Low-temperature Plasma Treatment Research Articles

Performance enhancement of Ge/Si avalanche photodetector by specific sidewall passivation using remote oxygen plasma treatment

We report an obvious improvement in the performance of a separated absorption charger-layer multiplication Ge/Si avalanche photodetector, achieved by passivating the sidewalls with a low-temperature remote oxygen plasma (ROP) treatment. The dangling bonds on the Ge surface can be efficiently passivated by the formation of an ideal Ge/GeO2 interface. With ROP passivation, the leakage current of the device shows a three- to fourfold decrease at 300 K, resulting in a dark current (I dark) of 3.5 × 10−6 A at 90% avalanche voltage (V br) and 3.4 × 10−7 A at punch-through voltage (V puhch-through) for the 26 μm-diameter device. A reduction of over tenfold is demonstrated at 200 K and the passivation mechanism is revealed. In addition, a multiplication gain of 94 is obtained under 1550 nm illumination. The device with ROP passivation shows an improved gain bandwidth product of 190 GHz. The enhanced high-frequency response of the device with ROP passivation can be attributed to the alleviation of the retarding effect caused by the interface state on the sidewalls. Without using a trans-impedance amplifier, an opening eye diagram at 28 Gbps is demonstrated, indicating reliable device transmission performance.

Low-Temperature Plasma Pretreatment Enhanced Cholesterol Detection in Brain by Desorption Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Imaging.

Cholesterol is a primary lipid molecule in the brain that contains one-fourth of the total body cholesterol. Abnormal cholesterol homeostasis is associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) technique is a powerful tool for studying lipidomics and metabolomics. Among the MSI techniques, desorption electrospray ionization-MSI (DESI-MSI) has been used advantageously to study brain lipidomics due to its soft and ambient ionization nature. However, brain cholesterol is poorly ionized. To this end, we have developed a new method for detecting brain cholesterol by DESI-MSI using low-temperature plasma (LTP) pretreatment as an ionization enhancement. In this method, the brain sections were treated with LTP for 1 and 2 min prior to DESI-MSI analyses. Interestingly, the MS signal intensity of cholesterol (at m/z 369.35 [M + H - H2O]+) was more than 2-fold higher in the 1 min LTP-treated brain section compared to the untreated section. In addition, we detected cholesterol, more specifically excluding isomers by targeted-DESI-MSI in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and similar results were observed: the signal intensity of each cholesterol transition (m/z 369.4 → 95.1, 109.1, 135.1, 147.1, and 161.1) was increased by more than 2-fold due to 1 min LTP treatment. Cholesterol showed characteristic distributions in the fiber tract region, including the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, anterior part of the brain where LTP markedly (p < 0.001) enhanced the cholesterol intensity. In addition, the distributions of some unknown analytes were exclusively detected in the LTP-treated section. Our study revealed LTP pretreatment as a potential strategy to ionize molecules that show poor ionization efficiency in the MSI technique.

An analysis of ramie fiber (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) treated with low temperature plasma using a mathematical model

This research aims to characterize low-temperature plasma-treated ramie fibers (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud), create a mathematical model, and analyze them using image processing. The effects of low-temperature plasma treatment on ramie fibers were investigated using 30 kV output powers, 4-min treatment times, and a 4 cm electrode distance. SEM and FT-IR spectroscopy were used to investigate various aspects of the ramie fiber’s chemical properties and surface topography. This study used a statistical approach to analyze the SEM images. The statistical analysis was used to investigate the surface roughness using the SEM images. FT-IR analysis discovered that fibers that were exposed for four minutes differed from untreated fibers. According to the findings, plasma treatment caused: (1) ramie fiber became more hydrophilic, as indicated by the presence of hydrophilic functional groups such as hydroxyl (O–H), carboxyl (O–C), and carbonyl (C=O) in FT-IR with a deeper T%, (2) ramie fiber mass reduction was accompanied by an increase in surface roughness via SEM testing and image processing, and (3) plasma-treated fiber had a coefficient of mass variation (CV) of 0.7211 higher than untreated fiber. The novelty of this study is the use of image processing in SEM to observe surface roughness and its relationship to the chemical structure of ramie fibers observed with FT-IR. Another novelty of this research is the mathematical model of the interaction of plasma species with the ramie fibers on the plane electrode for the first time.

