Low-density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein Research Articles

The emerging role of ethanolamine phosphate phospholyase in regulating hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine and plasma lipoprotein metabolism in mice.

Ethanolamine phosphate phospholyase (ETNPPL) is an enzyme that irreversibly degrades phospho-ethanolamine (p-ETN), an intermediate in the Kennedy pathway of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis. PE is the second most abundant phospholipid in mammalian membranes. Disturbance of hepatic phospholipid homeostasis has been linked to the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). We generated whole-body Etnppl knockout mice to investigate the impact of genetic deletion of Etnppl on hepatic lipid metabolism. Primary hepatocytes isolated from Etnppl-/- mice showed increased conversion of [3H]ethanolamine to [3H]p-ETN and [3H]PE compared to Etnppl+/+ mice. Male and female Etnppl+/+ and Etnppl-/- mice were fed either a chow or a western-type diet (WTD). Irrespective of diet, Etnppl-/- mice had elevated fasting levels of total plasma cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) and apolipoprotein B100 (VLDL particles). Interestingly, hepatic TG secretion was unchanged between groups. Although hepatic lipids (phosphatidylcholine (PC), PE, TG, and cholesterol) were not different between mice, RNA sequencing analysis showed downregulation in genes related to cholesterol biosynthesis in Etnppl-/- mice. Furthermore, hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein1 (LRP1) protein level was lower in female Etnppl-/- mice, which may indicate reduced uptake of remnant VLDL particles from circulation. Hepatic PE levels were only increased in WTD-fed female Etnppl-/- mice, not chow diet-fed mice. However, hepatic lipid accumulation and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) development were unchanged between Etnppl+/+ and Etnppl-/- mice. To conclude, ETNPPL has a role in regulating plasma lipoprotein metabolism independent of hepatic TG levels.

Astrocyte-derived lactoferrin inhibits neuronal ferroptosis by reducing iron content and GPX4 degradation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice

Increased astrocytic lactoferrin (Lf) expression was observed in the brains of elderly individuals and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Our previous study revealed that astrocytic Lf overexpression improved cognitive capacity by facilitating Lf secretion to neurons to inhibit β-amyloid protein (Aβ) production in APP/PS1 mice. Here, we further discovered that astrocytic Lf overexpression inhibited neuronal loss by decreasing iron accumulation and increasing glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression in neurons within APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, human Lf (hLf) treatment inhibited ammonium ferric citrate (FAC)-induced ferroptosis by chelating intracellular iron. Additionally, machine learning analysis uncovered a correlation between Lf and GPX4. hLf treatment boosted low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) internalization and facilitated its interaction with heat shock cognate 70 (HSC70), thereby inhibiting HSC70 binds to GPX4, and eventually attenuating GPX4 degradation and FAC-induced ferroptosis. Overall, astrocytic Lf overexpression inhibited neuronal ferroptosis through two pathways: reducing intracellular iron accumulation and promoting GPX4 expression via inhibiting chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA)-mediated GPX4 degradation. Hence, upregulating astrocytic Lf expression is a promising strategy for combating AD.

Truncated mini LRP1 transports cargo from luminal to basolateral side across the blood brain barrier

BackgroundThe most crucial area to focus on when thinking of novel pathways for drug delivery into the CNS is the blood brain barrier (BBB). A number of nanoparticulate formulations have been shown in earlier research to target receptors at the BBB and transport therapeutics into the CNS. However, no mechanism for CNS entrance and movement throughout the CNS parenchyma has been proposed yet. Here, the truncated mini low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 mLRP1_DIV* was presented as blood to brain transport carrier, exemplified by antibodies and immunoliposomes using a systematic approach to screen the receptor and its ligands’ route across endothelial cells in vitro.MethodsThe use of mLRP1_DIV* as liposomal carrier into the CNS was validated based on internalization and transport assays across an in vitro model of the BBB using hcMEC/D3 and bEnd.3 cells. Trafficking routes of mLRP1_DIV* and corresponding cargo across endothelial cells were analyzed using immunofluorescence. Modulation of γ-secretase activity by immunoliposomes loaded with the γ-secretase modulator BB25 was investigated in co-cultures of bEnd.3 mLRP1_DIV* cells and CHO cells overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PSEN1).ResultsWe showed that while expressed in vitro, mLRP1_DIV* transports both, antibodies and functionalized immunoliposomes from luminal to basolateral side across an in vitro model of the BBB, followed by their mLRP1_DIV* dependent release of the cargo. Importantly, functionalized liposomes loaded with the γ-secretase modulator BB25 were demonstrated to effectively reduce toxic Aß42 peptide levels after mLRP1_DIV* mediated transport across a co-cultured endothelial monolayer.ConclusionTogether, the data strongly suggest mLRP1_DIV* as a promising tool for drug delivery into the CNS, as it allows a straight transport of cargo from luminal to abluminal side across an endothelial monolayer and it’s release into brain parenchyma in vitro, where it exhibits its intended therapeutic effect.

