Low Levels Of Trust Research Articles

Some issues on improving the judicial system of the Republicof Kazakhstan

This article discusses some issues related to improving the judicial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is emphasized that the judiciary occupies a special place in the mechanism for protecting human rights. The importance of the category of justice for the judicial system is considered, the norms of the current legislation are analyzed, and it is concluded that the term “impartiality of judges” means justice.Justice is impossible if the court is biased, and accordingly, biased justice gives rise to unfair decisions and leads to a low level of citizens' trust in the state as a whole.The article also discusses such a problem as the high workload of judges, and it is proposed to introduce the institution of assistant judges. The legal experience of foreign countries in which the institute of judicial assistants operates is analyzed. World practice shows that assistant judges directly contribute to improving the quality of the administration of justice.Particular attention is paid to the process of expanding the specialization of courts. An analysis of the administrative form of legal proceedings is carried out, as well as the provisions of the new Administrative Procedure Code.In conclusion, this article concludes that the judicial system must be stable and conservative, and a unified judicial practice must be formed.

Some issues on improving the judicial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan

This article discusses some issues related to improving the judicial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is emphasized that the judiciary occupies a special place in the mechanism for protecting human rights. The importance of the category of justice for the judicial system is considered, the norms of the current legislation are analyzed, and it is concluded that the term “impartiality of judges” means justice. Justice is impossible if the court is biased, and accordingly, biased justice gives rise to unfair decisions and leads to a low level of citizens' trust in the state as a whole. The article also discusses such a problem as the high workload of judges, and it is proposed to introduce the institution of assistant judges. The legal experience of foreign countries in which the institute of judicial assistants operates is analyzed. World practice shows that assistant judges directly contribute to improving the quality of the administration of justice. Particular attention is paid to the process of expanding the specialization of courts. An analysis of the administrative form of legal proceedings is carried out, as well as the provisions of the new Administrative Procedure Code. In conclusion, this article concludes that the judicial system must be stable and conservative, and a unified judicial practice must be formed.

POLITICAL ACTIVITY AND VOTERS TRUST IN THE DIGITALIZATION OF THE ELECTORAL PROCESS

The role of the state in the formation of trust institutions is undeniable, but in practice we have to face a number of difficulties. The introduction of new mechanisms and tools for electronic voting leads to the transformation of familiar algorithms in the electoral system. These changes inevitably affect all participants in the electoral process. This study is the result of a long discussion among many scholars and practitioners about the impact of electronic voting on voters' political engagement and trust in the voting process. The purpose of the study is to analyze the indicators of political activity (turnout) of voters as one of the criteria of the level of their confidence in modern technical means of counting votes - ballot processing complexes (BPCs). The object of the study is the electoral system of the Leningrad region in the context of electoral campaigns from 2014 to 2020, grouped by level: federal, regional and local elections. The main method is content analysis of scientific publications and mass media, normative analysis of legal acts, subsequent comparative and cross-system analysis of the information obtained. The experience of using BPCs presented in the article can be assessed both positively and negatively. The practice of using means of fixed electronic voting demonstrates a positive trend and opens a wide space for further digitalization of the electoral process, especially given the high "digital readiness" of the Russian population. A regularity was observed in the decrease of voter turnout at polling stations where BPCs were used for the first time. With further operation, the situation evens out due to the "habituation" of participants in the electoral process to the digital formats of elections. Because of the low overall level of trust in the institution of elections, any innovation in the electoral system leads to significant changes in routine processes and requires careful study and time for gradual implementation and adaptation.

КООПЕРАЦИОННЫЕ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ В АГРОПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОМ КОМПЛЕКСЕ: БАРЬЕРЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

