Lower Total Cholesterol Levels Research Articles

Comparison between Fasting and Non-Fasting Cut-Off Values of Triglyceride in Diagnosing High Triglyceride in Chinese Hypertensive Outpatients

Background: Hypertension (HBP) often occurs together with hypertriglyceridemia which indicates elevated triglyceride (TG) and remnant cholesterol (RC) levels. Non-fasting (i.e., postprandial) blood lipid test after a daily meal has been recommended by the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). However, little is known about the difference between fasting and non-fasting cut-off values in assessing high TG (HTG) and high RC (HRC) in HBP outpatients. Methods: 225 Chinese outpatients with HBP, including 119 fasting patients (i.e., fasting group) and 106 non-fasting patients (i.e., non-fasting group) were enrolled in this study. Non-fasting levels of blood lipids at 2 h after a daily breakfast were also tested in 33 patients among the fasting group. Venous blood samples were collected. Results: The non-fasting group had significantly higher levels of TG and RC while lower levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol than the fasting group (p < 0.05). According to the TG and RC cut-off values of the EAS, the percentages of HTG and HRC in the non-fasting group were 72.6% and 70.8%, respectively, whereas those in the fasting group were 57.1% and 52.9%, respectively. According to the cut-off value of marked HTG commonly used in the Chinese population in clinical practice, the percentage of marked HTG in the non-fasting group was 57.5%, whereas that in the fasting group was 34.5%. However, the percentages of HTG (57.6% vs. 51.5%) and HRC (51.5% vs. 51.5%) marked HTG (30.3% vs. 33.3%) in the fasting state and at 2 h after a daily breakfast in 33 outpatients did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: Non-fasting blood lipid tests could find more individuals with HTG as well as those with marked HTG among Chinese outpatients with HBP. It indicates that non-fasting blood lipid tests are worth being recommended in patients with HBP.

Factors influencing the severity of medical device-related pressure injuries: Pressure injury staging comparison.

Medical device-related pressure injuries are receiving increased attention because their social and economic costs are increasing. This study aimed to analyse the stages for each risk factor, and to assess which has a greater impact on severity. We performed a retrospective analysis of 237 patients. Severity was evaluated by pressure injury stages, and the following categories were considered as risk factors: perceptual functioning, malnutrition, reduced mobility, comorbidities, extrinsic factors, medical devices, anatomical areas, and hospital stay. The stages of pressure injury stages were more for vascular access devices than for respiratory devices. The following were related to severity: mental deterioration-related diseases, mental status, albumin level, haemoglobin level, total cholesterol level, intensive care unit care, days of hospitalisation, and time to develop pressure injuries after admission. Decreased mental status, anaemia, hypoalbuminemia, and low total cholesterol levels were particularly critical. However, factors such as anatomical areas, age, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, diseases related to malnutrition, abnormal body mass index, immobility-related diseases, physical restraints, and Braden scale scores were not. A different approach to the management of medical device-related pressure injuries is necessary because they have distinctive characteristics and causative factors than other pressure injury types.

Clinical Outcomes of Resectional Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass, Compared to Sleeve Gastrectomy for Severe Obesity.

Resectional Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RRYGB) is considered an alternative bariatric surgery in countries with a high incidence of stomach cancer because there is no excluded stomach after RRYGB. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RRYGB. This study included patients who underwent RRYGB and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) between 2011 and 2021. Surgical complications and metabolic and nutritional profiles were compared between the patients preoperatively and at 1, 6, and 12months after surgery. Twenty and seventy-six patients underwent RRYGB and SG, respectively; 7 in the SG group were lost to follow-up within 1year. Surgical complications and baseline characteristics were comparable between two groups, except for diabetes (90.0% vs. 44.7%, p < 0.001). The decrease of HbA1c levels and incidence of reflux esophagitis were lower in the RRYGB group compared to that of SG at 1-year postoperative (-3.0% vs. -1.8%, p = 0.014; 0% vs. 26.7%, p = 0.027). The percentage of total weight loss at 1- year postoperative and incidence of dumping syndrome were comparable between the two groups. The RRYGB group had significantly lower total cholesterol level (161.9mg/dl vs. 196.4mg/dl, p < 0.001), but higher incidence of vitamin B12 deficiency (30.0% vs. 3.6%, p = 0.003) at 1year postoperative compared to those of the SG group. The RRYGB group had better postoperative outcomes for diabetes and dyslipidemia without increasing surgical complications compared to that of the SG group. Thus, RRYGB can be considered a safe and effective alternative in areas where gastric cancer is prevalent.

