Low Titanium Research Articles

The Effect of Three Metal Oxide Nanocoatings on the Frictional Resistance of Superelastic Orthodontic Archwires: A Comprehensive In vitro Analysis.

To evaluate and compare the impact of nanocoatings made of oxides of Aluminum, Titanium, and Zirconium, on the frictional resistance on three types of superelastic orthodontics archwires namely; nickel titanium, copper nickel titanium and low hysteresis nickel titanium. There are120 archwire segments of equal dimensions were divided into four groups (n = 30) with 10 samples each of low hysteresis superelastic archwires; NiTi archwires and CuNiTi archwires. While group A were uncoated, other groups were nanocoated with group B: Aluminum oxide; group C: Titanium dioxide; group D: Zirconium oxide respectively. Upper premolar metal brackets MBT 0.022 slot were used for testing. The frictional properties of the archwires were measured using a Universal testing machine equipped with a custom-made jig. Statistical tests including analysis of variance and post hoctests were used for analysis. The least frictional resistance among the three types of archwires was seen with low hysteresis(L&H) NiTi wires coated with ZrO2 (3.1253 ± 0.45822 N) and the highest with uncoated CuNiTi archwires (7.1113 ± 1.29031 N). Among the nanocoatings, the least value was found for ZrO2 nanocoatings followed by TiO2, Al2O3 and highest with uncoated archwires across all three types of archwires. Low hysteresisNiTi have the least frictional resistance compared to CuNiTi and NiTi archwires. The findings also suggest that all the three metal oxide nanocoatings reduce frictional resistance significantly, among which, ZrO2 nanocoatings were the most effective. This study underscores the potential efficacy of metal oxide nanocoatings in reducing archwire friction and, consequently, will improve orthodontic treatment efficiency and patient comfort. How to cite this article: Dilip S, Rajkumar K. The Effect of Three Metal Oxide Nanocoatings on the Frictional Resistance of Superelastic Orthodontic Archwires: A Comprehensive In vitro Analysis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(7):649-655.

A study on the feasibility of friction stir welding in joining dissimilar metals for SS400 and Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract This study designed friction stir multi-pass welding machine to conduct friction stir welding on carbon steel/titanium alloy clad sheets. The experimental process utilized the pin and pinless tools. The results demonstrate that the two dissimilar materials can be welded using the assembly-embedded rod pinless tool under the following welding conditions: a rotational speed of 1200 rpm, a downward force of 4 kN, a welding speed of 15 mm/min, and tool offset distances of 5 and 10 mm. Furthermore, this study investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld. In addition, the peak temperature measured at the joint interface exceeded the β phase transition temperature of the titanium alloy and surpassed 1000°C. The shear tensile test shows the weld’s failure load was about 4300 N. The intermetallic compound at the welding interface has a microhardness value of approximately 400 Hv. According to the results of SEM observations and EDS composition element analysis, the elements of low carbon steel and titanium alloy at the interface of the clad sheet diffused and formed Fe-Ti intermetallic compounds.

Titanyl sulfate-based TiO2-paraffin phase change microcapsules: Evaluation of alkyltriethoxysilane modification and thermoregulation applications

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) phase change microcapsules show promising applications in building temperature regulation and heat transfer due to their high thermal reflectivity and high thermal conductivity. Currently, the preparation of TiO2 microcapsules predominantly relies on expensive and highly toxic titanate as a raw material. In this study, a new type of TiO2-paraffin phase change microcapsules was prepared by chemical precipitation method using cheap and low toxic titanium sulfate dihydrate (TSD) as titanium source and alkyltriethoxysilane as modifier. The results showed that when methyltriethoxysilane was used as a modifier and the dosage was 1/3 of TSD, the core-wall ratio was 1:1, and the reaction temperature was 65 °C, the performance of the modified TiO2 phase change microcapsules was the best. The melting enthalpy was 112.8 J/g, the core material content reached 83.70 %, which was 48.06 % higher than that of the unmodified microcapsules, and the melting permeability ratio was 12.88 %. The test chamber containing the sample TiO2 phase change microcapsules underwent a temperature rise-cooling test, transitioning from 25 ℃ to 65 ℃ under simulated solar light conditions. The heating time for the phase change microcapsules with modified TiO2 was 28 % faster compared to those containing unmodified TiO2, while the cooling time was 13.00 % slower. It is shown that the light conversion, as well as the thermal storage capacity of TiO2 phase change microcapsules, are significantly improved after organosilicon modification.

