Low Water Permeability Research Articles

Microemulsion Drug Delivery of Anti-malarial.

Malaria affects millions of people every year, especially in our world. The main treatments are oral antibiotics and vaccines. The rise of the malaria parasite, now resistant to most anti-viral drugs, is causing a global crisis. Furthermore, low water solubility and permeability of both new and old antibiotics cause limited oral bioavailability and non-compliance from patients. Lipid formulations are frequently employed to lessen toxicity, boost solubility, and improve effectiveness. The findings of studies on oral-specific lipophilic drug delivery systems, such as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, are reviewed in this article. (SEDDS). SEDDS increases the absorption of anti-inflammatory drugs by promoting the formation of liquid emulsions that dissolve the drug in the intestine. However, traditionally used SEDDS are usually in liquid form, administered into the oral cavity, and have poor safety. This article discusses a new solidification process that can be easily and economically scaled up by using existing equipment. This strategy might also increase patient compliance and product stability. Oral SEDDS has a substantial potential influence in the fight against malaria.

Solubilization of Paclitaxel with Natural Compound Rubusoside toward Improving Oral Bioavailability in a Rodent Model.

Paclitaxel, which features low water solubility and permeability, is an efflux pump substrate. The current paclitaxel drugs are given intravenously after resolving the solubility issue. Yet, oral delivery to achieve therapeutic bioavailability is not effective due to low absorption. This study evaluated a natural compound, rubusoside, to improve oral bioavailability in an animal model. Free paclitaxel molecules were processed into nano-micelles formed in water with rubusoside. The particle size of the nano-micelles in water was determined using dynamic light scattering. The oral bioavailability of paclitaxel in nano-micelles was determined against Cremophor/alcohol-solubilized Taxol after oral and intravenous administration to pre-cannulated Sprague Dawley rats. When loaded into the rubusoside-formed nano-micelles, paclitaxel reached a supersaturated concentration of 6 mg/mL, 60,000-fold over its intrinsic saturation of 0.1 µg/mL. The mean particle size was 4.7 ± 0.7 nm in diameter. Compared with Taxol®, maximum blood concentration was increased by 1.5-fold; the time to reach maximum concentration shortened to 0.8 h from 1.7 h; and, relative oral bioavailability increased by 88%. Absolute oral bioavailability was 1.7% and 1.3% for the paclitaxel nano-micelles and Taxol®, respectively. Solubilizing paclitaxel with rubusoside was successful, but oral bioavailability remained low. Further inhibition of the efflux pump and/or first metabolism may allow more oral paclitaxel to enter systemic circulation.

Development of quaternized agar-based materials for the coronavirus inactivation

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed weaknesses in healthcare systems and underscored the need for advanced antimicrobial materials. This study investigates the quaternization of agar, a seaweed-derived polysaccharide, and the development of electrospun membranes for air filtration in facemasks and biomedical applications. Using the betacoronavirus MHV-3 as a model, quaternized agar and membranes achieved a 90–99.99 % reduction in viral load, without associated cytotoxicity. The quaternization process reduced the viscosity of the solution from 1.19 ± 0.005 to 0.64 ± 0.005 Pa.s and consequently the electrospun fiber diameter ranged from 360 to 185 nm. Membranes synthesized based on polyvinyl alcohol and thermally cross-linked with citric acid exhibited lower water permeability. Avoiding organic solvents in the electrospinning technique ensured eco-friendly production. This approach offers a promising way to develop biocompatible and functional materials for healthcare and environmental applications.

The Effect of Fibrillation, Semi-Dry Pressing, and Surface Treatment on the Barrier Properties of Water Molecules and Oxygen on Food Packaging Paper.