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Role of Chronic Inflammation and Platelet Aggregation.

Background and Objectives: Atherosclerosis is one of inflammatory bowel disease's most significant cardiovascular manifestations. This research aimed to examine the relationship between biochemical, haemostatic, and immune parameters of atherosclerosis and ulcerative colitis patients and its relationship to platelet aggregation. Materials and Methods: A clinical, observational cross-sectional study was performed, during which the tested parameters were compared in the experimental and control groups. The patients were divided into four groups. The first group had 25 patients who had ulcerative colitis and atherosclerosis. The second group included 39 patients with ulcerative colitis without atherosclerosis. The third group comprised 31 patients suffering from atherosclerosis without ulcerative colitis, and the fourth group comprised 25 healthy subjects. Results: In our study, we registered statistically higher levels of inflammatory markers like SE, CRP, Le, fecal calprotectin, TNF-α, and IL-6, as well as the higher value of thrombocytes and thrombocyte aggregation in the group of patients with ulcerative colitis compared to the control group. Lower levels of total cholesterol and LDL were also recorded in patients with ulcerative colitis and atherosclerosis and ulcerative colitis without atherosclerosis compared to healthy control. Triglyceride and remnant cholesterol were higher in patients with ulcerative colitis and atherosclerosis when compared to patients with ulcerative colitis and healthy control but lower than in patients with atherosclerosis only. Conclusions: Several inflammatory markers and platelet aggregation could be good discrimination markers for subjects with ulcerative colitis with the highest risk of atherosclerosis.

Cholesterol-lowering Effect of Soy Nuts and Tempeh on Hypercholesterolemic Subjects

Exploration towards food with cholesterol-lowering property would be beneficial to reduce the incidents of cardiovascular caused by increasing number of people with hypercholesterolaemia. As much as 42 participants with total cholesterol (TC) levels ≥4.92 mmol/L were studied in a three-arms parallel intervention trial. As much as 72g soy nuts and 66g tempeh were consumed daily (25g soy protein/day) for six weeks, while control group was not given any sample. TC level and body composition were measured before and after the treatment for all groups. In soy nuts group, lower TC level was observed (-0.85±0.82 mmol/L, p&lt;0.05) compared to the control group. Meanwhile in tempeh group, non-significant lower TC level was also observed (-0.40±1.19 mmol/L). Differences in body composition parameters were also measured and resulted in significant lower body weight, fat, and visceral fat in soy nuts group (p&lt;0.05) while in tempeh group, only body weight and waist circumference were significantly decreased (p&lt;0.05). This study suggested that daily consumption of soy nuts and tempeh containing 25g soy protein for six weeks showed a tendency to lower TC levels in hypercholesterolaemic-Indonesian participants. A more significant effect might be observed in subject with higher TC levels; and thus, further study is encouraged.

Beneficial effects of statins on adropin level in patients with arterial hypertension

Introduction. Adropin is a new secretory hormone that takes part in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Hormone is known to have positive effects on endothelial cell proliferation and prevention of atherosclerosis, and low adropin level may be a risk factor and potential predictor of atherosclerosis. Arterial hypertension (AH), which remains one of the most common somatic pathologies among middle-aged and older people, plays an important role in predicting cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A number of medications that are used as antihypertensive therapy contribute to an increase in the content of adropin. At the same time there are not enough studies on the effect of statins on the content of adropin.&#x0D; Aim of the study.To investigate the effects of statins on adropin level in patients with AH.&#x0D; Material and methods. 70 patients with hypertension aged 62,1 ± 9,9 years were examined. They were divided into 2 groups: 1 group – patients with AH, overweight and obesity who did not take statins (n=40); group 2 – persons with AH, overweight and obesity who took statins (n=30). All individuals underwent determination of basic indicators of biochemical blood analysis, lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides (TG), atherogenicity ratio). The level of adropin was determined by enzyme immunoassay (Finetest Elisa Kit) in blood serum.&#x0D; Results. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was significantly higher in group 1 individuals (p&lt;0.05), while diastolic BP remained unchanged (p&gt;0.05). Among patients who took statins, a significantly lower level of TC, LDL, atherogenicity ratio (p&lt;0.01), HDL (p&lt;0.05) was found, while the level of TG remained unchanged.&#x0D; Taking statins and achieving the target level of LDL improves the prognosis of patients with cardiovascular pathology, as evidenced by a significant increase in the content of adropin in blood serum in patients of the 2nd group. In women who took statins, a direct correlation was found between the level of adropin and HDL (r=0.609; p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusions. Taking statins is associated with significantly higher levels of adropin in patients with AH compared to individuals who did not take these drugs. A direct correlation was noted between the level of adropin and HDL in women who took statins. Statins effectively reduce atherogenic fractions of cholesterol and help to increase the concentration of adropin in blood serum.