Determination of the effect of low concentration titanium dioxide nano fuel additive in biodiesel on performance and emissions

In this study, the effect of nanoparticle addition into rapeseed methyl ester (R0) produced by the transesterification method on engine performance and emissions was experimentally investigated. Titanium dioxide was used as a nano fuel additive and was added to the test fuels at rates of 50 ppm (RTi50) and 75 ppm (RTi75) using an ultrasonic mixer. The effect of titanium dioxide on engine performance and exhaust emissions was experimentally determined by taking advantage of its photocatalysis effect and chemical reaction accelerator properties. Additionally, titanium dioxide additive reduced the viscosity and density of biodiesel fuel, resulting in higher micro explosion. According to the test results carried out at 4 different engine loads, brake specific fuel consumption decreased by 7.51% and 8.62% in RTi50 and RTi75 fuels compared to R0 fuel. Brake thermal efficiency increased by 2.47% and 6.21%, respectively. The improvement in combustion achieved by the nano additive increased the conversion of CO emissions into CO2, increased NOX emissions, reduced smoke emissions and caused more complete combustion products to come out of the exhaust.

Development of novel Gd-Fe/Ti composites with tunable thermal expansion property

Abstract Titanium alloys are considered one of the most promising materials. However, their poor thermal expansion property remains a major obstacle to their widespread application. In this study, we explored an innovative design strategy to tune the thermal expansion properties of titanium alloy. Specifically, we used rare earth iron intermetallic compounds (Gd-Fe IMCs) with low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) as expansion inhibitors to prepare composites with the required thermal expansion properties via in situ reaction. The morphology and size of Gd-Fe IMCs can be effectively controlled by electromagnetic and ultrasonic fields, resulting in a dense distribution of micro/nano-structured Gd-Fe IMCs and strong interfacial bonding of the composites. This alloy has an excellent CTE of 6.8 × 10−6/K and a high ultimate tensile strength of 921 MPa. The improvement in the physical properties (especially in thermal expansion properties) of titanium alloy can be attributed to the synergistic effect between Gd-Fe IMCs and Ti matrix. This design strategy can also be extended to other titanium alloys as a reference for designing low thermal expansion titanium alloys.

A comparative study of microstructure and texture evolution in low cost titanium alloy swarf and powder recycled via FAST and HIP

A comparative study of microstructure and texture evolution in low cost titanium alloy swarf and powder recycled via FAST and HIP

Phase equilibria in the low-TiO2 part of the CaO–MgO–SiO2–Al2O3–TiO2 system at a fixed MgO/CaO mass ratio of 0.2 and Al2O3/SiO2 mass ratio of 0.4

Adding titanium oxide has become a common practice in modern blast furnace operating procedures. The blast furnace slag is based on the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2 low titanium slag system rather than CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 system. Phase equilibria in the CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–TiO2 system in the low-TiO2 part have been experimentally determined by means of high temperature equilibration and quenching technique followed by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Introducing a small quantity of titanium-bearing materials can lower the liquidus temperature. The TiO2 content in the slag should be controlled below 4.6 wt%, otherwise it will enter the perovskite phase region where the liquidus temperatures increases rapidly. The compositions of the solid solutions corresponding to the liquidus have been precisely measured and should be utilized for developing the thermodynamic database.

Design and Manufacturing of Air Conditioning Coil

This paper consists of the detail design process of a cooling coil which is used in Evaporator of VARC System for given cooling load. The process consists of designing a part using the calculation and various other parameters. The stability of long-term materials is becoming increasingly important as the demand for air conditioning systems in commercial and residential applications grows. Because of temperature variations and heat flow, materials in air conditioning systems can fail, reducing the cooling effect of the system. Low thermal transitions through the coil's material cause a significant amount of heat to be wasted in the evaporator coil, which lowers the system's overall efficiency. This paper outlines the methodology used to choose the right material for the evaporator coil in an air conditioning system using the CES Granta design software. Based on design and functional requirements, nickel-chromium alloys, pure titanium, copper, low alloy steel, cast iron, and pure titanium are the candidates that made the shortlist for evaporator coils. The best candidates are low alloy steel, titanium, and stainless steel.