The characteristics of fiber morphology and paper structure are critical to the barrier properties of food packaging paper. Herein, this study aimed to use pulp fibrillation, paper semi-dry pressing and carboxymethyl starch (CMS) coating to flatten the fibers, which were formed on the paper surface with good barrier properties due to the tight bond between fibers. The results showed that the permeability of paper was reduced by 87.56%, from 81.44 μm/Pa·s to 10.13 μm/Pa·s after the pulp fibrillation treatment (60 °SR). Moreover, semi-dry pressing treatment contributed to decreasing the water vapor transmission coefficient (WVP) by 50.98% to 2.74 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa, and the oxygen permeation coefficient (OP) decreased by 98.04% to 1.93 × 10-14 cm3·cm/cm2·s·Pa. After coating the paper surface with titanium dioxide (TiO2) and CMS, the WVP of the paper was further reduced to 1.55 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa, and OP was reduced to 0.19 × 10-14 cm3·cm/cm2·s·Pa. These values were 72.27% and 99.8% lower than those of the original paper, respectively. Therefore, through pulp fibrillation, semi-dry pressing of paper, TiO2 filling, and surface coating with CMS, there is no need to use synthetic polymer surface film-forming agents to achieve the high barrier properties that are required for low water and oxygen molecules permeation in food packaging paper.

Evaluation of Different Fly Ash-Blast Furnace Slag Formulations for Design of Geopolymers in Radioactivity Disposal Applications

Geopolymers in radioactive waste management have in recent times gained dominance in disposal module acceptance. Here is a comparative study on formulations prepared from industrial wastes to be utilized as radionuclide disposal barriers in near surface disposal facilities (NSDFs). Different tools such as isocalorimetry, compressive strength, chemical durability were utilized for screening the formulations. Water leaching of the samples shows that the release of the ions to the leachant is minimal. Durability studies in acids (H2SO4, HCl and HNO3) show that the samples are mostly acid resistant. X-ray tomography suggests low pore volume change over a period of 2 years. The study concludes that the NSDF requirement of low permeability of water and better chemical durability criterion is met by the optimized geopolymerization formulation.

Nanoconfined catalytic membranes assembled by cobalt-loaded carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide for highly efficient water decontamination

This study presents a catalytic membrane based on cobalt-loaded carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide (Co@CNT-GO). Cobalt, serving as the active center, efficiently activates peroxymonosulfate for the degradation of organic compounds in transmembrane water. The uniform dispersion and firm loading of Co on CNT prevent the aggregation and leakage issues typically associated with conventional catalysts. The two-dimensional channels formed by the vacuum-assisted self-assembly of CNT and GO enhance the probability of contact between organic compounds and Co and prolong the contact duration thereby ensuring catalytic efficiency while maintaining a low water permeability resistance. The water flux of the catalytic membrane is 90 L/m2/h, and the atrazine removal efficiency is more than 92%, maintaining high stability even after continuous operation for 72 h. The generated active free radicals, including sulfate radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen, synergistically facilitate the mineralization of organic compounds. Furthermore, the presence of oxygen vacancies on CNT accelerates the redox cycle of ≡ Co(II)/≡Co(III), sustaining the catalytically active center. Compared to the precursor catalytic membrane, Co@CNT-GO catalytic membrane possesses the characteristics of high removal efficiency and high flux, holding promise as a platform technology for the rapid and precise treatment of organic pollutants in contaminated water.

Chitosan-coated paper packaging for specialty coffee beans: Coating characterization, bean and beverage analysis

Cellulose-based packaging has received great attention due to its characteristics of biodegradability, sustainability, and recyclability. Natural polymer coatings are usually applied to the paper surface to enhance the barriers to water vapour and improve the mechanical properties. A chitosan-based coating for paper packaging was developed in this work to store specialty roasted coffee beans, evaluating two samples of chitosan (Sigma® and molasses chitosan), and following the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of coffee beans along a period of 60 days. Sensory tests (Ranking Descriptive Analysis and Preference Test) were applied to the beverage prepared with the roasted and ground coffee beans stored in each packaging. Thin chitosan films provided good coverage and adhesion on the paper. Improved mechanical properties and lower water permeability were observed in the chitosan-coated papers. The physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the coffee beans were not influenced by the packaging along 60 days of storage. The molasses chitosan coating resulted in slightly darker roasted beans. In sensory evaluation, there is a clear difference between the chitosan samples, so that molasses chitosan-coated packaging had higher scores compared to Sigma® chitosan treatment for flavor and global impression in the preference analysis of the beverage. The molasses chitosan-coated packaging had three to four more consumers attributing the highest scores for the beverage prepared with the roasted beans stored in this type of packaging.

