisfaction in 5th-grade Korean children

Obesity is a worldwide epidemic problem. The downward trend of an obesity onset age calls for research efforts on how to develop useful nutrition educational programs for children to maintain adequate body weight. Understanding the roles of objective and subjective body status in obesity-related attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors can provide important information. The current study aimed to examine obesity-related attitudes and knowledge and practices of eating behavior guidelines in relation to obesity and body shape satisfaction among children. The gender effect in the relations was also investigated. A self-administered survey was conducted with 260 fifth grade children at 2 public elementary schools in the suburbs of Seoul. Information on demographics, body size, body satisfaction, obesity-related attitudes and knowledge, and eating behaviors was collected. Study findings from one-way analysis of variance tests indicated no differences in mean scores of the attitudes, knowledge, and eating behaviors across the levels of obesity for both gender. The levels of body shape satisfaction was, however, found to be significantly related with the attitudes and eating behaviors in girls, while no such relation was seen in boys. Girls with lower body shape dissatisfaction had significantly more negative attitudes toward obesity which was not translated into practice of healthy eating behaviors. That is, contrary to general expectation, the level of practicing the eating behavior guidelines was significantly lower in those girls. While underlying reasons for this observation is not fully answered, gender-specific, body satisfaction-stratified, and behavior-focused approach in designing obesity prevention programs for elementary school girls is suggested efficient and useful.