Engineering exosomes derived from TNF-α preconditioned IPFP-MSCs enhance both yield and therapeutic efficacy for osteoarthritis

BackgroundThe pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) involves the progressive degradation of articular cartilage. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EXOs) have been shown to mitigate joint pathological injury by attenuating cartilage destruction. Optimization the yield and therapeutic efficacy of exosomes derived from MSCs is crucial for promoting their clinical translation. The preconditioning of MSCs enhances the therapeutic potential of engineered exosomes, offering promising prospects for application by enabling controlled and quantifiable external stimulation. This study aims to address these issues by employing pro-inflammatory preconditioning of MSCs to enhance exosome production and augment their therapeutic efficacy for OA.MethodsThe exosomes were isolated from the supernatant of infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP)-MSCs preconditioned with a pro-inflammatory factor, TNF-α, and their production was subsequently quantified. The exosome secretion-related pathways in IPFP-MSCs were evaluated through high-throughput transcriptome sequencing analysis, q-PCR and western blot analysis before and after TNF-α preconditioning. Furthermore, exosomes derived from TNF-α preconditioned IPFP-MSCs (IPFP-MSC-EXOsTNF−α) were administered intra-articularly in an OA mouse model, and subsequent evaluations were conducted to assess joint pathology and gait alterations. The expression of proteins involved in the maintenance of cartilage homeostasis within the exosomes was determined through proteomic analysis.ResultsThe preconditioning with TNF-α significantly enhanced the exosome secretion of IPFP-MSCs compared to unpreconditioned MSCs. The potential mechanism involved the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in IPFP-MSCs by TNF-α precondition, leading to an up-regulation of autophagy-related protein 16 like 1(ATG16L1) levels, which subsequently facilitated exosome secretion. The intra-articular administration of IPFP-MSC-EXOsTNF−α demonstrated superior efficacy in ameliorating pathological changes in the joints of OA mice. The preconditioning of TNF-α enhanced the up-regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) levels in IPFP-MSC-EXOsTNF−α, thereby exerting chondroprotective effects.ConclusionTNF-α preconditioning constitutes an effective and promising method for optimizing the therapeutic effects of IPFP-MSCs derived exosomes in the treatment of OA.Graphical

Ablation of LRP6 in alpha-smooth muscle actin-expressing cells abrogates lung inflammation and fibrosis upon bleomycin-induced lung injury.

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) is a receptor for Wnt ligands. Tissue fibrosis is a progressive pathological process with excessive extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) deposition. Myofibroblasts, identified by alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression, play an important role in tissue fibrosis by producing ECM production. Here we found that Wnt antagonist Dickkopf1 (DKK1) induced gene expressions associated with inflammation and fibrosis in lung fibroblasts. We demonstrated that genetic deletion of LRP6 in αSMA-expressing cells using Acta2 -cre Lrp6 fl/fl ( Lrp6 AKO ) mice abrogated bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis phenotype, suggesting an important role of LRP6 in modulating inflammation and fibrotic processes in the lung. Our results highlight the crucial role of LRP6 in fibroblasts in regulating inflammation and fibrosis upon BLM-induced lung injury.

