Low Temperature Sensitivity Research Articles

Upper-ocean temperature characteristics in the subantarctic southeastern Pacific based on biomarker reconstructions

Abstract. As remnants of living organisms, alkenones and isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids (isoGDGTs) are widely used biomarkers for determining ocean water temperatures from the past. The organisms that these proxy carriers stem from are influenced by a number of environmental parameters, such as water depth, nutrient availability, light conditions, or seasonality, which all may significantly bias the calibration to ambient water temperatures. Reliable temperature determinations thus remain challenging, especially in higher latitudes and for undersampled regions. We analyzed 33 sediment surface samples from the southern Chilean continental margin and the Drake Passage for alkenones and isoGDGTs and compared the results with gridded instrumental reference data from the World Ocean Atlas 2005 (WOA05) and previously published data from an extended study area covering the central and western South Pacific towards the Aotearoa / New Zealand continental margin. We show that for alkenone-derived sea surface temperatures (SSTs), the widely used global core-top calibration of Müller et al. (1998) yields the smallest deviation of the WOA05-based SSTs. On the contrary, the calibration of Sikes et al. (1997), determined for higher latitudes and summer SSTs, overestimates modern WOA05-based SSTs in both the annual mean and summer. Our alkenone SSTs show a slight seasonal shift of ∼ 1 ∘C at the southern Chilean margin and up to ∼ 2 ∘C in the Drake Passage towards austral summer SSTs. Samples in the central South Pacific, on the other hand, reflect an annual mean signal. We show that for isoGDGT-based temperatures, the subsurface calibration of Kim et al. (2012a) best reflects temperatures from the WOA05 in areas north of the Subantarctic Front (SAF). Temperatures south of the SAF are, in contrast, significantly overestimated by up to 14 ∘C, irrespective of the applied calibration. In addition, we used the GDGT [2]/[3] ratios, which give an indication of the production depth of the isoGDGTs and/or potential influences from land. Our samples reflect a subsurface (0–200 m water depth) rather than a surface (0–50 m water depth) signal in the entire study area and show a correlation with the monthly dust distribution in the South Pacific, indicating terrigenous influences. The overestimation of isoGDGT surface and subsurface temperatures south of the SAF highlights the need for a reassessment of existing calibrations in the polar Southern Ocean. Therefore, we suggest a modified Southern Ocean tetraether index (TEX86)-based calibration for surface and subsurface temperatures, which shows a lower temperature sensitivity and yields principally lower absolute temperatures, which align more closely with WOA05-derived values and also OH–isoGDGT-derived temperatures.

Design and simulation of 4H-SiC low gain avalanche diode

In the applications of nuclear and high-energy physics, Silicon Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (Si LGAD) as particle detectors have been shown to perform well in time resolution. Compared with silicon, 4H Silicon Carbide (4H-SiC) has a wider band gap, better radiation resistance, higher saturated carrier velocity and lower temperature sensitivity. Therefore, 4H-SiC LGAD is suitable for the detection of Minimum Ionization Particles (MIPs) under extreme radiation and temperature. However, due to the complexity of SiC device design and production, high performance SiC LGAD devices have not yet been produced. In this work, we use TCAD tools to design and simulate two n-type 4H-SiC LGAD structures with different electric field profiles, I/V and C/V characteristics and gain efficiencies. Through the analysis of simulation results, the LGAD with a triangle electric field profile in the gain layer has a higher gain efficiency, while the design with a trapezoid electric field profile is less affected by the gain layer thickness and more stable at high temperature. Subsequently, we will develop a set of SiC production processes under the guidance of this work.

Using longitudinal critically refracted waves to detect absolute stress of steel members considering the influence of temperature