Velké krystaly nitridu titanu (osbornitu) v metalurgické strusce z kladenských oceláren

Large crystals of titanium nitride (mineral osbornite) from metallurgical slag were studied by EMPA, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The sample was collected at metallurgical dump in Kladno in the early 1970s and briefly described by Žáček and Ondruš (2003). The sample has a size of about 40 × 30 × 30 mm and is notable for its high density and conspicuous cubes of copper-like red to gold colour with metallic lustre (Fig. 1–2). The material consists of dominant gehlenite (~ 65% of the sample, all vol. %), osbornite (~ 20%), metallic iron (~ 8%), oldhamite (~ 5%), spinel (~1%) and anorthite (~1%), see Fig 3. All these phases were analyzed with the Cameca SX100 electron microprobe, and osbornite by Raman spectroscopy. Gehlenite and osbornite were also confirmed by XRD (Žáček – Ondruš 2003). Gehlenite contains a low concentration of MgO (0.8–1.1 wt.%) and traces of Na2O (0.06–0.16 wt.%) and Fe2O3 (0.4 wt.%). Aggregates of metallic iron embedded in gehlenite contain low titanium (up to 0.06 wt.% Ti) and elevated phosphorus concentrations (0.53–1.59 wt.% P), whereas tiny iron inclusions embedded in osbornite are richer in titanium (1.31 wt.%) and poorer in P (0.37 wt.%). Oldhamite, a cubic CaS, forms rounded inclusions 20–150 µm in size embedded in massive gehlenite. It is characterized by elevated concentration of Mn (2.7 wt.%) and low Fe (0.3 wt.%) and Mg (0.15 wt.%). Spinel has empirical formula Mg0.98Al1.99O4, and plagioclase is pure anorthite. Compositional data of osbornite are given in Table 1, those of associated minerals in Table 2 and 3. Osbornite forms aggregates of cubic crystals in a small slag cavity. Individual and crystal aggregates, usually up to 5 mm in size, are embedded in massive gehlenite. The largest aggregate of osbornite crystals reaching about 15 × 8 mm in size (Fig. 2). Osbornite contains 76.30–78.21 wt.% Ti, 21.31–23.82 wt.% N, and 0.02–0.46 wt. % Fe and displays stoichiometric composition Ti0.97–1.03N0.96–1.03 with only 0.005 apfu Fe (see Table 1). Lattice parameter is: a = 4.2536(3) A (Žáček – Ondruš 2003). The Raman spectrum of osbornite (Fig. 4) measured on the unpolished surface of cubic crystals showed the following vibrational bands: 1498, 201, 226, 271, 316, 345, 395, 439, 520, 559, 609, 649, 765, 836, and 1075 (all in cm–1). Raman spectra of TiN and other Ti nitrides have been studied by a number of authors (e.g. Spengler et al. 1978, Subramanian et al. 2011, Judek et al. 2021). The spectra can be divided into acoustic (A) and optical (O) part and further to the combination A O, 2A and 2O modes (Spengler et al. 1978; see Fig. 4). In addition to the vibrational bands typical of osbornite (201, 271, 316, 345, 395, 520, 559, 649, 765, 836 and 1075 cm–1), there are also vibrational bands corresponding to rutile and to the TiON phase (149, 226, 395, 439, 520, 609 and 649 cm–1, Spengler et al. 1978, Judek et al. 2021). The position of the vibrational band of osbornite at 201 cm–1 indicates a stoichiometric Ti : N ratio of 1 : 1, which is in agreement with the results of WDS chemical analysis (Spengler et al. 1978). The detected presence of TiON and TiO2 phases on the surface of osbornite crystals indicates oxidation of osbornite, probably at elevated temperatures. A similar effect was achieved during laboratory annealing of TiN layers at temperatures above 250 °C (Glaser et al. 2007) or above 500 °C (Chen et al. 2005). Osbornite had long been considered as an exclusively extraterrestrial mineral (Ramdohr 1973, Casanova 1992), and only a few natural terrestrial localities have been identified so far. It was first detected in heavy mineral concentrates from volcanic breccias at the contact of the Priazov Massif with the Donbas Basin in Ukraine (Tataritsev et al. 1987).