In the context of this study, cooperation is considered as a form of joint activity of subjects (usually individuals) with the aim of realizing common interests. The main factors limiting the possibilities for the development of agricultural cooperation include: low level of social and economic trust of the rural population in each other, loss of trust in the cooperative ideology and the priority of private interests, lack of positive examples of the development of cooperation, high level of regression and disunity of rural communities, sporadic and fragmentation of the agricultural cooperation system, low level of financial capabilities of potential cooperators, limited sources of financing investment and operating activities, limited government support funds, low level of investment attractiveness of cooperative associations, shortage of qualified personnel, the need to ensure certain standards of product quality and its compliance with established requirements, etc. It is concluded that the potential for the development of cooperation in the agricultural sector is determined by the significant number of small businesses - potential cooperators, the ability of cooperation to increase the stability of social ties in rural communities and the effectiveness of economic interactions of rural economic entities, the ability of small commodity producers to function successfully in those market niches which are not attractive to large businesses, the possibility of cooperation to create conditions for increasing the level of income of participants in cooperative associations, the possibility of cooperation to saturate local markets in rural areas with high-quality food products and essential goods, the transition to a cluster model of development of agro-industrial integration, which involves easier entry into the cluster system of cooperative small commodity producers, etc.

Assessment of the level of investment attractiveness of Ukrainian economy using multidimensional average method

In the article it has been estimated the level of investment attractiveness of the Ukrainian economy using multidimensional average method. For this purpose, the structure of national investment attractiveness was identified and five main components that are political, economic, social, scientific, technical, natural and geographical. The political component of national investment attractiveness is characterized by the following indicators: world press freedom index, economic freedom index, political freedom index, and ease of doing business index. The economic component of national investment attractiveness is characterized by the following indicators: GDP per capita, unemployment rate and government debt in GDP. The social component of national investment attractiveness is characterized by the following indicators: literacy rate, Gini coefficient, happiness index. The scientific and technical component of national investment attractiveness is characterized by the following indicators: number of scientists and engineers per million people, number of technological parks in the country, the research and development (R&D) effectiveness index. The natural and geographical components of national investment attractiveness are characterized by the following indicators: size of electricity production, share of renewable resources in region electricity generation, percent of agricultural land in the country. The listed indicators were distributed on stimulants and disincentives and normalized. Results of calculations show that the level of investment attractiveness of the Ukrainian economy is quite low (ICIA = 0.393) and even lower than that in most analyzed countries (by 0.012 compared with Poland, by 0.023 compared with Hungary, by 0.049 compared with Romania, by 0.06 compared with Bulgaria), but it is higher than the level of investment attractiveness of Moldavian economies. The integral coefficient of investment attractiveness in Ukraine is characterized by the highest value of the general coefficient of natural resource component (GCN&G = 0.368). For comparison, in Poland, the value of that indicator equals 0.284, in Slovakia it equals 0.231, in the Czech Republic it equals 0.264. Instead, in accordance with the general coefficients of scientific and technical components, Ukraine is an outsider of Eastern Europe: GCR&D = 0.162 in Ukraine, GCR&D = 0.363 in Moldova, GCR&D = 0.401 in Slovakia, GCR&D = 0.442 in Romania. In addition, general coefficients of economic and social components are quite low (GCE = 0.435 and GСС = 0.412 accordingly) due to several institutional and financial factors, namely imperfect legal framework, low level of trust of major market participants in government, low financial literacy of population, high probability of non-repayment of loans. To raise the investment attractiveness of the Ukrainian economy, it is necessary to create new industries and markets, reform the taxation system, stabilize the banking system, improve the work of insurance companies, create institutions that would be involved in mobilizing investment resources for specific investment projects and programs.

잠재프로파일분석을 활용한 재산범죄피해 노인의 삶의 질 특성에 관한 연구

As soaring elderly population, the number of elderly victims of property crime has also increased. However, their victimization has affect their quality of life more negatively than other age groups because they lose their retirement savings. Thus, this study aims to examine the patterns of quality of life for the elderly victims of property crime and to compare the demographic and psychological characteristics of each pattern. We have employed Latent Profile Analysis to classify elders who experienced property crime victimization into the groups with similar characteristics. The LPA results have identified three quality of life for eldely victims profiles: 1) low quality of life with low level of trust, 2) low quality of life, 3) recovery group. The Chi-square test for examining the differences among these profile has shown that the group labeled as ‘low quality of life with low level of trust’ and ‘low quality of life’ were more psychologically compared to ‘recovery group’. Surprisingly, the two low quality of lie groups have shown higher education level than recovery group. Based on these results, we have suggested interventions considering the characteristics of each group.

Urban Security Measures: Are Citizens Sufficiently Informed about and Satisfied with Them?