Adult first-generation immigrants and cardiovascular risk factors in the Veneto Region, Northeast Italy.

The health condition of immigrants traditionally follows a transition from a low disease occurrence to the epidemiological profile of the deprived groups in the host country. In the Europe, studies examining differences in biochemical and clinical outcomes among immigrants and natives are lacking. We examined differences in cardiovascular risk factors between first-generation immigrants and Italians, and how migration pattern variables could affect health outcomes. We included participants between 20 and 69 years recruited from a Health Surveillance Program of the Veneto Region. Blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol levels were measured. Immigrant status was defined by being born in a high migratory pressure country (HMPC) and subdivided by geographical macro-areas. We used generalized linear regression models to investigate differences between these outcomes among immigrants compared to native-born, adjusting for age, sex, education, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking status, food consumption, salt consumption in the BP analysis and the laboratory in charge for cholesterol analysis. Within immigrant subjects, the results were stratified by variables of the migration pattern: age at immigration and length of residence in Italy. Thirty seven thousand three hundred and eighty subjects were included in the analysis, 8.6% were born in an HMPC. Heterogeneous results were seen by the macro-areas of origin and sex, with male immigrants from CE Europe (β = 8.77 mg/dl) and Asia (β = 6.56 mg/dl) showing higher levels of TC than native-born, while female immigrants from Northern Africa showed lower levels of TC (β = -8.64 mg/dl). BP levels were generally lower among immigrants. Immigrants residing in Italy for more than 20 years had lower levels of TC (β = -2.9 mg/dl) than native-born. In contrast, immigrants who arrived <20 years ago or arrived older than 18 years had higher levels of TC. This trend was confirmed for CE Europeans and was inverted for Northern Africans. The large heterogeneity in the results depending on sex and macro-area of origin indicates the need for targeted intervention in each specific immigrant group. The results confirm that acculturation leads to a convergence toward the epidemiological profile of the host population that depends on the starting condition of the immigrant group.

Electronegative LDL Is Associated with Plaque Vulnerability in Patients with Ischemic Stroke and Carotid Atherosclerosis

Owing to the high risk of recurrence, identifying indicators of carotid plaque vulnerability in atherothrombotic ischemic stroke is essential. In this study, we aimed to identify modified LDLs and antioxidant enzymes associated with plaque vulnerability in plasma from patients with a recent ischemic stroke and carotid atherosclerosis. Patients underwent an ultrasound, a CT-angiography, and an 18F-FDG PET. A blood sample was obtained from patients (n = 64, 57.8% with stenosis ≥50%) and healthy controls (n = 24). Compared to the controls, patients showed lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (apoB), apoA-I, apoA-II, and apoE, and higher levels of apoJ. Patients showed lower platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) enzymatic activities in HDL, and higher plasma levels of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and electronegative LDL (LDL(-)). The only difference between patients with stenosis ≥50% and <50% was the proportion of LDL(-). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, the levels of LDL(-), but not of oxLDL, were independently associated with the degree of carotid stenosis (OR: 5.40, CI: 1.15-25.44, p < 0.033), the presence of hypoechoic plaque (OR: 7.52, CI: 1.26-44.83, p < 0.027), and of diffuse neovessels (OR: 10.77, CI: 1.21-95.93, p < 0.033), indicating that an increased proportion of LDL(-) is associated with vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque.