A study on the collaborative deformation mechanisms of continuous and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization under low strain rates for the Ti6455x alloy with a low activation energy

To reveal the collaborative dynamic recrystallization mechanisms occurring only at low strain rates, the Ti6455x titanium alloy was designed and prepared by hot deformation. The microstructure, activation energy, and the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) process under different strain rates and temperatures were investigated, with a corresponding mechanism revealed for the first time. Results show that at low strain rates of 0.01 and 0.001 s-1, as temperature from 1173 to 1223 K, the grain size decreases, jagged bumps appear at the grain boundaries and new small grains are produced. The activation energy of Ti6455x titanium alloy is 128.63 kJ/mol. Quantitative calculations revealed that the thermal deformation mechanisms depend on the dissipation efficiency factor, η. With an increasing value of η, the dynamic softening mechanism changes from dynamic reversion (DRV) to DRV and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). While with a high η value, CDRX and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) occur at a temperature of 1223 K, and a strain rate of 0.001 s-1. The collaborative deformation process proceeds because: low activation energy titanium alloys facilitate the rotation of sub-grain boundaries, while dislocations can easily migrate. This condition enables CDRX to occur, leading to the refinement of grains and producing jagged grain boundaries. Then, CDRX provides nucleation sites for DDRX, promoting grain boundary migration and breaking down grains. This mechanism can significantly refine the grain size and improve mechanical properties. It is shown that both the design of low activation energy alloys and controlling hot processing conditions are effective in the development of high-strength titanium alloys.

Effect of TiC addition on microstructure and properties of network structured TiC–ZrO2 composite conductive ceramics

Zirconia (ZrO2) ceramics have excellent mechanical properties and high-temperature conductivities. However, ZrO2 ceramics do not possess room-temperature conductivity, which significantly limits their application as functional components in smart communication devices and wearable smart products. To achieve room-temperature conductivity in ZrO2 ceramics, this study prepared a network-structured TiC–ZrO2 composite conductive ceramic with a low titanium carbide (TiC) addition using pressureless sintering. The influence of the TiC addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical properties of the TiC–ZrO2 composite material was investigated. The results showed that the composite material consists of cubic zirconia (c-ZrO2), tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2), and titanium carbide (TiC) phases. When the TiC content was 11 vol %, the relative density, open porosity, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of the sample were 98.6 ± 0.1 %, 0.16 ± 0.06 %, 383 ± 38 MPa, and 4.66 ± 0.26 MPa m1/2, respectively. The electrical percolation threshold of the TiC–ZrO2 composite was between 8.0 and 11.0 vol %. When the TiC content is 18.8 vol %, the sample exhibited the lowest room-temperature resistivity of 3.00 × 10−5 Ω m. The electrical resistance of the TiC–ZrO2 composite material is mainly attributed to the grain boundary effect. With increasing TiC content, the resistivity of the composite material decreased, exhibiting linear conductivity and achieving conductive percolation characteristics.

Low pH Titanium Electrochemistry in the Presence of Sulfuric Acid and its Implications for Redox Flow Battery Applications

Titanium (Ti) is a promising elemental redox active species for redox flow batteries (RFBs) due to its 100x availability in the Earth crust, and 10x lower cost (compared to elemental vanadium). Furthermore, Ti salts are highly soluble in water and concentrations >5 M can be easily obtained. Seeking to harness the higher solubility (and hence energy density) of the Ti electrolyte for flow battery applications, the Ti4+/Ti3+ redox couple was investigated at high concentrations (up to 5 M) relevant to RFB applications. The behavior of Ti ions in H2SO4 supported electrolytes was investigated by varying the ratio of Ti redox active species to counterion. The electrochemical characteristics, transport properties, and redox kinetics of the Ti4+/Ti3+ redox couple were measured and the impact of the Tix+ to solvating ligand ratio was examined. The coordination structures around solvated Tix+ ions were spectroscopically determined and the effect of solvation structure on the Ti3+/Ti4+ redox rate constants were examined and correlated to the calculated solvation energy (hence distinguishing between inner- and outer-sphere processes) and the role of catalysts was addressed. The Ti electrolyte development guidelines presented herein will advance the development of Ti-based RFBs as a promising pathway towards cost effective, grid-scale energy storage.