Modeling of low-temperature plasma inhibition and mechanism of Aspergillus flavus on corn kernels surface

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to optimize a process of low-temperature plasma treatment for the decontamination of Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) on corn kernels. Impacts of plasma-treated time (30, 60, 90 s), plasma-treated power (300, 400, 500 W), and vacuum degree (85, 90, 95 Pa) on the decontamination effect in this process were explored. The optimal conditions included vacuum degree at 90 Pa, plasma treating time of 90 s, and plasma treating power of 500 W, under which the A. flavus spores was 4.03 log (cfu/g). Plasma treatment triggered antioxidative defense system, broke cell structures, and dispersed cell contents. A large number of free radicals act on lipids and proteins, and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulate in large quantities, further leading to damage to cell structures.

Ferroelectric memory devices using hafnium aluminum oxides and remote plasma-treated electrodes for sustainable energy-efficient electronics

In this work, we adopt a low-temperature sustainable plasma treatment approach for the fabrication of ferroelectric memory devices. From our experimental results, we found that the ferroelectric polarization characteristics of HfAlOx ferroelectric device could be further improved by using low-temperature nitrogen plasma treatment on bottom TiN electrode for surface modification. The low-temperature nitrogen plasma treatment on TiN bottom electrode not only prevent electrode oxidation, but also lowers the generation of defect traps at the interface between ferroelectric HfAlOx and TiN bottom electrode during high-temperature ferroelectric annealing process. Besides, the nitrogen-treated bottom electrode also can improve bias-stress induced instability and cycling endurance of HfAlOx ferroelectric devices due to the effective suppression of randomly distributed defect traps or oxygen vacancies near the surface of bottom electrode.

Effects of the application of low-temperature atmospheric plasma on titanium implants on wound healing in peri-implant connective tissue in rats

PurposeThis study aimed to clarify the effects of surface modification of titanium (Ti) implants by low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma treatment on wound healing and cell attachment for biological sealing in peri-implant soft tissue.MethodsHydrophilization to a Ti disk using a handheld low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma device was evaluated by a contact angle test and compared with an untreated group. In in vivo experiments, plasma-treated pure Ti implants using a handheld plasma device (experimental group: PL) and untreated implants (control group: Cont) were placed into the rat upper molar socket, and samples were harvested at 3, 7 and 14 days after surgery. Histological evaluation was performed to assess biological sealing, collagen- and cell adhesion-related gene expression by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, collagen fiber detection by Picrosirius Red staining, and immunohistochemistry for integrins.ResultsIn in vivo experiments, increased width of the peri-implant connective tissue (PICT) and suppression of epithelial down growth was observed in PL compared with Cont. In addition, high gene expression of types I and XII collagen at 7 days and acceleration of collagen maturation was recognized in PL. Strong immunoreaction of integrin α2, α5, and β1 was observed at the implant contact area of PICT in PL.ConclusionsThe handheld low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma device provided hydrophilicity on the Ti surface and maintained the width of the contact area of PICT to the implant surface as a result of accelerated collagen maturation and fibroblast adhesion, compared to no plasma application.

Effects of plasma treatment on biodegradation of natural and synthetic fibers

This study investigates the application of plasma treatment as a means to enhance biodegradation and modify the structural characteristics of fibrous composites. The methodological component of the study includes the selection of the research object; production of composites; low-temperature plasma treatment, and treatment of biodegradability and mechanical strength of samples. The strengthening of fibers with cellulose leads to a significant improvement in mechanical strength. Such an indicator as mechanical strength increases from 18 to 21 MPa. Treatment of natural fibers with low-temperature plasma led to an increase in mechanical strength from 18 to 25 MPa. Treating reinforced fibers with low-temperature plasma currently results in an even greater enhancement in mechanical strength, increasing from 18 to 29 MPa.The electron microscopy of samples reveals some differences in cell wall microfibrils between plasma-treated and non-treated samples. The non-treated fibres are found to have chips and voids. Meantime, the plasma-treated fibres show structural changes in certain regions which resemble wood charring. Through a comprehensive analysis, this research underscores the substantial impact of plasma treatment on the degradation kinetics and morphological features of cellulose-based composites. The results reveal distinct alterations in the composition and behavior of plasma-treated fibres, signifying a shift towards enhanced biodegradability. The natural fibres examined in this study contained 28–30% lignin, whereas the composites exhibited a lower lignin content of 21–23%. These findings corroborate the inference that plasma treatment induces significant changes in fibre structure, accelerating the biodegradation process by 7 days.