Human cell surface-AAV interactomes identify LRP6 as blood-brain barrier transcytosis receptor and immune cytokine IL3 as AAV9 binder

Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are foundational gene delivery tools for basic science and clinical therapeutics. However, lack of mechanistic insight, especially for engineered vectors created by directed evolution, can hamper their application. Here, we adapt an unbiased human cell microarray platform to determine the extracellular and cell surface interactomes of natural and engineered AAVs. We identify a naturally-evolved and serotype-specific interaction between the AAV9 capsid and human interleukin 3 (IL3), with possible roles in host immune modulation, as well as lab-evolved low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) interactions specific to engineered capsids with enhanced blood-brain barrier crossing in non-human primates after intravenous administration. The unbiased cell microarray screening approach also allows us to identify off-target tissue binding interactions of engineered brain-enriched AAV capsids that may inform vectors’ peripheral organ tropism and side effects. Our cryo-electron tomography and AlphaFold modeling of capsid-interactor complexes reveal LRP6 and IL3 binding sites. These results allow confident application of engineered AAVs in diverse organisms and unlock future target-informed engineering of improved viral and non-viral vectors for non-invasive therapeutic delivery to the brain.

Alzheimer's Disease as a Membrane Dysfunction Tauopathy? New Insights into the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis.

The amyloid cascade hypothesis postulates that extracellular deposits of amyloid β (Aβ) are the primary and initial cause leading to the full development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with intracellular neurofibrillary tangles; however, the details of this mechanism have not been fully described until now. Our preliminary data, coming from our day-to-day neuropathology practice, show that the primary location of the hyperphosphorylated tau protein is in the vicinity of the cell membrane of dystrophic neurites. This observation inspired us to formulate a hypothesis that presumes an interaction between low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and fibrillar aggregates of, particularly, Aβ42 anchored at the periphery of neuritic plaques, making internalization of the LRP1-Aβ42 complex infeasible and, thus, causing membrane dysfunction, leading to the tauopathy characterized by intracellular accumulation and hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein. Understanding AD as a membrane dysfunction tauopathy may draw attention to new treatment approaches not only targeting Aβ42 production but also, perhaps paradoxically, preventing the formation of LRP1-Aβ42.

Fine-Scale Haplotype Mapping Reveals an Association of the FTO Gene with Osteoporosis and Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women.

The Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated (FTO) gene encodes a demethylase, which modulates RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and plays a regulatory role in adipocyte differentiation and the pathogenesis of human obesity. To understand the potential role of FTO in osteoporosis (OP), we investigated five single nucleotide variations (SNVs) in intron 1 (rs8057044, rs8050136, rs9939609, rs62033406, and rs9930506) of the FTO gene, and a missense SNV i.e., rs3736228 (A1330V), located in exon 18 of the LRP5 gene, in a cohort of postmenopausal women (n = 188) from Central Europe. Genotyping was performed with an allele discrimination assay, while haplotypes were reconstructed in the population by PHASE 2.1. The rs9930506 was strongly associated with OP (p < 0.0035), which was supported by Bonferroni correction (p < 0.0175), and all SNVs located in the FTO gene were more strongly associated with severe OP with fragility fractures. Among seventeen haplotypes detected for the FTO gene, two haplotypes (H1 and H9) were frequent (frequency > 10%) and distributed in three main haplotypes pairs (H1/H1, H1/H9 and H9/H9, respectively). The pathogenic pair H1/H9 was associated with a leaner phenotype, increased fracture risk, and a lower bone mineral density (BMD), and carried the heterozygous GA of rs9930506, while the protective pair H9/H9 was associated with an increased obesity risk and carried AA alleles of rs9939609. Concordant associations with OP, an increased fracture risk, and a lower BMD at all skeletal sites indicate that the FTO gene is a promising candidate for OP, explaining the complex relationship with obesity and offering new perspectives for the study of the epigenetic regulation of bone metabolism.

Cyclic Peptides KS-133 and KS-487 Multifunctionalized Nanoparticles Enable Efficient Brain Targeting for Treating Schizophrenia.

Establishing drug delivery systems (DDSs) for transporting drugs from peripheral tissues to the brain is crucial for treating central nervous system diseases. We previously reported the interactions of (1) KS-133, a selective antagonist peptide, with vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VIPR2), a drug target for schizophrenia, and (2) KS-487, a selective binding peptide, with the cluster IV domain of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), which is involved in crossing the blood-brain barrier. We developed a novel DDS-based strategy for treating schizophrenia using KS-487 as a brain-targeting peptide and KS-133 as a drug. Dibenzocyclooctyne-KS-487 was conjugated with N3-indocyanine green (ICG) using a click reaction and administered intravenously into mice. Fluorescence was clearly observed from ICG in the brains of the mice. Nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulating ICG and displaying KS-487 were prepared and subcutaneously administered to mice, resulting in a significant accumulation of ICG in the brain. Pharmacokinetic analysis of NPs containing KS-133 and displaying KS-487 (KS-133/KS-487 NPs) revealed the time-dependent transport of KS-133 into the brain. KS-133/KS-487 NPs were subcutaneously administered to mouse models of schizophrenia, which significantly improved cognitive dysfunction. This is the first study to demonstrate the potential therapeutic efficacy of a multifunctionalized multipeptide NP in inhibiting VIPR2.