Extended Silicic Volcanism in the Gruithuisen Region—Revisiting the Composition and Thermophysical Properties of Gruithuisen Domes on the Moon

The formation mechanisms, extent, and compositions of red spots on the lunar surface have intrigued the lunar community for decades. By identifying a new dome and another silicic crater in the highlands nearby, we find that the silicic volcanism in the Gruithuisen region extends beyond the three major domes. Our observations indicate that the Gruithuisen domes have low iron and titanium contents. They are enveloped by ejecta from surrounding regions and host silica-rich material excavated by the young craters consistent with previous work. Our boulder maps of the Gamma dome display a high boulder count and indicate that the Diviner rock abundance maps are only sensitive to boulders larger than ∼2 m. The H-parameter values are sensitive to presence of rocks and may be a better indicator of rocks at submeter scales. The Delta dome has gentle slopes, lower rock abundance, and one young crater, and it could serve as a safe and scientifically valuable site for landing and exploration of the domes and nearby region. The dome also displays anomalously high H-parameter in the same region as the crater, indicating the potential presence of pyroclastic materials. We observe up to 200 ppm of OH/H2O on the domes and nearby mare despite the presence of a weak magnetic field to the south of Delta dome, further supporting the potential presence of pyroclastics in the region. This study could potentially aid in logistical and scientific decisions of the future NASA missions in the region.

High stability, high solid content, low viscosity titanium dioxide dispersion

High stability, high solid content, low viscosity titanium dioxide dispersion

Biomechanical analysis of 3D printed porous extremely-low modulus Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn lumbar interbody fusion cage-A finite element study

ABSTRACT This study aimed to design and assess the biomechanical properties of a 3D-printed porous titanium alloy lumbar fusion cage, comparing it to traditional PEEK cages in lumbar PLIF surgery using finite element modelling. Employing Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn (Ti2448) and Ti-6Al-4 V (Ti64) materials via EBM-3D printing, the fabricated cage exhibited enhanced mechanical stability when paired with the same internal fixation system. Biomechanical analysis revealed superior performance of both Ti2448 and Ti64 porous models over PEEK, notably Ti2448. These porous titanium cages effectively mitigate maximum stress at the cage-endplate interface, ensuring uniform stress distribution and minimizing subsidence risk. Additionally, their porous structure fosters osteogenesis, while the low modulus titanium alloy, resembling human cancellous bone, enhances interbody fusion and diminishes the probability of cage subsidence.

Sodium carbonate roasting and mild acid leaching of vanadium titanomagnetite concentrates: Vanadium extraction and residue sodium decrease

Vanadium titanomagnetite is a crucial resource for vanadium and titanium. The traditional process of treating vanadium titanomagnetite concentrates has shortcomings like low vanadium recovery rate and titanium recovery inability, resulting in resource wasting and solid waste discharging. Thus, a new process of Na2CO3 roasting and mild H2SO4 leaching has been proposed. In the concentrates, titanium occurs majorly in titanomagnetite (Fe3-xTixO4, 0≤x≤1) and ilmenite (FeTiO3), vanadium in titanomagnetite and sphene (CaTiSiO5), calcium in sphene, and silicon and aluminum in several minerals. Phases are tuned during Na2CO3 roasting, where V and impurities Al and Si transform into soluble sodium compounds, leachable phase sphene doesn't change, and Ti is enriched in insoluble phases. Then, leached by mild H2SO4, the soluble compounds are almost all leached, and the leaching rates of V, Ca, Al, and Si are 91%, 76%, 84%, and 82%, respectively. The Na2O content in the leaching residue decreases to 1.0 wt%, which enables the residue for Ti extraction. This process is expected to recover V and Ti comprehensively from the vanadium titanomagnetite concentrates. The roasting kinetics are also studied based on CO2 content in the off-gas for a deeper understanding of the mechanism.