Longitudinal critically refracted (LCR) waves are widely used to detect the absolute stress of steel members in service. The influence of temperature leads to deviation in absolute stress detection. However, existing methods compensate the detected stress by measuring the variations in the acoustic time at different temperatures in zero-stress specimens, which neglects the influence of temperature under different stresses. This study proposes a new ultrasonic method for detecting the absolute stress of steel members considering the influence of temperature. The most important feature of this method is considering the coupling between temperature and stress. A temperature sensitivity experiment was designed to compare the effects of temperature using a one-transmitter-one-receiver (OTOR) transducer group and a one-transmitter-double-receiver (OTDR) transducer group. The absolute stresses of three steel specimens (Q235B, Q345B, and Q390B) were detected at different temperatures to verify the proposed method. The experiment results indicate that the OTDR transducer group has a lower temperature sensitivity of 2.07 ns/°C compared with 14.16 ns/°C for the OTOR transducer group. Using the OTDR group can effectively reduce the negative influence of temperature and improve detection accuracy. The stress coefficient decreases with increasing temperature, and the temperature coefficient increases with increasing stress, which reflects the coupling of temperature and stress. The deviations of the proposed method are within 10 MPa and far less than the deviation of the traditional method. The proposed method can be used in practical steel structures at different temperatures.

Optical Fiber Sensor with Novel Structure and Its Applications in Oil and Gas Exploration

Compared to electronic sensors, Optical Fiber Sensors (OFSs) have received increasing attention due to their advantages, such as small size, light weight, anti-electromagnetic interference, easy reuse, and remote sensing. This paper proposes a novel all-fiber mode interferometer. This interferometer excites higher-order cladding modes through mode mismatch between standard single-mode fibers and thin cores. There is interference between higher-order cladding mode and core layer mode, resulting in interference fringes used as sensing signals. Sensitivity testing is conducted on the designed OFS to demonstrate whether it meets the application requirements for petroleum exploration. Transmission-type Thin-Core Fiber Modal Interferometers (TCFMIs) with different lengths of Thin-Core Fibers (TCFs) (20 mm, 40 mm, and 60 mm) are produced in the experiment. Among them, TCFMIs at 60 mm TCF length can obtain ideal sensing signals. The TCFMI (with a length of 20 mm TCF) is encapsulated in a self-made aluminum groove in rosin to test its Refractive Index (RI). The results show that as the RI increases, the central wavelength shifts towards the long wavelength direction. Its sensitivity reaches 146 nm/R.I.U. When the temperature is increased, the central wavelength shifts towards the long wavelength direction, resulting in lower temperature sensitivity. In the sensitivity test, the phase change obtained by designing OFSs is proportional to the vibration acceleration. It is fixed on the vibration table to keep the acceleration of the vibration table constant and adjust the vibration frequency of the vibration table. The results show that the vibration spectral line of the sensor is relatively flat within 100 Hz, and resonance occurs within the range of 200 Hz to 350 Hz. Through phase demodulation, sensors loaded with different oscillator masses increase linearly in the low-frequency range. When the vibration frequency approaches the resonance frequency of the sensor, the phase sensitivity of the sensor increases nonlinearly.

Light manipulation for all-fiber devices with VCSEL and graphene-based metasurface.

Light manipulation for all-fiber devices has played a vital role in controllable photonic devices. A graphene-based metasurface is proposed to realize light manipulation. A row of VCSEL-based optical engines with low crosstalk is used as the control light to modulate the signal transmitted in the microstructured fiber. In this configuration, the proposed device can work independently of the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system. With an insertion loss of only 0.28 dB, evanescent wave coupling to graphene layers is polarisation-insensitive. The device could be effectively manipulated for a few days (not less than 72 hours), which possesses the capacity to dynamically modulate the signal light with both low-temperature sensitivity and low-wavelength sensitivity. The 35 nm wavelength interval results in a change of only about 0.1 dB in the output light intensity of the microstructured fiber when the wavelength changes from 1530 nm to 1565 nm. Moreover, the modulation depth is approximately 2 dB when the modulating voltage is 2.2 V, which may open avenues for channel detection techniques and have deep implications in top tuning applications.

A high SNR system for intensity demodulation of fiber Bragg grating based on phase-locked loop

The intensity demodulation technology of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) is typically realized by detecting the output light power. Traditional methods, such as DC power detection, have a low signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity. Thus, a novel intensity demodulation system based on the phase-locked loop is proposed in this study. Theoretical analysis and experiments show that the system has a high signal-to-noise ratio, linearity, and stability with a low-temperature sensitivity of the FBG sensor head. Compared to traditional light power detection, the proposed system increases the signal-to-noise ratio by more than 24 dB. According to the repeated temperature experimental results, the proposed sensor with an accuracy of ± 0.5 °C has a repeatability error of 1.8%, alinearity error of 3%, and ahysteresis error of 1.5% in the temperature range from 10 to 90 °C, which indicates that the system is of high-sensitivity and high-precision.