Magnesium Test: Universal and Ultra‐Sensitive Method for Measuring Reliability of Thin‐Film‐Encapsulated Bioelectronic Implants in Physiological Environment

AbstractNext‐generation bioelectronic implants require miniaturization, durability, and long‐term functionality. Thin film encapsulations, prepared with inorganic or hybrid organic/inorganic designs, are essential for ensuring protection, low water permeation, adaptability, and structural strength. It is equally important to precisely measure their barrier performance, especially for in vivo use, to ensure the manufacture of reliable bioelectronics. Current monitoring solutions are not adequate: they are bulky, lack sensitivity, and are incompatible with microfabricated devices. Here, a comprehensive method is introduced to quantify the permeability of thin‐film encapsulation for bioelectronic implants both in situ and in real time. This method relies on monitoring the electrical resistance of the Mg film, which experiences corrosion due to water permeation, leading to Mg hydrolysis. An analytical model is proposed that predicts and quantifies this permeation, and is adaptable for various types of encapsulations, including hybrid multilayers. An unprecedented ultra‐low detection limit of 3 × 10−8 g m−2 d−1 at room temperature is demonstrated and the monitoring approach is validated in vivo using polyimide and poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐coated bioelectronics.

Influence of Surface Roughness on Durability of New-Old Concrete Interface

The bond zone between old and new concrete is greatly affected by environmental factors. This study investigates the impact of surface roughness on durability using as-cast surface (CS), drilled holes surface (DS), and grooved surface (GS). After a 28-day water-curing, specimens undergo a 5% NaCl solution immersion for 30 and 60 days; exposure to temperatures of 200 ℃ and 500 ℃; and a water permeability test. Slant shear and splitting tensile tests assess durability. Results show that CS exhibits the greatest decrease in resistance to sodium chloride solution and temperature, while DS and GS show less pronounced effects. At 500 ℃, CS and DS specimens fail, whereas GS retains 50% and 75% of its shear and tensile strengths, respectively. GS has the lowest water permeability (7 × 10-11 m/s), followed by DS (1.2 × 10-10) and CS (1.5 × 10-10). Overall, surface roughness enhances durability and mitigates environmental effects.

Surface modification of nanofiltration membrane using quaternary diethanolamine for efficient antibiotics/salt separation

Nanofiltration plays a crucial role in antibiotic desalination from high salinity water, but the membranes often have low water permeability and insufficient selectivity between antibiotics and salts. In this study, a Gemini-type quaternary diethanolamine monomer (QTDEA) containing quaternary ammonium and hydroxyl groups was synthesized. This monomer had a hybrid spatial structure combining both rigid and flexible components, allowing it to covalently graft to the acyl chloride groups on the nascent polyamide (PA) film. The resulting modified PA-QTDEA membrane exhibited enhanced hydrophilicity, reduced negative charge, and a looser structure. It demonstrated a high water permeance of 18.2 L m−2 h−1·bar−1 for chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC) desalination from a NaCl solution of 10 g L−1, and the NaCl/CTC selectivity was 21.2. This research presents an efficient method for improving the performance of antibiotic desalination through surface modification using the novel QTDEA monomer.

Compact and water flushing resistant mesh biofilms forming at short SRT disappeared naturally under extended SRT in dynamic membrane bioreactor

Extending the solids retention time (SRT) has been demonstrated to mitigate membrane biofouling. Nevertheless, it remains an intriguing question whether the compact and water flushing resistant mesh biofilms developed at short SRT can undergo biodegradation and be removed with extended SRT. In present study, the bio-fouled mesh filter in the 10d-SRT dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR), with mesh surfaces and pores covered by compact and water flushing resistant biofilms exhibiting low water permeability, was reused in the 40d-SRT DMBR without any cleanings. After being reused at 40d-SRT, its flux driven by gravity occurred from the 10th day and recovered to a regular level of 36.7 L m−2·h−1 on the 27th day. Both scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analyses indicated that the compact mesh biofilms formed at10d-SRT biodegraded and were removed at 40d-SRT, with the residual biofilms becoming removable by water flushing. As a result, the hydraulic resistance of the bio-fouled mesh filter decreased from 4.36 × 108 to 6.97 × 107 m−1, and its flux fully recovered. The protein and polysaccharides densities in mesh-biofilms decreased from 24.4 to 9.7 mg/cm2 and from 10.7 to 0.10 mg/cm2, respectively, which probably have contributed to the disappearance of compact biofilms and the decrease in adhesion. Furthermore, the sludge and mesh-biofilms in the 40d-SRT reactor contained a higher relative abundance of dominant quorum quenching bacteria, such as Rhizobium (3.52% and 1.35%), compared to those in the 10d-SRT sludge (0.096%) and mesh biofilms (0.79%), which might have been linked to a decline in extracellular polymeric substances and, consequently, the biodegradation and disappearance of compact biofilms.