The aim of this paper is to examine how citizens of the City of Zagreb perceive urban security measures, such as cameras, video surveillance, applications for reporting problems to city services and the police, and how they perceive informing citizens about possible self-protective behaviour and security on the official website of the City of Zagreb and about actions to be taken in crisis situations. The research was conducted on a sample of 3,400 adult citizens of the City of Zagreb, and the sample was segmented according to the 17 city districts, with 200 respondents in each. Respondents filled out, in person and online, a questionnaire consisting of nine sections that examined the perception and feeling of (in)security in the City of Zagreb, satisfaction with the quality of life in the city and the district, and a feeling of accountability and willingness to actively participate in creating a feeling of security and raising the quality of life of citizens in the City of Zagreb. The analysis of the obtained results related to the security of citizens indicates that the respondents consider all measures of urban security of citizens important, and additional analyses have indicated that women, compared to men, assess the importance of measures as higher. The tendency of younger respondents to highlight applications as important urban security measures has also been noted. In addition, people with a lower level of trust in other people are more likely to attach greater importance to urban security measures.

Indonesian Leadership Policies and Strategies In Facing The South China Sea Conflict

This research examines Indonesia's role in managing the South China Sea dispute using a conceptual framework of regional leadership that involves five models of leadership role impact. Indonesia's role in the South China Sea conflict is categorized as active but with limited impact. Despite Indonesia's active involvement in South China Sea conflict resolution efforts for over two decades, its impact has not reached the expected level. Indonesia has engaged in various cooperations and diplomacy that have successfully prevented open conflicts in the South China Sea region. Nevertheless, Indonesia's role in supporting internal solutions for the disputing parties remains limited due to several factors beyond Indonesia's control. These factors include the complexity of competition with China's power, low levels of trust among member states, a lack of technical cooperation in governing the South China Sea region, and the dilemmas of defense diplomacy with countries outside the region. This research highlights that Indonesia has the potential to act as a mediator and mediator in managing the South China Sea disputes, especially in non-traditional security issues such as Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IUU Fishing). Focusing on non-traditional security diplomacy may help minimize the impact of conflicts and enhance cooperation in the South China Sea region.

Perception and acceptance readiness for COVID-19 vaccine in Nigeria

The development of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is widely regarded as a tremendous scientific progress. However, the level of vaccine acceptance has been a concern in Nigeria. Thus, we conducted a study to analyze the perception and acceptance readiness for COVID-19 vaccine among Nigerians, yielding analysis data that could inform policy for raising the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate. A total of 302 respondents were surveyed in this cross-sectional study to explore their perception and acceptance readiness for COVID-19 vaccine. A total score of ≤14 was considered having negative perception of COVID-19 vaccine whereas a score >14 was regarded as having positive perception. Most respondents (71.2%) had a negative perception of the vaccine. The majority of these respondents (96.7%) had not been vaccinated, out of which 46.6% claimed to be willing to take the vaccines if they were provided free of charge, while 15.1% expressed their willingness to be vaccinated even if payment was required. There was no variable associated with readiness or non-readiness to take the COVID-19 vaccine. Major reasons for non-readiness include doubt about the vaccine authenticity/safety/effectiveness (59.2%), low level of trust in the government (12.6%), and fear of side effects (10.7%). In conclusion, to boost the COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Nigeria, both governmental and non-governmental bodies should participate in continuous public engagement to assure the public that the vaccine is safe and effective.

On the study of factors of fake news perception by mass audience (case study of student youth)

The article deals with the problem of perception of false (fake) information by mass audience, especially by students. Fake information today is similar to viruses that instantly "infect" the mass of recipients. A separate category of fake information is fake news, the worst consequence of which is real actions of people based on unreliable information that does not correspond to the facts of objective reality. Students are an active social group and the main consumers of information of social networks where fakes are mainly circulated. Fake news is a product of the post-truth era, characterized by the state of society when the truth becomes those facts and situations that the public believes in. The paper analyses the socio-psychological factors that influence the perception of fake information by student youth. Authors highlights the following socio-psychological factors: social attitudes, cognitive distortions, trust issues and emotional intelligence. The structure of social attitudes is considered and the conclusion is made on the basis of cognitive theories that fake news influencing the affective component of social attitudes changes these attitudes. Cognitive distortions such as the Dunning-Kruger effect, affect heuristics, and confirmation bias play a significant role in this process. The authors conclude that the low level of trust actualizes the problem of trust fake news in Russian society. Authers found that students believe false information more than true information, they are unable to distinguish deception. They use the intuition when try to understand if the information is fake. Emotional intelligence does not directly influence competence in recognizing fake news but influences criticality in assessing one's ability to recognize it. Further study of the issue should consider IQ and EQ indicators for developing scientific and practical recommendations to reduce trust in fake news.