Study on the Dynamic Performance of PU and SBS-Modified Asphalt Mixtures with Dense Gradation

A polyurethane (PU) mixture with excellent strength is regarded as an alternative to a modified asphalt mixture, but characteristic analysis on them is lacking. In this paper, the dynamic modulus of PU- and SBS-modified asphalt mixtures with the same gradation, aggregate type, and binder content was investigated and compared in terms of dynamic and viscoelastic properties. Compared with the SBS-modified asphalt mixture, the PU mixture with an extremely high dynamic modulus and reduced phase angle at high temperatures had lower temperature sensitivity, which allowed it to resist high-temperature deformation. While the phase angle did not show a statistically significant correlation, the dynamic modulus between the two mixtures did. The dynamic modulus and phase angle values of the PU mixture showed relatively small deviations and could be fitted to produce acceptable master curves, which exhibited obvious differences compared to those of the SBS-modified asphalt mixture. The PU mixture exhibited elastic properties during the test temperature range and, since its thermal rheological property is much smaller than that of the SBS-modified asphalt mixture, it is closer to viscoelastic material. This study provides an understanding of the PU mixture’s dynamic and viscoelastic properties, as well as material information for pavement design and performance prediction with PU mixture layers.

Chitosan with enhanced deprotonation for accelerated thermosensitive gelation with β-glycerophosphate

Chitosan (CS)/β-sodium glycerophosphate (β-GP) gels have low temperature sensitivity, which limits their biomedical application. The protonation and deprotonation of the CS amino groups are regulated by pH. It is possible to accelerate thermosensitive gelation by increasing the pH of the CS solution to maximize the degree of CS amino deprotonation and enhance hydrophobic interactions. In this study, a CS solution with a higher pH (HpHCS; pH 6.19, close to pKa 6.2) was obtained by means of the consumption of hydrogen ions using excessive chitosan. Raman spectroscopy showed that strong hydrogen bonds might exist in HpHCS. Gelation was accelerated significantly at 37 °C using HpHCS due to the decreased sol–gel transition temperature. Support vector machine and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding analyses confirmed that the gel derived from HpHCS was significantly different from that of the other groups. In addition, the HpHCS gel exhibited a low degradation rate and low cytotoxicity. Furthermore, a mathematical equation was established to predict the gelation time of HpHCS/β-GP at 37 °C. A better concentration of HpHCS for in vivo injection was obtained due to the shorter gelation time and lower viscosity. We found that human mesenchymal stem cells survived and proliferated in vitro in the HpHCS/β-GP hydrogel. Therefore, this study provides an optimized HpHCS solution with enhanced deprotonation for accelerated thermosensitive gelation with β-GP.

Low-temperature at booting reduces starch content and yield of wheat by affecting dry matter transportation and starch synthesis.

With the continuous change of global climate, the frequency of low-temperature stress (LTS) in spring increased greatly, which led to the increase of wheat yield decline. The effects of LTS at booting on grain starch synthesis and yield were examined in two wheat varieties with differing low-temperature sensitivities (insensitive variety Yannong 19 and sensitive variety Wanmai 52). A combination of potted and field planting was employed. For LTS treatment at booting, the wheat plants were placed in a climate chamber for 24h at -2°C, 0°C or 2°C from 19:00 to 07:00 then 5°C from 07:00 to 19:00. They were then returned to the experimental field. The effects of flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics, the accumulation and distribution of photosynthetic products, enzyme activity related to starch synthesis and relative expression, the starch content, and grain yield were determined. LTS at booting caused a significant reduction in the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) of the flag leaves at filling. The development of starch grains in the endosperm is also hindere, there are obvious equatorial grooves observed on the surface of the A-type starch granules, and a reduction in the number of B-type starch granules. The abundance of 13C in the flag leaves and grains decreased significantly. LTS also caused a significant reduction in translocation amount of pre-anthesis stored dry matte from vegetative organs to grains and amount of post-anthesis transfer of accumulated dry matte into grains, and the distribution rate of dry matter in the grains at maturity. The grain filling time was shortened, and the grain filling rate decreased. A decrease in the activity and relative expression of enzymes related to starch synthesis was also observed, with a decrease in the total starch content. As a result, a decrease in the grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight were also observed. These findings highlight the underlying physiological cause of decreased starch content and grain weight after LTS in wheat.