Effect of Low-Temperature Oxygen Plasma Treatment of Titanium Alloy Surface on Tannic Acid Coating Deposition.

In this study, the effect of low-temperature oxygen plasma treatment with various powers of a titanium alloy surface on the structural and morphological properties of a substrate and the deposition of a tannic acid coating was investigated. The surface characteristics of the titanium alloy were evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurements. Following this, the tannic acid coatings were deposited on the titanium alloy substrates and the structural and morphological properties of the tannic acid coatings deposited were subject to characterization by XPS, SEM, and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) measurements. The results show that the low-temperature oxygen plasma treatment of titanium alloys leads to the formation of titanium dioxides that contain -OH groups on the surface being accompanied by a reduction in carbon, which imparts hydrophilicity to the titanium substrate, and the effect increases with the applied plasma power. The performed titanium alloy substrate modification translates into the quality of the deposited tannic acid coating standing out by higher uniformity of the coating, lower number of defects indicating delamination or incomplete bonding of the coating with the substrate, lower number of cracks, thinner cracks, and higher thickness of the tannic acid coatings compared to the non-treated titanium alloy substrate. A similar effect is observed as the applied plasma power increases.

Oxygen plasma treatment-enhanced humidity sensing performance of MoS2 nanoparticles-anchored nitrogen-doped laser-induced graphene

The monitoring of humidity has elicited considerable interest in diverse fields. Nevertheless, the intricate nature of preparatory procedures employed for humidity sensors poses a formidable challenge in the pursuit of a streamlined, expeditious, and highly efficient technique for fabricating humidity-sensitive materials. Herein, the fundamental formation principle of polyimide (PI) film serves as the underpinning for the application of a swift and effective laser direct writing technique in creating a composite integrating MoS2 nanoparticles anchored within nitrogen-doped laser-induced graphene (MoS2@NLIG). Subsequently, a rapid low-temperature oxygen plasma treatment is administered to enhance humidity sensing capabilities of the MoS2@NLIG composite. The oxygen plasma treatment-enhanced MoS2@NLIG humidity sensor exhibits exceptional capability in detecting relative humidity (RH) with a significant sensitivity of 61,219.97 Ω/%RH across an extensive range from 11% to 95%RH, while maintaining a hysteresis as minimal as 3.72%. Moreover, the sensor exhibits outstanding response and recovery times with respective values of 9 s and 15.5 s. Additionally, the humidity sensor demonstrates the capacity to identify human exhalation, potentially serving as a valuable electronic device for monitoring clinical respiration.

Sputtering-grown undoped GeSn/Ge multiple quantum wells on n-Ge for low-cost visible/shortwave infrared dual-band photodetection

Multispectral photodetectors (PDs) operating in visible (VIS) to shortwave infrared (SWIR) wavelength ranges are highly desired for various civil and military applications. Traditional vertical p-i-n SWIR PDs lack the detection ability for VIS light due to photon dissipation in the neutral regions. Herein, an i-n type PD was proposed and demonstrated with sputtering-grown undoped Ge0.92Sn0.08/Ge multiple quantum wells (MQWs) on n-Ge substrate to realize VIS/SWIR dual-band detection from 400 to 2000 nm. Three response peaks resulted from the resonate cavity effect at 430, 660 and 1530 nm, respectively, were observed. Benefiting from the defect-free coherent GeSn/Ge MQWs and low-temperature surface plasma treatment, a remarkably low bulk leakage current density of 5.9 mA/cm2 and a low surface leakage current of 37.5 μA/cm were achieved at room temperature under −1 V, resulting in an ultralow dark current density of 13.36 mA/cm2 for a 200-μm-diameter PD. Temperature-dependent electrical characterizations revealed that the dark current was ideally dominated by carrier diffusion mechanism. Eminent detectivities of 5.2 × 108, 7.1 × 108 and 5.6 × 109 Jones at 410, 660 and 1530 nm, respectively, under −1 V were achieved simultaneously at room temperature. This work provides a path way for fabricating low-cost, VIS/SWIR dual-band PDs with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) compatible technology.