Sodium-alginate-based indicator film containing a hydrophobic nanosilica layer for monitoring fish freshness

In this study, hydrophobic sodium alginate/anthocyanin/cellulose nanocrystal indicator films were fabricated by incorporating nanosilica (NS) as a waterproofing layer. The concentrations and formation methods (spraying (S), coating (C), and impregnation (I)) of the NS layer (denoted as NSS, NSC, NSI, respectively) were optimized. The results indicated that the optimum concentration of the NS layer was 5 % at a water contact angle (WCA) 110.5°. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectra showed the presence of SiOSi and SiCH3 groups in the NSS, NSC, and NSI films, and X-ray diffraction spectra indicated that original structures of these films were disordered. Moreover, the surface morphology, mechanical properties, and light transmission were affected by the NS layer, and the optimal layer was found to be NSI. After 10 days of storage at 100 % humidity, the NSI film exhibited low water vapor adsorption (37.22 g) and permeability (0.1484 g/m·s·Pa·10−11) and a high WCA (110.2°). In addition, the NSI film exhibited a visible color shift with an increasing pH of the buffer solution. A monitoring test of fish freshness showed that the NSI film displayed a distinctive color change corresponding to fish spoilage during 14 days of storage. This indicates that NSI has high potential in indicator film applications.

Atomic transport properties of water in barium–strontium aluminosilicates: Coupling of reactions and diffusion

AbstractBarium–strontium aluminosilicate (BSAS), with excellent resistance to water vapor corrosion and low water permeability, is considered an ideal environmental barrier coating material. Water vapor plays an important role on the failure of BSAS when it is exposed to service environments. Herein, the atomic transport properties of water in BSAS are investigated using ab initio calculations. The metastable structure of water in BSAS mainly consists of hydroxyl group and H+, where the hydroxyl group mainly exists in the form of Al–OH structure. In BSAS crystals, water first reacts with the aluminosilicate network to form metastable hydroxyl group and H+, and then hydroxyl group and H+ diffuse through the aluminosilicate network. Alkaline earth elements limit the diffusion behavior of water and improve the resistance to water vapor corrosion by maintaining the desired local charge balance of the Al–O4 tetrahedron structure. Furthermore, the ab initio molecular dynamics calculations at service temperature and pressure of BSAS are carried out to verify the above conclusions.

Alkadiyne-Pyrene Conjugated Frameworks with Surface Exclusion Effect for Ultrafast Seawater Desalination.

Billions of populations are suffering from the supply-demand imbalance of clean water, resulting in a global sustainability crisis. Membrane desalination is a promising method to produce fresh water from saline waters. However, conventional membranes often encounter challenges related to low water permeation, negatively impacting energy efficiency and water productivity. Herein, we achieve ultrafast desalination over the newly developed alkadiyne-pyrene conjugated frameworks membrane supported on a porous copper hollow fiber. With membrane distillation, the membrane exhibits nearly complete NaCl rejection (>99.9%) and ultrahigh fluxes (∼500 L m-2 h-1) from the seawater salinity-level NaCl solutions, which surpass the commercial polymeric membranes with at least 1 order of magnitude higher permeability. Experimental and theoretical investigations suggest that the large aspect ratio of membrane pores and the high evaporation area contribute to the high flux, and the graphene-like hydrophobic surface of conjugated frameworks exhibits complete salt exclusion. The simulations also confirm that the intraplanar pores of frameworks are impermeable for water and ions.