Pre-term Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy: A Novel Nonsense LRP5 Mutation.

This case report details the diagnosis and management of a pre-term infant with aggressive bilateral retinal pathology. A 4-week-old preterm baby girl, born at 28 weeks and 6 days to consanguineous parents, was referred for suspected aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). She had a family history of bilateral retinal detachments and intellectual disability in an older sister. Clinical assessment included retinal examination, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and genetic testing. The genetic testing involved sequence analysis and copy number variation analysis of 25 genes related to vitreoretinopathy. Retinal examination and fluorescein angiography revealed extensive non-perfusion and telangiectatic vessels in both eyes, and a macula-involving tractional retinal detachment in the left eye. Despite treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab and laser photocoagulation, they progressed to total retinal detachment and no light perception in both eyes. Genetic testing revealed a pathogenic homozygous nonsense mutation in the LRP5 gene (c.3259C>T, p.(Gln1087*)), a mutation not previously reported in association with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR). At 10 months of age, DEXA demonstrated normal bone density, diverging from the typical presentation of osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome associated with LRP5 mutations. This case describes a novel mutation in a complex retinal disease and underscores the necessity of considering pre-term FEVR in the differential diagnosis of atypical or aggressive ROP in preterm infants. The overlap in clinical features between ROP and FEVR highlights the complexity of diagnosis and management and the importance of genetic testing in preterm infants with retinal vascular abnormalities.

Differential Regulation of Wingless-Wnt/c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Crosstalk via Oxidative Eustress in Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Cells.

In the tumor microenvironment (TME), ROS production affects survival, progression, and therapy resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC). H2O2-mediated oxidative stress can modulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling and metabolic reprogramming of the TME. Currently, it is unclear how mild/moderate oxidative stress (eustress) modulates Wnt/β-catenin/APC and JNK signaling relationships in primary and metastatic CRC cells. In this study, we determined the effects of the H2O2 concentration inducing eustress on isogenic SW480 and SW620 cells, also in combination with JNK inhibition. We assessed cell viability, mitochondrial respiration, glycolysis, and Wnt/β-catenin/APC/JNK gene and protein expression. Primary CRC cells were more sensitive to H2O2 eustress combined with JNK inhibition, showing a reduction in viability compared to metastatic cells. JNK inhibition under eustress reduced both glycolytic and respiratory capacity in SW620 cells, indicating a greater capacity to adapt to TME. In primary CRC cells, H2O2 alone significantly increased APC, LEF1, LRP6, cMYC and IL8 gene expression, whereas in metastatic CRC cells, this effect occurred after JNK inhibition. In metastatic but not in primary tumor cells, eustress and inhibition of JNK reduced APC, β-catenin, and pJNK protein. The results showed differential cross-regulation of Wnt/JNK in primary and metastatic tumor cells under environmental eustress conditions. Further studies would be useful to validate these findings and explore their therapeutic potential.

Mesoporous manganese-doped nano-antioxidant suppresses pyroptosis for effective ischemic stroke therapy

Pyroptosis mediates neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke and contributes to its development, indicating that targeting pyroptosis-related pathways could be a potential therapeutic strategy for stroke. In this study, a mesoporous manganese-doped cerium oxide (MMC) nano-antioxidant encapsulated with caspase-1 inhibitor VX765 is rationally designed and engineered to relieve ischemic stroke by integrating the suppression of pyroptosis activity with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capability. Through the surface modification of Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), the nano-antioxidant can specifically bind to the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, cross the blood–brain barrier, and ultimately aggregate in ischemic neuronal tissues. In mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion, the nano-antioxidant alleviates oxidative stress, inhibits cell pyroptosis, reduces inflammatory cytokines, and regulates microglial polarization toward M2, ultimately mitigating neuroinflammation and reperfusion injury in brain tissue. Mechanistic studies reveal that the pyroptosis-associated NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, the inflammation-associated TNF signaling pathway, the neutrophil chemotaxis-associated Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and the oxidative stress-associated NF-kappa B signaling pathway are involved in the antioxidant-mediated stroke therapy. Endowed with pyroptosis-reversing ability and nano-antioxidant activities, this engineered antioxidant presents a novel therapeutic paradigm for minimizing reperfusion injury and enhancing stroke treatment efficacy.

