Low-velocity Impact Strength Research Articles

Effect of metallic reinforcement on the mechanical behaviour of a hybrid polymer composite- a review

Today's industries are actively seeking innovative materials that offer specific advantages, such as low cost, high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, fracture resistance, and excellent moisture resistance. One such advancement is the development of hybrid polymer composite materials, achieved through the combination of different fiber reinforcements like synthetic fibers, natural fibers, and metal wire mesh. This amalgamation of fibers has proven to be a promising method for enhancing the mechanical properties of composite materials. This review paper focuses on studies that have investigated the hybridization of composite materials and its impact on their static and dynamic properties. Notable improvements have been observed in specific tensile strength, low-velocity impact strength, resistance to crack propagation, and fire resistance. The review examines relevant literature that involves the use of metallic reinforcement in the form of wire mesh bound with fibers to create hybrid polymer composite materials. The effects of this hybridization on mechanical performance are assessed through various quasi-static and dynamic tests. Additionally, the paper explores the sustainability of these hybrid materials in various structural applications. Furthermore, the review includes studies on modern modeling and simulation methods used to understand the resulting properties attributed to hybridization.

Mechanical Properties of PC-ABS-Based Graphene-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites Fabricated by FDM Process.

This experimental study investigates the mechanical properties of polymer matrix composites containing nanofiller developed by fused deposition modelling (FDM). A novel polymer nanocomposite was developed by amalgamating polycarbonate-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC-ABS) by blending with graphene nanoparticles in the following proportions: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 wt %. The composite filaments were developed using a twin-screw extrusion method. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, low-velocity impact strength, and surface roughness of pure PC-ABS and PC-ABS + graphene were compared. It was observed that with the addition of graphene, tensile strength and impact strength improved, and a reduction in surface roughness was observed along the build direction. These properties were analyzed to understand the dispersion of graphene in the PC-ABS matrix and its effects on the parameters of the study. With the 0.8 wt % addition of graphene to PC-ABS, the tensile strength increased by 57%, and the impact resistance increased by 87%. A reduction in surface roughness was noted for every incremental addition of graphene to PC-ABS. The highest decrement was seen for the 0.8 wt % addition of graphene reinforcement that amounted to 40% compared to PC-ABS.

Effect of CNT-Based Resin Modification on the Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites

In this study an attempt was made to explore the possibility of substituting 3D E-glass fabric with eco-friendly basalt fabric along with the modification of resin using MWCNTs, a material system about which very limited information exists. The study involved comparing the mechanical properties of two sets of composites. The first set was comprised of 3D orthogonally woven E-glass-reinforced epoxy composites, basalt-reinforced epoxy composites, and hybrid 3D E-glass orthogonally woven/basalt-reinforced epoxy composites while the second set of composites was the same as the first but prepared with resin modified with Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs). All the composites were fabricated by hand lay-up and compression molding techniques. To modify the resin for the second set of composites, MWCNTs were dispersed into the epoxy resin with acetone as a surfactant by magnetic stirring and ultra-sonification. Mechanical tests included tensile, flexural, and low velocity impact strength which were evaluated as per standards. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to study the fractured surfaces. Results showed that resin modification did not yield any positive results on the mechanical properties of the composites. The highest tensile (364.4 MPa) and flexural strength (345.3 MPa) was obtained for 3D E-glass composites followed by basalt composites and hybrid 3D E-glass/basalt composites while the highest impact strength of 198.42 kJ/m2 was exhibited by the hybrid 3D E-glass/basalt composites. SEM micrographs showed de-bonding between the modified matrix and fiber which was seen as one of the primary causes for relatively poor performance of the composites prepared with modified resin. Fiber breakage, matrix cracking, fiber pull-out, and delamination were the other modes of failure. Results suggest that hybridization with basalt fibers is a much safer, more cost effective, and eco-friendly option over resin modification.