Liraglutide on type 2 diabetes mellitus with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 RCTs.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common comorbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our aim is to investigate the effects of liraglutide on T2DM with NAFLD. Relevant articles published from the earliest publication to March 2022 were selected from several databases. The Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan software was used for the analysis. Sixteen studies are selected for this meta-analysis, which includes totally 634 patients in the treatment group and 630 patients in the control group. As a result, 14 studies show that fasting plasma glucose levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group; 15 studies show that glycosylated hemoglobin A1c levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group; 13 studies show that triglyceride levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group; twelve studies show that total cholesterol levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group; 10 studies show that alanine aminotransferase levels of the experimental group is lower than that of the control group; 10 studies show that no significant difference in changes in aspartate transaminase between 2 groups; 13 studies show that low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of the experimental group is lower than that of the control group; 9 studies show that no significant difference in changes in high density lipoprotein cholesterol between 2 groups; 7 studies mentioned adverse effects and the difference is significant. Liraglutide is potentially curative for T2DM with NAFLD.

Causal association between cardiovascular diseases and erectile dysfunction, a Mendelian randomization study.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and atrial fibrillation, are prevalent in the aged. However, the influence of CVD on ED is less investigated. This study was performed to clarify the causal association between CVD and ED. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) datasets targeting CHD, heart failure, IHD, and atrial fibrillation were downloaded to retrieve single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Further, single-variable Mendelian randomization and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) were adopted to explore the causal association between CVD and ED. Genetically predicted CHD and heart failure were found to increase the risks of ED (OR = 1.09, P < 0.05 and OR = 1.36, P < 0.05, respectively). However, no causal association was disclosed among IHD, atrial fibrillation and ED (all P > 0.05). These findings remained consistent in sensitivity analyses. After controlling for body mass index, alcohol, low density lipoprotein, smoking and total cholesterol levels, the results of MVMR support the causal role of CHD on ED (P < 0.05). Similarly, the direct causal effect estimates of heart failure on ED were significant in MVMR analyses (P < 0.05). Using genetic data, this study revealed that genetically predicted CHD and heart failure may predict better ED compared with atrial fibrillation and IHD. The results should be interpreted with caution and the insignificant causal inference of IHD still needs further verification in future studies.

Association Between Hypocholesterolemia and Mortality in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on PubMed and Embase. All observational studies reporting ICU admission cholesterol and triglyceride levels in critically ill patients with sepsis were included. Authors were contacted for further data. Eighteen observational studies were identified, including 1,283 patients with a crude overall mortality of 33.3%. Data were assessed using Revman (Version 5.1, Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, United Kingdom) and presented as mean difference (MD) with 95% CIs, p values, and I 2 values. Admission levels of total cholesterol (17 studies, 1,204 patients; MD = 0.52 mmol/L [0.27-0.77 mmol/L]; p < 0.001; I 2 = 91%), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (14 studies, 991 patients; MD = 0.08 mmol/L [0.01-0.15 mmol/L]; p = 0.02; I 2 = 61%), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (15 studies, 1,017 patients; MD = 0.18 mmol/L [0.04-0.32 mmol/L]; p = 0.01; I 2 = 71%) were significantly lower in eventual nonsurvivors compared with survivors. No association was seen between admission triglyceride levels and mortality (15 studies, 1,070 patients; MD = 0.00 mmol/L [-0.16 to 0.15 mmol/L]; p = -0.95; I 2 = 79%). Mortality was associated with lower levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol, but not triglyceride levels, in patients admitted to ICU with sepsis. The impact of cholesterol replacement on patient outcomes in sepsis, particularly in at-risk groups, merits investigation.

Trygliceride and Total Cholesterol level as the predictor of mortality in stroke patient: Literature Review