Abstract We134: Computational Model Predicts Mechanisms of Low-density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein 1 Cardioprotection through the RISK Pathway

Introduction: Complications after acute myocardial infarction are among the leading causes of mortality in the United States. Ischemia-reperfusion injury occurs after reperfusion which induces more damage to the heart despite the return of blood flow, which can lead to heart failure. Previous work has identified low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, or LRP1, as a potential therapeutic target to protect cell death from reperfusion injury. In this work, an apoptosis model was expanded to predict the signaling effects of an LRP1 agonist during ischemia. Methods: LRP1 agonist was added as an input to an existing cardiomyocyte apoptosis network to predict LRP1 activity and its effects on cell death during ischemia. New reactions of LRP1 with PKC, Shp2, Shc1, and Src were added for more detail upstream. The model was validated using adult mouse cardiomyocytes with ischemia and reperfusion. SP16, a synthetic LRP1 agonist drug, was delivered to measure outputs such as Akt phosphorylation, caspase3, and apoptosis. Results: LRP1 activation increased Ras/PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathway activity, which is part of the reperfusion-injury salvage kinase (RISK) pathway. Outputs of the model such as apoptosis and cell death were decreased due to LRP1 agonist activity. The model predictions were then validated against the experiments, with 7 out of 8 model predictions (88%) validated. Conclusions: The cardiomyocyte apoptosis model was able to accurately predict pathways by which LRP1 prevents cell death, main pathways involved in LRP1 signaling such as the RISK pathway. This work supports LRP1 as a potential therapeutic target to induce pro-survival signaling in the heart during ischemia-reperfusion.

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 mediates α-synuclein transmission from the striatum to the substantia nigra in animal models of Parkinson's disease.

α-Synuclein accumulation and transmission are vital to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, although the mechanisms underlying misfolded α-synuclein accumulation and propagation have not been conclusively determined. The expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, which is abundantly expressed in neurons and considered to be a multifunctional endocytic receptor, is elevated in the neurons of patients with Parkinson's disease. However, whether there is a direct link between low-density lipoprotein receptor- related protein 1 and α-synuclein aggregation and propagation in Parkinson's disease remains unclear. Here, we established animal models of Parkinson's disease by inoculating monkeys and mice with α-synuclein pre-formed fibrils and observed elevated low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 levels in the striatum and substantia nigra, accompanied by dopaminergic neuron loss and increased α-synuclein levels. However, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 knockdown efficiently rescued dopaminergic neurodegeneration and inhibited the increase in α-synuclein levels in the nigrostriatal system. In HEK293A cells overexpressing α-synuclein fragments, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 levels were upregulated only when the N-terminus of α-synuclein was present, whereas an α-synuclein fragment lacking the N-terminus did not lead to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 upregulation. Furthermore, the N-terminus of α-synuclein was found to be rich in lysine residues, and blocking lysine residues in PC12 cells treated with α-synuclein pre-formed fibrils effectively reduced the elevated low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and α-synuclein levels. These findings indicate that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 regulates pathological transmission of α-synuclein from the striatum to the substantia nigra in the nigrostriatal system via lysine residues in the α-synuclein N-terminus.

Effects silymarin and rosuvastatin on amyloid-carriers level in dyslipidemic Alzheimer’s patients: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial

PurposeThe production/excretion rate of Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the basis of the plaque burden in alzheimer's disease (AD), which depends on both central and peripheral clearance. In this study, the effect of silymarin and rosuvastatin on serum markers and clinical outcomes in dyslipidemic AD patients was investigated. MethodsParticipants (n=36) were randomized to silymarin (140 mg), placebo, and rosuvastatin 10 mg orally three times a day for 6 months. Serum collection and clinical outcome tests were performed at baseline and after completion of treatment. Lipid profile markers, oxidative stress markers, Aβ1–42/Aβ1–40 ratio, and Soluble Low-density lipoprotein receptor-Related Protein-1 (sLRP1)/Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (sRAGE) ratio were measured. ResultsThere was a statistically significant increase in Δ-high density lipoprotein (ΔHDL) between silymarin and placebo (P<0.000) and also between rosuvastatin and placebo (p=0.044). The level of Δ-triglycerides (ΔTG) in the silymarin group has a significant decrease compared to both the placebo and the rosuvastatin group (p<0.000 and p=0.036, respectively). The Δ-superoxide dismutase (ΔSOD) level in the silymarin group compared to placebo and rosuvastatin had a significant increase (p<0.000 and p=0.008, respectively). The ΔAβ1–42/Aβ1–40 in the silymarin group compared to both the placebo and rosuvastatin groups had a significant increase (p<0.05). There was an inverse relationship between ΔTG and ΔAβ1–42/Aβ1–40 (p=-0.493 and p=0.004). ΔAβ1–42/Aβ1–40 has a direct statistical relationship with ΔSOD marker (p=0.388 and p=0.031). Also, there was a direct correlation between the level of ΔAβ1–42/Aβ1–40 and ΔsLRP1/sRAGE (p=0.491 and p=0.005). ConclusionOur study showed the relationship between plasma lipids, especially ΔTG and ΔHDL, with ΔAβ1–42/Aβ1–40 in dyslipidemic AD patients, and modulation of these lipid factors can be used to monitor the response to treatments.

Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease impacting the lives of millions of people worldwide. The formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plagues in the brain is the main pathological hallmark of AD. The Aβ deposits are formed due to the imbalance between the production and Aβ clearance in the brain and across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this respect, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) plays a significant role by mediating both brain Aβ production and clearance. Due to its important role in AD pathogenesis, LRP1 is considered an attractive drug target for AD therapies. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the role of LRP1 in AD pathogenesis as well as recent findings on changes in LRP1 expression and function in AD. Finally, we discuss the advances in utilizing LRP1 as a drug target for AD treatments as well as future perspectives on LRP1 research.

Approaches for Increasing Cerebral Efflux of Amyloid-β in Experimental Systems.

Amyloid protein-β (Aβ) concentrations are increased in the brain in both early onset and late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). In early onset AD, cerebral Aβ production is increased and its clearance is decreased, while increased Aβ burden in late onset AD is due to impaired clearance. Aβ has been the focus of AD therapeutics since development of the amyloid hypothesis, but efforts to slow AD progression by lowering brain Aβ failed until phase 3 trials with the monoclonal antibodies lecanemab and donanemab. In addition to promoting phagocytic clearance of Aβ, antibodies lower cerebral Aβ by efflux of Aβ-antibody complexes across the capillary endothelia, dissolving Aβ aggregates, and a "peripheral sink" mechanism. Although the blood-brain barrier is the main route by which soluble Aβ leaves the brain (facilitated by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1), Aβ can also be removed via the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, glymphatic drainage, and intramural periarterial drainage. This review discusses experimental approaches to increase cerebral Aβ efflux via these mechanisms, clinical applications of these approaches, and findings in clinical trials with these approaches in patients with AD or mild cognitive impairment. Based on negative findings in clinical trials with previous approaches targeting monomeric Aβ, increasing the cerebral efflux of soluble Aβ is unlikely to slow AD progression if used as monotherapy. But if used as an adjunct to treatment with lecanemab or donanemab, this approach might allow greater slowing of AD progression than treatment with either antibody alone.

MiR-424-5p Inhibits Proliferation, Migration, Invasion and Angiogenesis of the HTR-8/SVneo Cells Through Targeting LRP6 Mediated β-catenin.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of miR-424-5p on biological behaviors and angiogenesis of the HTR-8/SVneo Cells. Our study included 60 parturient women, which were divided into an PA group (placenta accreta, n = 30) and a normal group (normal placenta, n = 30). QPCR was used to measure the expression of miR-424-5p in placental tissues. The effects of the miR-424-5p mimic on proliferation, migration, and invasion of human HTR-8/SVneo cells and angiogenesis were analyzed. The potential modulated relationship between miR-424-5p and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-6 (LRP6) was demonstrated by luciferase assay. The expression of LRP6, β-catenin, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), placental growth factor (PGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured by qPCR and Western blot assays. The expression of miR-424-5p in the PA group was significantly decreased than that in the normal group. The expression of miR-424-5p has negative correlation with blood loss. Upregulation of miR-424-5p significantly suppressed the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells in vitro, as well as the tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The luciferase assay demonstrated that LRP6 was a target of miR-424-5p. The expression of LRP6, β-catenin, MMP-2, PGF and VEGF were also decreased with upregulation of miR-424-5p (p < 0.05). The inhibitory effects of miR-424-5p on HTR-8/SVneo cells and angiogenesis were enhanced by downregulation of LRP6, but were reversed by upregulation of LRP6. The present study suggests that downregulation of miR-424-5p is related to the occurrence of PA. Enhancing miR-424-5p inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis of the HTR-8/SVneo cells through targeting LRP6 mediated β-catenin, providing more insights about PA.