Effects of physical and operating parameters on the performance of a concentration gradient battery for saltwater-based energy storage

Concentration gradient batteries (CGBs) use electrodialysis and reverse electrodialysis to charge and discharge, respectively. An important factor hindering CGB efficiency is osmosis through ion exchange membranes (IEMs); however, adding an osmotic ballast to the dilute compartment reduces osmosis and improves CGB efficiency. Despite the importance of osmosis in CGB performance, there has been no evaluation of the effects of CGB parameters on performance with and without an osmotic ballast. Accordingly, our goal was to evaluate the effects of selected CGB parameters on various CGB performance metrics to inform future optimization of CGB designs. Results showed ballast addition improved current and round-trip energy efficiency and stabilized CGB performance across multi-cycle operation. However, ballast addition caused lower average (net) power densities due to its impact on IEM stack resistance and solution viscosity. Increasing the flowrate and decreasing the spacer thickness led to decreases in average net power densities. Importantly, the effect of IEM properties on CGB performance varied with ballast addition: low water permeability IEMs had greater and lower round-trip energy efficiencies without and with ballast, respectively, compared to low resistance IEMs. This work informs CGB parameter selection, demonstrates tradeoffs associated with osmotic ballast addition, and shows multi-cycle CGB operation is feasible.

Comparison of 2D and 3D materials on membrane modification for improved pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) process

Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is a sustainable process that convert Gibbs free energy to osmotic energy by mixing two solutions of different salinities. The main challenges in the design of PRO membranes are obtaining a membrane with high water permeability and low salt permeability but also very high mechanical strength because the PRO process involves high pressure on the draw solution. Commercially available RO membranes with potential utility in a PRO system exhibit a high salt rejection rate but low water permeability and mechanical stability. Surface modification is a promising strategy for tuning the fundamental properties of the membranes (e.g. hydrophilicity, surface charge and thickness) that can improve the filtration performance of the membranes. The coating layer can also improve the mechanical stability of the membranes. Therefore, in this work, various types of modification materials were applied to the commercial available RO membranes to enhance their performance.With the assistance of hydrophilic materials (e.g. polydopamine – PDA), filtration performance of the membranes can be increased through membrane modification by 2D materials with high charge intensities (e.g. polyelectrolytes and graphene oxides) and by 3D mesoporous materials (e.g. zeolites), which increases the thickness of the membrane that can be beneficial in mechanically reinforcing the membrane. In this work, we modified commercial RO membrane with PDA, polyelectrolytes, graphene oxide and zeolites (ZSM-5). Improved filtration performance (increased water permeability and maintained salt permeability) of the modified membrane was observed. Tensile tests showed enhanced mechanical strength of the modified membranes, especially following 3D zeolites modification (up to 35 % of higher tensile strain was reported). Interestingly, a lower concentration of PDA (2 mg/mL) and zeolites resulted in higher mechanical strength of the modified membranes. Such results were likely due to a more homogenous coating layer when a low modifier concentration was applied. The thin and uniform layer can better absorb energy when membranes are under high pressure.

The importance of the microstructure on hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted granular bentonite

Granular bentonite (GB) with extended grain size distribution, a candidate material to construct engineered barriers, has low water permeability, high swelling potential and self-sealing capacity and is desirable in portability and workability. However, few systematic data combining microstructural descriptions and hydro-mechanical (HM) behavioural features are available. The present work investigates the HM performance of Wyoming (MX80)-type GB samples compacted at different initial water contents and at a fixed dry density of 1550 kg/m3. The samples' microstructure and its evolution along stress paths were studied using X-ray micro-computed tomography and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results highlighted that the compacted GB presented local density heterogeneity and a multi-porosity network. Compaction at low initial water content increased the proportion of macropores and contributed to the enhancement of the compressibility and collapse on wetting under high stresses. During isochoric saturation, two stages of swelling development were identified. First, the flooding of macropores and matric suction reduction was related to the initial increase in swelling pressure. The secondary swelling was due to the water absorption of clay sheets in micropores and the expansion of micropores within granules and aggregates, during which the density of pore water increased. A decrease in the compaction water content can result in a higher pore water density after isochoric saturation and a lower water permeability. Finally, the water retention behaviour of the compacted sample within drying/wetting cycles was less sensitive to the initial pore size distribution. The current outcomes underline the critical role of the microstructure on the HM behaviour of compacted GB.