Stroke is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, who rank in 3rd after heart disease and cancer. Data based on the results of Riskesdas 2018 the prevalence of stroke is 10.9% and 15.4% of stroke case caused Indonesia. The province with the 3rd highest incidence is South Kalimantan at 12.7% per mil. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia are risk factors for ischemic stroke. Low triglyceride and total cholesterol levels contribute to intracerebral haemorrhage. This study to analyse the relationship of laboratory results triglycerides and total cholesterol to mortality in stroke patients. Method: Study are used literature review, searching online journals and sources from databases. Using keywords, namely stroke mortality, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Results of the literature review, it was found that there were 18 journals were analysed that triglycerides and total cholesterol predictors of prognosis and mortality in stroke patients. Range of values affect is high triglyceride levels &gt; 200 mg/dL and high total cholesterol levels &gt;160-240 mg/dL affect the formation of atherosclerosis effect on blood vessel blockage occurs in ischemic stroke patients. Low triglyceride levels &lt;150 mg/dL and low cholesterol &lt;120-180 mg/dL causes malnutrition which can worse in stroke patients. Low levels of triglycerides and cholesterol effect on the integrity of cell membranes and resistance to rupture, resulting in prolonged bleeding. From this analysis it can be concluded that high or low levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol had effect on prognosis and mortality in stroke patients based on the pathophysiology that occurs.

Rice Intake Is Associated with Longer Reaction Time and Interacts with Blood Lipids and Hypertension among Qatari Adults.

We aimed to assess the association between rice intake and cognitive function among Qatari adults and test the interactions with health conditions. Data from 1000 adults aged ≥18 years old who attended the Qatar Biobank (QBB) study were used. Rice dietary intake was measured by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and mean reaction time (MRT) was used as an indicator of cognitive function. Linear regression and structure equation models were used. The mean rice consumption was 7.6 times/week (SD 2.0). The sample had a mean MRT of 717 milliseconds (SD 205). Rice consumption was positively associated with MRT. Across the quartiles of rice intake, the regression coefficients (95% CI) for MRT were 0.0 (reference), 22.4 (-7.8, 52.6), 36.3 (5.1, 67.5), and 34.5 (2.6, 66.4). There was a significant interaction between rice intake and hypertension, BMI, and blood lipids in relation to MRT. The association between rice intake and MRT was only observed among those with hypertension, overweight/obesity, low LDL, and low total cholesterol levels. Serum magnesium did not mediate the association. High rice consumption was associated with a higher MRT, especially among those with hypertension, overweight/obesity, low LDL, and or low total cholesterol levels. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the findings.

Characterization and the cholesterol-lowering effect of dietary fiber from fermented black rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Black rice was fermented with Neurospora crassa, after which the dietary fiber (DF) extracted from it was characterized and evaluated for its cholesterol-lowering effect in mice. The findings demonstrated that fermentation increased the level of soluble DF from 17.27% ± 0.12 to 29.69% ± 0.26 and increased the adsorption capacity of DF for water, oil, cholesterol, glucose and sodium cholate. The fermented DF had a more loose and porous structure than that extracted from unfermented rice. Additionally, feeding with DF from the fermented black rice significantly reduced body weight, lowered total cholesterol levels and improved the lipid profile in mice gavaged with a high dose (5 g per kg bw) or a low dose (2.5 g per kg·bw). ELISA showed that the hepatic expression of typical proteins and enzymes that are involved in cholesterol metabolism was regulated by the fermented rice DF, leading to reduced cholesterol production and increased cholesterol clearance. The fermented DF also modified the gut microbiota composition (e.g. Firmicutes reduced and Akkermansia increased), which promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids. In conclusion, fermentation can modify the structure and function of DF in black rice and the fermented dietary fiber has excellent cholesterol lowering effects possibly by cholesterol adsorption, cholesterol metabolism modulation, and intestinal microflora regulation.

Role of Serum Lipids, Blood Glucose and Blood Pressure in Breast Cancer Risk for Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an increased risk of breast cancer. We aimed to determine the contribution of lipids, glucose and blood pressure to this risk based on the multifactorial nature of T2DM. This population-based cohort study used data from a Dutch database (the Groningen Initiative to Analyse Type 2 Diabetes Treatment) for the period 2004-2013. The cohort included women diagnosed with T2DM, aged 30-80 years, with no history of breast cancer and with follow-up data for at least 1 year. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the associations of exposures with breast cancer occurrence, reporting adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Exposures of interest included total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, glycated hemoglobin A (HbA1c) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). During a median of 4.45 years' follow-up, 183 of 10,183 included women received a breast cancer diagnosis. We observed U-shaped associations with breast cancer incidence for total cholesterol and HDL-C at baseline. Compared with moderate elevations, women had significantly higher breast cancer risks associated with high total cholesterol (aHR, 95% CI: 1.72, 1.15-2.55) and HDL-C (aHR, 95% CI: 1.74, 1.18-2.58) levels, while low total cholesterol (aHR, 95% CI: 1.43, 0.94-2.19) and HDL-C (aHR, 95% CI: 1.44, 0.95-2.17) levels produced marginal effects without significance. Women with high LDL-C levels more often received a breast cancer diagnosis than those with medium levels (aHR, 95% CI: 1.56, 1.03-2.35). This real-world dataset highlights the importance of balancing lipid profiles, particularly total cholesterol and HDL-C. Dysregulation of the lipid profile, not the glucose or blood pressure profiles, may increase the risk of breast cancer in women with T2DM.