Exploring the osteogenic potential of semisynthetic triterpenes from Combretum leprosum: An in vitro and in silico study.

Combretum leprosum Mart. is a plant of the Combretaceae family, widely distributed in the Northeast region of Brazil, popularly used as an anti-inflammatory agent, and rich in triterpenes. This study evaluated in vitro and in silico potential osteogenic of two semisynthetic triterpenes (CL-P2 and CL-P2A) obtained from the pentacyclic triterpene 3β,6β,16β-trihydroxylup-20(29)-ene (CL-1) isolated from C. leprosum. Assays were carried out in cultured murine osteoblasts (OFCOL II), first investigating the possible toxicity of the compounds on these cells through viability assays (MTT). Cell proliferation and activation were investigated by immunohistochemical evaluation of Ki-67, bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralization test by Von Kossa. Molecular docking analysis was performed to predict the binding affinity of CL-P2 and CL-P2A to target proteins involved in the regulation of osteogenesis, including: bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), proteins related to Wingless-related integration (WNT) pathway (Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6-LRP6 and sclerostin-SOST), and receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kB-ligand (RANK-L). Next, Western Blot and immunofluorescence investigated BMP-2, WNT, RANK-L, and OPG protein expressions in cultured murine osteoblasts (OFCOL II). None of the CL-P2 and CL-P2A concentrations were toxic to osteoblasts. Increased cell proliferation, ALP activity, and bone mineralization were observed. Molecular docking assays demonstrated interactions with BMP-2, LRP6, SOST, and RANK-L/OPG. There was observed increased expression of BMP-2, WNT, and RANK-L/OPG proteins. These results suggest, for the first time, the osteogenic potential of CL-P2 and CL-P2A.

R1205H (Vicenza) causes conformational changes in the von Willebrand factor D′D3 domains and enhances von Willebrand factor binding to clearance receptors LRP1 and SR-AI

Backgroundvon Willebrand factor (VWF)-R1205H variant (Vicenza) results in markedly enhanced VWF clearance in humans that has been shown to be largely macrophage-mediated. However, the biological mechanisms underlying this enhanced clearance remain poorly understood. ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the roles of (i) specific VWF domains and (ii) different macrophage receptors in regulating enhanced VWF-R1205H clearance. MethodsIn vivo clearance of full-length and truncated wild-type (WT)-VWF and VWF with R1205 substitutions was investigated in VWF−/− mice. Plate-binding assays were employed to characterize VWF binding to purified scavenger receptor class A member 1 (SR-AI), low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein-1 (LRP1) cluster II or cluster IV receptors, and macrophage galactose-type lectin. ResultsIn full-length VWF missing the A1 domain, introduction of R1205H led to significantly enhanced clearance in VWF−/− mice compared with WT-VWF missing the A1 domain. Importantly, R1205H in a truncated VWF-D′D3 fragment also triggered increased clearance compared with WT-VWF-D′D3. Additional in vivo studies demonstrated that VWF-R1205K (which preserves the positive charge at 1205) exhibited normal clearance, whereas VWF-R1205E (which results in loss of the positive charge) caused significantly enhanced clearance, pinpointing the importance of the positive charge at VWF-R1205. In vitro plate-binding studies confirmed increased VWF-R1205H interaction with SR-AI compared with WT-VWF. Furthermore, significantly enhanced VWF-R1205H binding to LRP1 cluster IV (P < .001) and less marked enhanced binding to LRP1 cluster II (P = .034) was observed. In contrast, VWF-R1205H and WT-VWF demonstrated no difference in binding affinity to macrophage galactose-type lectin. ConclusionDisruption of the positive charge at amino acid R1205 causes conformational changes in the VWF-D′D3 domains and triggers enhanced LRP1-mediated and SR-AI–mediated clearance.