Autocratic Legalism, Partisanship, and Popular Legitimation in Authoritarian Cameroon.

Authoritarian regimes regularly turn to the law to justify repression. This article examines whether invoking legal institutions has a persuasive effect on public perceptions of repression, and whether that effect is shaped by partisanship. The article uses the case of Cameroon's Special Criminal Tribunal, created in 2011 to prosecute high-profile corruption cases. A survey experiment was designed that describes the arrest and trial of a suspected corrupt oppositional minister and reminds a treatment group about the Special Criminal Tribunal. The results show that neither regime nor opposition partisans are swayed by legal justifications for repression. By contrast, nonpartisans respond negatively to autocratic legalism, particularly those with low levels of regime trust. The article clarifies when autocratic legalism might be used for public legitimation, suggests that partisanship is a useful lens for understanding public opinion in an autocracy, and elaborates upon the meaning of nonpartisanship in electoral authoritarian regimes.

Perception study of perceived value and social influence of digital health services in Indonesia.

Healthtech has become a nascent sector of the internet economy since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Telemedicine features are facilitated, such as teleconsultation, e-diagnosis, e-prescribing, and e-pharmacy. However, the intention to use digital health services in Indonesia is still underdeveloped though the sales of other risk-free e-commerce products are high enough. This study aims to assess the human perception of perceived value and social influences regarding the intention to use digital health services. Google Forms web link is employed to disseminate a set of 4-Point Likert scale questionnaires. In total, 364 complete responses are collected-back. A descriptive approach is employed to process the data using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. Validity and reliability are quantified using the item total-correlation method and Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Only 87 respondents (24%) ever used digital health services, of which Halodoc (92%) is the most preferred application, and teleconsultation became the most popular service to access. Out of four, the average score is 3.16 for perceived value and 2.86 for the social influence dimension. Most respondents, not dependent on user experience, perceive more values obtained using digital health services, such as time and money savings, convenience, flexible order time, undiscovered identity, adventurous experience, and enjoyment. Another finding of this research proves that some social influences from family, friends, and mass media also bring effect to amplify the intention to use. A low level of trust is assumed to be the cause of a small number of users.

Despite misinformation, low trust, and conflict in Somalia, high demand for vaccines and a negative endorsement effect of non-state authorities

Expanding vaccination coverage in conflict regions is crucial to the prevention of further mutations and outbreaks of COVID-19, as well as of future pandemics, worldwide. However, scholars’ suppositions that low levels of trust and control over the flow of misinformation in these regions may necessitate tailored solutions—in particular, that health advice come from trusted non-state authorities—remain largely untested. To better understand the levels and drivers of COVID-19 vaccine receptivity in conflict regions, we partnered with the United Nations and the Somali Ministry of Justice to field a three-wave panel survey (N1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$N_1$$\\end{document} = 1672; N2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$N_2$$\\end{document} = 880; N3\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$N_3$$\\end{document} = 908) and vaccine endorsement experiment in South Central Somalia. We observe high overall demand for vaccines (between 90 and 94%), particularly among those who have experienced violence and illness, who perceive high economic disruption due to the pandemic, and who report more favorable views of and exposure to the West and Western-affiliated organizations. The high overall demand is particularly striking given respondents’ low interpersonal trust and considerable exposure to vaccine disinformation. Contrary to scholars’ and policymakers’ expectations, we find that whereas endorsements from government health authorities increase vaccine receptivity, endorsements from non-state customary authorities and extremist militant group Al-Shabaab decrease support for vaccination (− 8 and − 16% points, respectively). Our findings caution against presupposing a need for different approaches to increasing vaccination coverage in conflict regions, and suggest that at least in the short-term, constraints on vaccine supply and access are more likely to bind than those on demand.