Highly sensitive NO2 sensor based on mesoporous ZrO2–WO3 nanotubes composite

In this study, two anodic oxidation processes were used to prepare ordered mesoporous zirconia nanotubes. Ammonium metatungstate was introduced into zirconia to obtain mesoporous ZrO2–WO3 composite nanotubes. We performed XRD, TEM, and SEM tests on the material. Furthermore, a mixed electromotive force–based NO2 sensor was fabricated using ZrO2–WO3 nanotubes as sensing materials. The sensor not only has a low working temperature (400°C) and high sensitivity (131.4 mV/decade) but also shows remarkable selectivity, stability, and repeatability. At 400°C, the polarity curve of the sensor in air and under different concentrations of NO2 was measured, which proves the mixed electromotive force mechanism. Moreover, the tubular structure of the mesoporous ZrO2–WO3 composite provides additional electrochemical active sites, improves the catalytic efficiency, enhances the diffusion of NO2, and reduces NO2 consumption in the diffusion process, thus essentially improving the performance of the sensor.

Temperature-insensitive and fabrication-tolerant coarse wavelength division (de)multiplexing on a silica platform using an angled multimode interferometer.

Wavelength division (de)multiplexing (WDM) device is a crucial component for optical transmission networks. In this paper, we demonstrate a 4 channel WDM device with a 20 nm wavelength spacing on silica based planar lightwave circuits (PLC) platform. The device is designed using an angled multimode interferometer (AMMI) structure. Since there are fewer bending waveguides than other WDMs, the device footprint is smaller, at 21 mm × 0.4 mm. Owing to the low thermo-optic coefficient (TOC) of silica, a low temperature sensitivity of 10pm/°C is achieved. The fabricated device exhibits high performance of an insertion loss (IL) lower than 1.6 dB, a polarization dependent loss (PDL) lower than 0.34 dB, and the crosstalk between adjacent channels lower than -19 dB. The 3 dB bandwidth is 12.3∼13.5 nm. Moreover, the device shows a high tolerance with a sensitivity of central wavelength to the width of multimode interferometer < 43.75 pm/nm.

Conventional properties, rheological properties, and storage stability of crumb rubber modified asphalt with WCO and ABS

To enhance the performance of asphalt and conserve resources, there is growing interest in the use of diverse waste polymer materials to modify asphalt. In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) was used to activate crumb rubber (CR) and acrylonitrile–butadienestyrene (ABS) to obtain crumb rubber modified asphalt (CRMA) with low temperature sensitivity, excellent storage stability, and improved working performance. The physical properties of the modified asphalt were evaluated by conventional tests and rheological tests. The cohesive properties and compatibility of modified asphalt were investigated by the 60℃ dynamic viscosity, cigar tube test, and fluorescence microscope. The test results showed that WCO activated ABS/CR reduced the penetration of CRMA but increased its softening point and low temperature fracture work. In addition, the WCO activated ABS/CR could reduce the rotational viscosity of CRMA, and the viscosity-temperature curves prove that WCO activation of ABS/CR reduced the mixing and compaction temperature. Besides, the dynamic viscosity value of CRMA at 60℃ was also improved. The addition of ABS has a higher complex modulus and a lower phase angle, thus reducing the temperature sensitivity of asphalt. The zero shear viscosity (ZSV) value of the compound CRMA was six times higher than that of single CRMA. Additionally, proper proportions of ABS and WCO reduced the separation index (SI) of CRMA and enhanced its storage stability. Notably, group “AWCRMA1” exhibits a much higher ZSV than other asphalts while exhibiting lesser temperature sensitivity.