Self-healing ability and full strength recovery at medium temperatures of low content titanium carbide/alumina composites

Self-healing ability and full strength recovery at medium temperatures of low content titanium carbide/alumina composites

Sulphuric Acid Digestion of Anatase Concentrate

The processing of anatase ores by sulphuric acid digestion is well known for its low titanium dissolution yields, which makes the process economically and technically unfeasible. Anatase is considered much less reactive than other forms of titanium such as ilmenite and rutile. Generally, to enhance its dissolution, thermal processes along with acid and/or alkaline leaching processes are necessary. Studies of direct sulphuric acid digestion are few and the reported yields of titanium dissolution are <48%. This study investigated the main parameters of sulphuric digestion of anatase such as temperature, anatase:acid ratio, and time of reaction. Dissolution of titanium of around 86% were obtained at relatively mild conditions such as, temperature at 220 °C, grain size of 62 µm, an anatase:sulphuric acid ratio of 1:2, and 4 h of reaction. A comprehensive characterization of the resulting material indicated a content of 56.5% of TiO2 and 15% iron oxide—the main impurity. It also contained silica, aluminum, phosphorus, calcium, and rare earth elements (REE) in concentrations that varied from 1.61% to 6.01%.

Synergistic Amelioration of Osseointegration and Osteoimmunomodulation with a Microarc Oxidation-Treated Three-Dimensionally Printed Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Scaffold via Surface Activity and Low Elastic Modulus.

Biomaterial scaffolds, including bone substitutes, have evolved from being primarily a biologically passive structural element to one in which material properties such as surface topography and chemistry actively direct bone regeneration by influencing stem cells and the immune microenvironment. Ti-6Al-4V(Ti6Al4V) implants, with a significantly higher elastic modulus than human bone, may lead to stress shielding, necessitating improved stability at the bone-titanium alloy implant interface. Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn (Ti2448), a low elastic modulus β-type titanium alloy devoid of potentially toxic elements, was utilized in this study. We employed 3D printing technology to fabricate a porous scaffold structure to further decrease the structural stiffness of the implant to approximate that of cancellous bone. Microarc oxidation (MAO) surface modification technology is then employed to create a microporous structure and a hydrophilic oxide ceramic layer on the surface and interior of the scaffold. In vitro studies demonstrated that MAO treatment enhances the proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenesis capabilities on the scaffold surface. The chemical composition of the MAO-Ti2448 oxide layer is found to enhance the transcription and expression of osteogenic genes in bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), potentially related to the enrichment of Nb2O5 and SnO2 in the oxide layer. The MAO-Ti2448 scaffold, with its synergistic surface activity and low stiffness, significantly activates the anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype, creating an immune microenvironment that promotes the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. In vivo experiments in a rabbit model demonstrated a significant improvement in the quantity and quality of the newly formed bone trabeculae within the scaffold under the contact osteogenesis pattern with a matched elastic modulus. These trabeculae exhibit robust connections to the external structure of the scaffold, accelerating the formation of an interlocking structure between the bone and implant and providing higher implantation stability. These findings suggest that the MAO-Ti2448 scaffold has significant potential as a bone defect repair material by regulating osteoimmunomodulation and osteogenesis to enhance osseointegration. This study demonstrates an optional strategy that combines the mechanism of reducing the elastic modulus with surface modification treatment, thereby extending the application scope of β-type titanium alloy.

Coordination-induced bond weakening and small molecule activation by low-valent titanium complexes.

Bond activation of small molecules through coordination to low valent metal complexes in M⋯X-H type interactions (where X = O, N, B, Si, etc.) leads to the formation of unusually weak X-H bonds and provides a powerful approach for the synthesis of target compounds under very mild conditions. Coordination of small molecules like water, amides, silanes, boranes, and dinitrogen to Ti(III) or Ti(II) complexes results in the synergetic redistribution of electrons between the metal orbitals and the ligand orbitals which weakens and enables the facile cleavage of the X-H or N-N bonds of the ligands. This review presents an overview of coordination-induced bond activation of small molecules by low valent titanium complexes. In particular, the applications of low valent titanium-induced bond weakening in nitrogen fixation are presented. The review concludes with potential future directions for work in this area including low-valent Ti-based PCET systems, photocatalytic nitrogen reduction, and approaches to tailoring complexes for optimal bond activation.