Finding the sweet spot: Exploring the optimal communication delay for AI feedback tools

AI writing assistants that are capable of offering rapid, automatic, and corrective feedback are becoming increasingly powerful, providing accurate and automatic feedback to knowledge contributors while they write. This helps people stay engaged and focused on their writing tasks. However, even with improved algorithms, AI still requires communication delays to perform sophisticated language processing and generate accurate responses. Prior research suggests that if the delay is too long, users may lose interest and become frustrated, perceiving the AI agent as ineffective. Conversely, if the AI-generated feedback is too quick, users may push back and perceive the AI as not fully comprehending their input, leading to low levels of trust. The impact of feedback timing on knowledge contribution behavior remains largely unknown. To address this gap, this research employs two sequential studies to explore the effects of feedback timing. The first study is a conjoint analysis, and the second study is a random-assignment-based experiment. Our results show that an optimal range of timing for communication delay is approximately one to three seconds, leading to improved performance. Presentation styles of the AI agent may affect these results but only slightly. Our study is the first to systematically investigate the optimality of communication delay on AI feedback mechanisms. Our findings will contribute to the literature on knowledge management, algorithm design, and anthropomorphism, and also inspire the software designers on the optimal timing of the communication feedback.

Some aspects of the diagnosis of the social capital of the region in conditions of socio-economic instability

The paper discusses theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of the diagnosis of social capital. The analysis of existing approaches to the study of social capital is carried out. The relevance of the consideration of social capital from the perspective of taking into account socio-cultural changes taking place in society is substantiated. A methodological tool for assessing social capital is proposed, characterized by the integrative nature of the use of statistical and sociological indicators. The list of the main diagnostic indicators of the social capital of the region is systematized and presented. Based on the analysis of the results of sociological research, an approximately equal level of closed and open social capital in the Republic of Bashkortostan was revealed, as well as a relatively low level of institutional trust. The necessity of strengthening social cohesion on the basis of increasing trust in interpersonal, intergroup relations, as well as in relations between society and state institutions is proved. The results of a sociological study conducted in 2021 were used as the methodological basis of the study. Institute of the History of Language and Literature of the UFIC RAS and the sociological survey of scientists of the Ufa Research Center of the RAS (Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan) (2023) conducted with the direct participation of the author. The novelty lies in the fact that the methodological tools for assessing social capital are proposed, characterized by the integrative nature of the use of statistical and sociological indicators, which allows for the diagnosis of social capital at 3 levels: institutional, corporate and individual levels. The use of such tools will allow measuring the effects of social capital on socio-economic development, as well as identifying communities with high and low levels of social capital, identifying social groups that are in a vulnerable position with respect to social capital. Obtaining such data contributes to the development of systematic and targeted measures aimed at increasing the level of social capital and increasing the efficiency of its use. The low level of institutional trust is revealed, the need to increase the level of social cohesion as a basis for strengthening the relationship between society and state institutions is substantiated.

Auditing of Outsourced Data Integrity - A Taxonomy

Introduction: Cloud has gained a huge number of consumers in today's environment due to its broad range of services. On the cloud server, data owners can store any type of data, and users can access it whenever they need it. Methods: Numerous challenges come with the ease of use of outsourced data. The accuracy and secrecy of data outsourced come at stake. Users have a low level of trust in cloud service providers since they can be deceptive at times. A cloud audit is an examination conducted by a data owner to assess and document the performance of their cloud vendor. Results: The goal of a cloud vendor audit is to determine how well they follow a set of predetermined controls. Conclusion: In the article, the authors present various schemes of cloud auditing, their categorizations, and merits and demerits along with the future directions of research in the domain.