In-Situ FTIR and Laser Induced Fluorescence RONS Characterization of Atmospheric Pressure Nanosecond-Pulsed Surface DBD Plasma for Indirect Treatments of E. Coli

We study the bactericidal efficacy of surface dielectric barrier discharge low-temperature plasma treatments, powered by nanosecond high voltage pulses. We achieve ∼\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sim $$\\end{document}4-log reduction in Escherichia coli population, after 10 min treatments, at a distance of 1.5 cm from the plasma surface. To investigate the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) responsible for the bactericidal effect, we employ in-situ fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to measure a selection of relevant species, such as O3\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_3$$\\end{document}, NO2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_2$$\\end{document}, N2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_2$$\\end{document}O and N2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_2$$\\end{document}O5\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_5$$\\end{document}. The measurements are taken under various relative humidity conditions to replicate the bacteria treatment environment. While RONS originating from nitrogen chemistry are detected, nitric oxide (NO), a pivotal molecule in nitrate production, is absent due to the sensitivity limitations of FTIR detection. To overcome this limitation, we employ laser induced fluorescence utilizing a picosecond-pulsed laser to measure the kinetics of NO produced by the plasma. Our results show that the NO concentration is smaller than 1 ppm and primarily localized near the plasma surface, with concentrations increasing proportionally with relative humidity. Notably, at a distance of 1.5 cm from the plasma surface, at which the E. coli is treated, the concentration of NO falls below 50 ppb. Although NO is pivotal in generating secondary reactive species within the plasma, our results suggest that it does not directly contribute to the bacteria inactivation process. Instead, other molecules, such as O3\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_3$$\\end{document}, NO2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_2$$\\end{document}, and N2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_2$$\\end{document}O, which are found in higher concentrations, may be responsible for the bactericidal properties observed in indirect plasma treatments.

Synergistic low-temperature plasma (DBD) treatment of n-hexane gas

The experiment is based on a single dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma generator, using micro-discharge to produce non-equilibrium plasma synergizing with two different catalysts (TiO2, 4A molecular sieve) to decompose n-hexane gas. In the n-hexane degradation experiment, the study investigates the influence of factors such as the type of catalyst, discharge voltage, and flow rate on the degradation rate of n-hexane. The experiments revealed that in all synergistic experiments with catalysts, the degradation rate of n-hexane increased with the decrease in flow rate and with the increase in voltage. Among the four catalysts selected, the 4A molecular sieve catalyst showed the best removal effect for n-hexane gas, reaching 73.2%.

Structure and Deformation Behavior of Polyphenylene Sulfide-Based Laminates Reinforced with Carbon Fiber Tapes Activated by Cold Atmospheric Plasma.

Low-temperature plasma treatment with atmospheric discharge with runaway electrons (DRE) was shown to be an efficient way to activate carbon fiber's (CF) surface and subsequently increase its interlayer shear strength (ILSS) values. It was demonstrated that an acceptable ILSS level was achieved after a DRE plasma treatment duration of 15 min. The treatment of CFs resulted in their surface roughness being increased and their functional groups grafting. The XPS data showed a change in the chemical composition and the formation of reactive oxygen-containing groups. SEM examinations of the PPS/CF laminates clearly demonstrated a difference in adhesive interaction at the PPS/CF interface. After the DRE plasma treatment, CFs were better wetted with the polymer, and the samples cohesively fractured predominantly through the matrix, but not along the PPS/CF interface, as was observed for the sample reinforced with the untreated CFs. The computer simulation results showed that raising the adhesive strength enhanced the ILSS values, but reduced resistance to transverse cracking under the loading pin. In general, higher flexural strength of the PPS/CF laminates was achieved with a greater interlayer adhesion level, which was consistent with the obtained experimental data.

Low-Temperature Plasmas Improving Chemical and Cellular Properties of Poly (Ether Ether Ketone) Biomaterial for Biomineralization.