L-amino acid oxidase-1 is involved in the gut-liver axis by regulating 5-aminolevulinic acid production in mice.

L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) is a metabolic enzyme that converts L-amino acids into ketoacids, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The generated H2O2 has previously been shown to have antibacterial and gut microbiota-modulatory properties in LAO1 knock-out (KO) mice. Since most microbial metabolites reach the liver through the portal vein, we examined gut-liver interactions in LAO1 KO mice. We found lower total cholesterol levels, higher glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels in the serum, and higher pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in the liver tissue. In wild-type (WT) mice, LAO1 was expressed in gut tissues (ileum and colon). Microbiome analysis revealed that the abundance of some bacteria was altered in LAO1 KO mice. However, short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) levels in cecal feces and gut permeability did not change. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) revealed that feces from LAO1 KO mice slightly stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the liver. During metabolomic analysis, 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) was the only metabolite found to be significantly upregulated in the portal and abdominal veins of the LAO1 KO mice. Intraperitoneal administration of 5-ALA to WT mice significantly increased IL-6 mRNA expression in the liver. These observations suggest that gut LAO1 plays a role in regulating 5-ALA production and that a high level of 5-ALA stimulates the liver to increase pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by disrupting LAO1 in mice.

Curcumin improves metabolic response and increases expression of thermogenesis-associated markers in adipose tissue of male offspring from obese dams

Maternal obesity and dietary style in the pregnancy-lactation period may result in long-term effects on the metabolic health of the offspring, thus increasing the risk of diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound that has beneficial properties on metabolism. Accordingly, this study is intended to evaluate the effects of curcumin supplementation in pregnant and lactating female mice on the anthropometric, metabolic and molecular parameters of the offspring fed a hyperglycemic diet. The study was conducted with 24 male mice randomized into three groups: i) control group (SD) originating from dams fed a standard diet; ii) hyperglycemic group (HGD) originating from dams fed a hyperglycemic diet; iii) curcumin group (CUR) originating from dams fed a hyperglycemic diet and supplemented with curcumin in the pregnancy-lactation period. All offspring groups were fed a hyperglycemic diet for 12 weeks. Anthropometricand biochemical parameters were measured, as well as the expression of thermogenesis-associated markers in the interscapular brown and inguinal white adipose tissues. The results showed less weight gain in the CUR group, with a concomitant reduction in food consumption compared to the HGD group. Biochemical parameters indicated lower levels of total cholesterol, glucose, and insulin for the CUR group, in addition to improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. The molecular evaluation indicated increased mRNA expression levels of UCP1 and PRDM16 in the brown and white adipose tissues. It is concluded that curcumin supplementation in the pregnancy-lactation period in dams with diet-induced obesity may lead to improvements in the offspring's metabolic phenotype, even if they are submitted to an obesogenic environment, possibly via thermogenesis activation.

Association of cholesterol levels with hemorrhagic transformation and cerebral edema after reperfusion therapies.