Combustion performance of surface-deterred gun propellants with varied deterrent contents

This paper explores how the combustion performance of surface-deterred granular gun propellants relates to the deterrent content to further improve combustion progressivity and low temperature sensitivity. Five types of propellants with different deterrent contents are prepared with the surface deterring technology. Through the analysis of explosion heat and experimental data from closed bomb tests, we investigate the energetic and static combustion properties of the propellants. Results show that the deterred propellants have a higher combustion progressivity than the blank propellant, and as the deterrent content increases, the progressive index increases gradually. In addition, the maximum pressure measured by closed bomb tests is linearly related to the deterrent content. At high temperatures, the average absolute values of the temperature coefficients of relative activity for surface-deterred propellants are lower than that for the blank propellant, indicating better low temperature sensitivity of surface-deterred gun propellants at high and normal temperatures.

Research on the Performance of Deterred-coating DIANP Gun Propellant

Deterred-coating DIANP gun propellant was prepared by the two-step process called “polymer composite materials deterring and energetic composite materials coating”. The performance of energy and static combustion of deterred-coating DIANP gun propellant was investigated by explosive heat and closed-bomb test. The results show that compared with DIANP gun propellant, the energy of deterred-coating DIANP gun propellant decreased by only about 3.2%, but it had better combustion progressivity and low temperature sensitivity effect. The combustion progressivity of deterred-coating DIANP gun propellant was improved by increasing the content of deterring and coating materials.

Highly sensitive cholesterol concentration trace detection based on a microfiber optic-biosensor enhanced specificity with beta-cyclodextrin film

A beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) based optic-fiber microfiber biosensor for the detection of cholesterol concentration is propose and experimentally demonstrated. As an identifying substance, β-CD is immobilized on the fiber surface for cholesterol reaction to form an inclusion complex. When the surface refractive index (RI) change is cause because of capturing the complex cholesterol (CHOL), the proposed sensor translates RI change into a macroscopic wavelength drift in the interference spectrum. The microfiber interferometer has a high RI sensitivity of 1251 nm/RIU and a low-temperature sensitivity of −0.019 nm/°C. This sensor can rapidly detect cholesterol in the concentration range of 0.001 to 1 mM and has a sensitivity of 12.7 nm/(mM) in the low concentration range of 0.001 to 0.05 mM. Finally, the characterization by infrared spectroscopy shows that the sensor can indeed detect cholesterol. This biosensor has a few strong advantages of high sensitivity and good selectivity, which expects great potential in biomedical applications.

Regenerated Fiber Bragg Gratings in Large Mode Area Fibers for High-Temperature Sensing

Regenerated fiber Bragg gratings (RFBGs) have been created in large mode area (LMA) fibers, and their key properties for their application as high-temperature sensors were experimentally characterized for the first time. UV written Type-I seed gratings in standard single-mode fibers (SMF-28) and in low numerical aperture LMA fibers with 125 μm and 250 μm cladding diameters were regenerated, and their wavelength drift characteristics at high temperatures, their temperature sensitivities, and their mechanical strengths were tested and compared with each other. We found that low dopant concentrations in the fiber cores led to lower wavelength drift rates during and after regeneration. A temperature calibration from room temperature to 800 °C showed that LMA fibers have generally similar but slightly lower temperature sensitivities than SMF-28 fibers. The tensile strength tests showed that LMA fibers with 250 μm cladding diameter have similar tensile fracture stresses as SMF-28 fibers but four times larger tensile force tolerances because of their twofold fiber diameter. Our research shows that using LMA fibers for RFBGs offers significant advantages for high-temperature sensing than their counterparts in standard fibers, which are also applicable to other silica fiber-based high-temperature sensors.

Inhibiting gas generation to achieve ultralong-lifespan lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures

•Revealing the gas generation mechanism in low-temperature lithium-ion batteries •Proposing a high-concentration electrolyte strategy to inhibit gas generation •The Ah-level pouch cell exhibits a record-breaking lifespan of over 1 year at −20°C The notorious low-temperature sensitivity of contemporary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has long restricted their low-temperature applications. Introduction of high-content low-freezing-point solvents significantly expands the low-temperature operation border of LIBs. However, they react violently with metallic lithium (Li) plated at low temperatures (−20°C or lower), resulting in severe gas generation and a limited lifespan. We reveal the mechanism of gas generation and develop a high-concentration ethyl acetate (EA)-based electrolyte. The dense and uniform solid electrolyte interphase formed by the joint decomposition of rich anions and additive effectively passivate the plated Li at low temperatures. The proposed electrolyte enables the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811)/graphite pouch cell to be stably cycled at −20°C and 0.2 C for a record-breaking lifetime of more than 1 year (1,400 cycles). The NCM811/graphite pouch cell exhibits good fast-charging capability (0.5 C) at −20°C with a capacity decay rate as low as 0.0097% per cycle during 4,000 cycles. The notorious low-temperature sensitivity of contemporary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has long restricted their low-temperature applications. Introduction of high-content low-freezing-point solvents significantly expands the low-temperature operation border of LIBs. However, they react violently with metallic lithium (Li) plated at low temperatures (−20°C or lower), resulting in severe gas generation and a limited lifespan. We reveal the mechanism of gas generation and develop a high-concentration ethyl acetate (EA)-based electrolyte. The dense and uniform solid electrolyte interphase formed by the joint decomposition of rich anions and additive effectively passivate the plated Li at low temperatures. The proposed electrolyte enables the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811)/graphite pouch cell to be stably cycled at −20°C and 0.2 C for a record-breaking lifetime of more than 1 year (1,400 cycles). The NCM811/graphite pouch cell exhibits good fast-charging capability (0.5 C) at −20°C with a capacity decay rate as low as 0.0097% per cycle during 4,000 cycles.

Understanding the role of a novel internal conditioning technique with functionalized montmorillonite in cement hydration kinetics

A novel internal conditioning (InCon) technique based on saturated sodium montmorillonite (sMT) functionalized with two non-ionic surfactants, polyoxyethylene (9) nonylphenylether and t-octyl phenoxy poly ethoxyethanol, is investigated in this study. With the integration of water for internal curing and pozzolanic reactivity in a single system, the role of InCon in modifying cement hydration kinetics is comprehensively elucidated. The results indicate that, in the presence of InCon, both silicate reaction and secondary aluminate reaction rates are enhanced, and the apparent activation energy (Ea) of cement hydration was decreased from 34.3 KJ/mol to 28.7 KJ/mol indicating a lower temperature sensitivity and threshold of the cement hydration reactions. In addition, decreased CH contents, improved degree of hydration, increased chemical shrinkage, and the formation of additional CSH and aluminum-containing phases were obtained from the cement with InCon. The autogenous shrinkage of cement and the negative impact of dry sMT on the early age strength of cement can be offset by InCon paving a new path to improve the overall properties of concrete.

Temperature-insensitive high sensitivity refractive index sensor based on tapered no core fiber

This study fabricated an ultra-high refractive index (RI) sensor based on tapered no-core fiber (NCF) involving a simple inexpensive process. A splice section of NCF in the middle of single mode fiber was tapered to small diameters. The sensor was sensitive to the surrounding RI with a large measurement range of 1.3330–1.4437. The RI sensitivity differed with varying wavelengths, with a value of 41 916 nm/RIU at approximately 1550 nm, for the RI ranges of 1.4407–1.4437. It yielded a low temperature sensitivity of 8 pm °C−1, which indicates an ultra-low temperature cross-sensitivity. The proposed fiber optic RI sensor can be used in many fields such as medicine and biochemical applications.

Temperature insensitive torsion sensor based on ring-core fiber orthogonal core-offset structure

We have proposed a temperature-insensitive fiber-optic torsion sensor based on ring-core fiber (RCF). The sensor is fabricated by orthogonal core-offset splicing between the RCF and single-mode fiber. Due to the core-offset structure, the Mach-Zehnder interference is enhanced, and the torsion sensing is realized. The sensor is fabricated and tested, exhibit high linear torsion sensitivity of −0.2 nm/(rad/m) in the range of 0–28.5599 rad/m and −0.079 nm/(rad/m) in the range of −25.3866–0 rad/m. The torsion increasing and decreasing process proves the good reliability of our sensor. Besides, through the temperature sensing, it is found that our sensors show a low temperature sensitivity of 26.4 pm/°C in the temperature range from 30 °C to 90 °C, which reduces the cross-sensitivity between torsion and temperature. Thus, the sensor can be used in structural conventional health monitoring, biomechanics due to many advantages such as sample size, low-cost and high sensitivity.