Рискогенное поведение россиян в сфере здоровья: динамика и факторы воздействия

The review analyzes health risk behaviors of Russians in the ‘pre-pandemic’ (2018–2019), ‘pandemic’ (2020–2021) and ‘post-pandemic’ (2022) periods. Risk behaviors of Russians have been studied in dynamics relying on the secondary analysis of the longitudinal database of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of the National Research University Higher School of Economics; also, factors able to induce changes in them have been established. Evidence is provided to prove a multidirectional dynamics in risk behaviors among Russians during the COVID-19 pandemic: there was a decrease in medical and physical activities along with conditionally stable alcohol and tobacco consumption Men, people younger than 35, and those who did not have children were established to be less active in their interactions with official healthcare organizations and less concerned about their health. A size of a settlement where respondents resided had certain influence on their physical activity (more than 80 % of rural residents pointed out they did not do sports regularly). Addictive behaviors depended on sex, age, and having a partner: men and those respondents who were either married or cohabitated with a partner smoked and drank alcohol much more often. Certain socio-demographic groups tended to replace health protection practices with risky behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Women, elderly people and single people tended to become less active as regards healthcare (and many of them remained non-active in the post-pandemic period). In addition to that, single respondents tended to become less physically active during eh pandemic. Addictive behaviors were more typical for men and employed people. Based on the obtained empirical data, the ‘pandemic’ period is described as a stage that does not facilitate occurrence and maintenance of greater adherence to health protection behavior among Russian citizens. Given low levels of trust in the public healthcare and high anxiety, lower medical activity of population has become an entrenched risk behavior pattern as regards health during the ‘post-pandemic’ period as well. It seems highly advisable to develop effective complex programs on health protection for different population groups including those aimed at making healthcare more available, conducting relevant preventing activities, and raising people’s awareness about value of health and ways to protect it.

Risky health-related behavior of Russians: dynamics and impact factors

The review analyzes health risk behaviors of Russians in the ‘pre-pandemic’ (2018–2019), ‘pandemic’ (2020–2021) and ‘post-pandemic’ (2022) periods. Risk behaviors of Russians have been studied in dynamics relying on the secondary analysis of the longitudinal database of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of the National Research University Higher School of Economics; also, factors able to induce changes in them have been established. Evidence is provided to prove a multidirectional dynamics in risk behaviors among Russians during the COVID-19 pandemic: there was a decrease in medical and physical activities along with conditionally stable alcohol and tobacco consumption Men, people younger than 35, and those who did not have children were established to be less active in their interactions with official healthcare organizations and less concerned about their health. A size of a settlement where respondents resided had certain influence on their physical activity (more than 80 % of rural residents pointed out they did not do sports regularly). Addictive behaviors depended on sex, age, and having a partner: men and those respondents who were either married or cohabitated with a partner smoked and drank alcohol much more often. Certain socio-demographic groups tended to replace health protection practices with risky behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Women, elderly people and single people tended to become less active as regards healthcare (and many of them remained non-active in the post-pandemic period). In addition to that, single respondents tended to become less physically active during eh pandemic. Addictive behaviors were more typical for men and employed people. Based on the obtained empirical data, the ‘pandemic’ period is described as a stage that does not facilitate occurrence and maintenance of greater adherence to health protection behavior among Russian citizens. Given low levels of trust in the public healthcare and high anxiety, lower medical activity of population has become an entrenched risk behavior pattern as regards health during the ‘post-pandemic’ period as well. It seems highly advisable to develop effective complex programs on health protection for different population groups including those aimed at making healthcare more available, conducting relevant preventing activities, and raising people’s awareness about value of health and ways to protect it.

Outsciencing the scientists: a cross-sectional mixed-methods investigation of public trust in scientists in seven European countries

BackgroundIn this era of global health crises, public trust in scientists is a crucial determinant of adherence to public health recommendations. Studies of trust in scientists often link sociodemographic and...

SOUSVEILLANCE DAN BENTUK-BENTUK BARU PENGAWASAN WARGA NEGARA DALAM DEMOKRASI DIGITAL DI INDONESIA

Amidst the low levels of public trust in public institutions in Indonesia, especially law enforcement agencies, bottom-up monitoring conducted by Indonesian netizens offers new hope for a better democracy. This study examines the forms of bottom-up monitoring, also known as sousveillance, in the context of digital democracy in Indonesia and evaluates their effectiveness in correcting legal violations and promoting justice in society. This study uses a qualitative method. Data was collected through documentation and interviews. Documentation data is analyzed chronologically. The results of the study found that forms of supervision from below or sousveillance provide alternatives and hope for digital democracy in Indonesia. The cases analyzed in this study show how sousveillance is able to correct abuses of power thereby encouraging accountability of public officials and the bureaucracy. Through the use of smartphones and social media, netizens are able to actively participate in supervising public officials. These forms of oversight need to be encouraged in the future to promote a better digital democracy in Indonesia.