The association between cholesterol levels and cerebral edema (CED) or hemorrhagic transformation (HT) as an expressions of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction after ischemic stroke is not well established. The aim of this study is to determine the association of total cholesterol (TC) levels with the incidence of HT and CED after reperfusion therapies. We analyzed SITS Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy Registry data from January 2011 to December 2017. We identified patients with data on TC levels at baseline. TC values were categorized in three groups (reference group ⩾200 mg/dl). The two primary outcomes were any parenchymal hemorrhage (PH) and moderate to severe CED on follow up imaging. Secondary outcomes included death and functional independence (mRS 0-2) at 3 months. Multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for baseline factors including statin pretreatment was used to assess the association between TC levels and outcomes. Of 35,314 patients with available information on TC levels at baseline, 3372 (9.5%) presented with TC levels ⩽130 mg/dl, 8203 (23.2%) with TC 130-200 mg/dl and 23,739 (67.3%) with TC ⩾ 200 mg/dl. In the adjusted analyses, TC level as continuous variable was inversely associated with moderate to severe CED (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.99-1.00, p = 0.025) and as categorical variable lower TC levels were associated with a higher risk of moderate to severe CED (aOR 1.24, 95% CI 1.10-1.40, p = 0.003). TC levels were not associated with any PH, functional independence, and mortality at 3 months. Our findings indicate an independent association between low levels of TC and higher odds of moderate/severe CED. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Impact of updated international diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome

To study whether application of the new 2018 guidelines for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) would decrease the diagnosis of PCOS. Second, to compare the metabolic profiles of women included and excluded in this new definition. Retrospective cross-sectional chart review. University-affiliated hospital system. Women, ages 12-50, with the International Classification of Diseases code "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome" in2017. Application of the new 2018 guidelines for the diagnosis of PCOS. The primary outcome was the retention of PCOS diagnosis after applying the new 2018 guidelines. Secondary outcomes included the comparison of metabolic risk factors. Analysis was performed using chi-square tests for categorical variables and unpaired t tests for continuous variables, with a P value of <.05 determined to be significant. Of 258 women with PCOS based on Rotterdam criteria, only 195 (76%) met the criteria based on the new 2018 guidelines. Those women who only met Rotterdam criteria (n = 63) had significantly lower body mass index (32.7 vs. 35.8), lower total cholesterol levels (151 vs. 176 mg/dL), lower triglyceride levels (96 vs. 124 mg/dL), lower total (33.2 vs. 52.3 ng/dL) and free testosterone levels (4.7 vs. 8.3), lower antimüllerian hormone levels (3.1 vs. 7.7 ng/mL), and were more likely to be multiparous (50% vs. 29%) than women who met 2018 criteria. Increasing the minimum antral follicle count to ≥20 antral follicles significantly decreases the number of women with the diagnosis of PCOS. Furthermore, the women that meet the new criteria have more health risks for metabolic syndrome than those who only meet the Rotterdam criteria.

Abstract 9558: Twenty Five-Year Trends of Serum Cholesterol Levels and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation: The Kuakini Honolulu Heart Program

Introduction: Several studies have indicated high cholesterol is paradoxically associated with low prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the etiology is uncertain. One potential explanation might be the different trends in serum total cholesterol (TC) between AF and non-AF groups. Hypothesis: There are different 25-year trends in TC levels in older men with vs. without incident AF during the 25-year period. Methods: We used data from the Kuakini Honolulu Heart Program, a longitudinal cohort study since 1965. Participants were 3,741 Japanese-American men living in Hawaii who participated in the 4th exam cycle. TC level was repeatedly measured at baseline (mid-life, ages 45-68 years) and after 25 years (late-life, ages 71-93 years). The amount of TC reduction between mid- and late-life was categorized into quartiles. AF was diagnosed by 12-lead ECG at mid- and late-life. We excluded participants who were diagnosed with AF at mid-life (prevalent cases). Results: AF incidence was 4.4% over 25 years. Mid-life TC levels were similar between those with incident AF vs. those without (218.6±36.0mg/dl vs 218.6±35.4mg/dl, p=0.91). However, in those with incident AF, the drop in TC levels between mid- and late-life was significantly larger than in those without AF (-39.4±35.8mg/dl vs -27.9±38.0mg/dl, p&lt;0.001) (Fig1). Moreover, after multivariable adjustment, there was a biological gradient between AF incidence and reduction of TC levels over 25 years (P for tend p&lt;0.001). As a result, the group with incident AF showed significantly lower late-life TC levels compared with the non-AF group (179.7±32.9mg/dl vs 190.3±33.0mg/dl, p&lt;0.001) at late-life (Fig1). Conclusions: Incident AF over 25 years was associated with a greater decrease in serum TC levels between mid- and late-life. The paradoxical associations between AF prevalence and low TC levels might be explained by the different trends in drop from mid- to late-life TC between those with vs. without incident AF.