The High-Velocity Impact Behaviour of Kevlar Composite Laminates Filled with Cork Powder

The literature reports benefits when the cork powder obtained from industrial by-products is used as the filler of composite laminates. For example, while the fatigue life is insensitive to the presence of cork in the resin, significant improvements are achieved in terms of to low-velocity impact strength. However, in terms of ballistic domain, the literature does not yet report any study about the effect of incorporating powdered cork into resins. Therefore, this study intended to analyse the ballistic behaviour and damage tolerance of Kevlar/epoxy reinforced composites with matrix filled by cork powder. For this purpose, high-velocity impacts were studied on plates of Kevlar bi-directional woven laminates with surfaces of 100 × 100 mm2. It was possible to conclude that the minimum velocity of perforation is 1.6% higher when the cork powder is added to the resin, but considering the dispersion, this small difference can be neglected. In terms of damage areas, they are slightly lower when cork dust is added, especially for velocities below the minimum perforation velocity. Finally, the residual bending strength shows that these composites are less sensitive to impact velocity than the samples with neat resin. In addition to these benefits, cork powder reduces the amount of resin in the composite, making it more environmentally friendly.

Investigation on structure and impact-resistance property of polyurethane foam filled three-dimensional fabric reinforced sandwich flexible composites

Abstract This study investigates the static-bursting and low-velocity impact property of the sandwich flexible composites. The sandwich flexible composites were composed of a three-dimensional (3D) fabric filled flexible polyurethane (PU) foam core, and two compound laminates as face sheet. Foam filled fabric reinforced sandwich flexible structure were designed to explore the effect on the static-bursting and low-velocity impact properties of the sandwich flexible composites. The results represent that the static-bursting strength of the foam could increase to 324% by reinforced with the filling-resistant 3D fabric. The fiber blending ratio of the filling resistant 3D fabric had a prominent influence on the static-bursting strength. Finally, the sandwich flexible composites with the filling resistant 3D fabric have great elongation that is favorable to the low-velocity impact strength.

Low Velocity Impact on Fiber Reinforced Geocomposites

Low velocity impact strength of the fabric reinforced geocomposite has investigated in this article. Various fabrics such as carbon and E-glass were considered for reinforcement in geopolymer matrix. The primary two parameters such as low velocity, impact damage modes are explained on the E-glass and carbon based fabric geocomposite. The onset mode of damage to failure mode is examined through C-scan analysis. The quality of the composite is observed using c-scan with acoustic vibration mode of sensor before and after impact test. Then the effect of fabric and matrix on the impact behaviour is discussed. Residual strength of the composite is measured to determine post impact behaviour. It has been observed that resistance properties of E-glass reinforced composite is better than carbon fabric reinforced composite.

Estimate of CLD increase laminated plate and shell low-velocity impact strength

FRP laminated structures enjoy the advantages of a low mass and high specific strength. However, the utilization of laminated forming methods causes these structures to become susceptible to phenomena such as delamination and fiber breakage, which lead to strength deficiencies, when they sustain low-velocity impact. In light of this, increasing the low-velocity impact strength of FRP laminated structures has been a major direction. This study utilizes Constrained Layered Damping (CLD) to enhance the low-velocity impact strength of FRP laminated structures, and assesses the efficiency of attaching CLD to laminated materials in increasing low-velocity impact strength. The results provide a reference for the design and construction of relevant structures in the future. Low-velocity impact failure in FRP laminated structures commonly includes fiber breakage and delamination. Delamination is particularly apparent when laminated curved shells bear external loading. We will attach CLD to the rear of FRP laminated structures to appropriately absorb impact energy, increasing the low-velocity impact strength of the structures. Results showed that the existence of CLD effectively delayed the occurrence of delamination, increasing the post-failure strength of laminated structures and alleviating structural failure. Finally, the energy perspective is used to assess the efficiency of increasing the low-velocity impact strength of FRP structures after attaching CLD.

Low-velocity impact strength of sandwich materials

Sandwich materials have been widely used in weight-sensitive structures in many fields, especially in the transport industry. There are different classes of sandwiches with a wide range of materials and properties within each type. The aim of this article is the comparison of the impact strength between polymeric and aluminum sandwich structures. Impact tests were carried out by a drop test machine in order to investigate the structural response of the following different topologies of sandwich structures: PVC foam sandwiches and AFS panels. The failure mode and damage have been investigated using two experimental techniques: thermography and 3D Computed Tomography.