Enhancing Palladium Recovery Rates in Industrial Residual Solutions through Electrodialysis.

Palladium is a vital commodity in the industry. To guarantee a stable supply in the future, it is imperative to adopt more effective recycling practices. In this proof-of-concept study, we explore the potential of electrodialysis to enhance the palladium concentration in a residual solution of palladium recycling, thus promoting higher recovery rates. Experiments were conducted using an industrial hydrochloric acid solution containing around 1000 mg/L of palladium, with a pH below 1. Two sets of membranes, Selemion AMVN/CMVN and Fujifilm Type 12 AEM/CEM, were tested at two current levels. The Fujifilm membranes, which are designed for low permeability of water, show promising results, recovering around 40% of palladium within a two-hour timeframe. The Selemion membranes were inefficient due to excessive water transport. All membranes accumulated palladium in their structures. Anion-exchange membranes showed higher palladium accumulation at lower currents, while cation-exchange membranes exhibited increased palladium accumulation at higher currents. Owing to the low concentration of palladium and the presence of abundant competing ions, the current efficiency remained below 2%. Our findings indicate a strong potential for augmenting the palladium stage in industrial draw solutions through electrodialysis, emphasizing the importance of membrane properties and process parameters to ensure a viable process. Beyond the prominent criteria of high permselectivity and low resistance, minimizing the permeability of water within IEMs remains a key challenge to mitigating the efficiency loss associated with uncontrolled mixing of the electrolyte solution.

Size-dependent water transport in laminar graphene oxide membranes: An interplay between interlayer spacing versus tortuosity of transport pathway

Graphene oxide membranes (GOMs), consisting of graphene oxide (GO) laminar microstructures, offer great potential as nanofiltration membranes due to their unique laminar nanochannelled galleries created between the stacked GO flakes. Recently, GOMs made from smaller GO flakes (S-GOMs) were favored for the reason that the less tortuous transport pathways could render better water permeability. Here, we found that this may not necessarily be true. We designed experiments, which suggested that the interlayer spacing between GO flakes may be a more important factor affecting the water permeability than the tortuosity of the water pathway, especially when the two-dimensional nanochannels were smaller than expected under a pressurized filtration setting. Notably, our results showed that as the GO flakes were fragmented into smaller pieces by high-power probe sonication, they underwent a thermal reduction that decreased the size of the interlayer spacing. Coupled with a less wrinkled microstructure that caused tighter compaction under a 3-bar transmembrane pressure, the overall water transport through the S-GOM was reduced despite a less tortuous pathway that was 2.5 times shorter based on theoretical calculation. This led to S-GOM showing 3.3 times lower water permeability than that of GOM made from large GO flakes. On the whole, our results unveil the interplay between the two most important parameters governing the water permeability of GOMs, which will help researchers with more instructional support when developing better performing GOMs for nanofiltration application.

Choosing Conventional Concrete, Ultra-High Performance Concrete or Steel as Material of Construction: An Opinion

Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is an emerging concrete material that has potential to become a popular choice of material for construction of structures. UHPC is defined as concrete with characteristic compressive strength of anywhere from 120-150 MPa and above combined with superior properties such as high durability, corrosion resistance, low water permeability among many others. However its high tensile strength and cracking behavior is what makes it unique and interesting. UHPC is reported to have 10 to 15 MPa of tensile strength and excellent post-crack behavior as compared to Conventional Concrete (CC). UHPC is reported to indicate strain-hardening behavior when subjected to post-cracking loads. This unique combination of high compressive strength with tensile strength and resilient cracking behavior reminds us of structural steel which is the other major structural building material with similar behavior. In view of these behavioral similarities, an effort has been made in this paper to compare and contrast the properties of UHPC with structural steel. The stress-stain and load-deflection behaviors of both materials are compared. Also a comparison is made between the two materials when subjected to loading beyond post-crack or post-yield regions. To make this study complete, a comparison of material behavior of UHPC, CC and structural steel with regards to their engineering properties, cost, environmental footprint, construction ease and design life is made. All these three materials are rated based on several parameters such as performance, economy, reusability, sustainability, among others. Finally, the order of choice of these three construction materials for various types of structures for typical scenarios is recommended.