Osteoblastic and chemical responses to Poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) material have been improved using a variety of low-temperature plasmas (LTPs). Surface chemical properties are modified, and can be used, using low-temperature plasma (LTP) treatments which change surface functional groups. These functional groups increase biomineralization, in simulated body fluid conditions, and cellular viability. PEEK scaffolds were treated, with a variety of LTPs, incubated in simulated body fluids, and then analyzed using multiple techniques. First, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed morphological changes in the biomineralization for all samples. Calcein staining, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed that all low-temperature plasma-treated groups showed higher levels of biomineralization than the control group. MTT cell viability assays showed LTP-treated groups had increased cell viability in comparison to non-LTP-treated controls. PEEK treated with triethyl phosphate plasma (TEP) showed higher levels of cellular viability at 82.91% ± 5.00 (n = 6) and mineralization. These were significantly different to both the methyl methacrylate (MMA) 77.38% ± 1.27, ethylene diamine (EDA) 64.75% ± 6.43 plasma-treated PEEK groups, and the control, non-plasma-treated group 58.80 ± 2.84. FTIR showed higher levels of carbonate and phosphate formation on the TEP-treated PEEK than the other samples; however, calcein staining fluorescence of MMA and TEP-treated PEEK had the highest levels of biomineralization measured by pixel intensity quantification of 101.17 ± 4.63 and 96.35 ± 3.58, respectively, while EDA and control PEEK samples were 89.53 ± 1.74 and 90.49 ± 2.33, respectively. Comparing different LTPs, we showed that modified surface chemistry has quantitatively measurable effects that are favorable to the cellular, biomineralization, and chemical properties of PEEK.

Comparative study of methods for the modernization of mesh prostheses as a matrix for the cultivation of fibroblasts

Objective: conduct a comparative study of methods for the modernization of mesh prostheses as a matrix for the cultivation of fibroblasts.&#x0D; Materials and methods: In the experiment conditions, polycaprolactone substance was applied to the surface of mesh hernioendoprostheses according to the original method proposed by V.V. Bereshchenko and a team of co-authors (2019). The polyvinylidene fluoride "Uniflex Standard" prosthesis (Lintex LLC, St. Petersburg, Russia) was chosen as the object of study. After applying the polymer, low-temperature plasma treatment was performed with the characteristics: frequency 5 kHz, pulse voltage 10 kV, power density 2 W/cm2, exposure time 5 minutes. After that, the samples were sterilized using X-ray radiation with a power of 150 kV and an exposure of 3 min. The application of cells was carried out by introducing samples into a DMEM medium with fibroblast culture for 5 days. The obtained samples were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Statistical processing was performed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test in the Statistica 10 program (Dell Software Company, Round Rock, Texas, United States of America).&#x0D; Results: The data obtained indicate the successful attachment of fibroblasts to the surface of modified hernioprostheses.

Thickness of the Modified Polymer Layer Formed by Low-Temperature Plasma Treatment

Thickness of the Modified Polymer Layer Formed by Low-Temperature Plasma Treatment

Thickness of the Modified Polymer Layer Formed by Low-Temperature Plasma Treatment

Thickness of the Modified Polymer Layer Formed by Low-Temperature Plasma Treatment

Tuning the Pt-N coordination in Pt/MOFs nanosheets under N2 plasma for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction

Regulation of the local coordination of metal sites can tune the electronic structure of catalysts, thereby improving electrocatalytic activity and reaction selectivity. This study proposes a strategy for designing highly active catalysts by regulating Pt-N coordination through N2 plasma treatment. Zn-BDC (1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid) nanosheets embedded with Pt nanoparticles (Pt/Zn-BDC) were successfully fabricated. Subsequently, radio frequency (RF) discharge N2 plasma was applied to tune the Pt sites of Pt/Zn-BDC at room temperature. The plasma-treated Pt/Zn-BDC showed enhanced catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with a high half-wave potential (0.835 V), superior to those of pristine Pt/Zn-BDC and 20 wt% Pt/C. Notably, rechargeable Zn-air batteries based on plasma-treated catalysts were demonstrated to exhibit high efficiency and stability. The enhanced catalytic performance originated from the optimized coordination environment and electronic structure of the Pt sites under N2 plasma treatment. This study provides a facile, green method of regulating promising ORR electrocatalysts via low-temperature plasma treatment.

Effect of Nitrogen Arc Discharge Plasma Treatment on Physicochemical Properties and Biocompatibility of PLA-Based Scaffolds.

The effect of low-temperature arc discharge plasma treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere on the modification of the physicochemical properties of PLA-based scaffolds was studied. In addition, the cellular-mediated immune response when macrophages of three donors interact with the modified surfaces of PLA-based scaffolds was investigated. PLA surface carbonization, accompanied by a carbon atomic concentration increase, was revealed to occur because of plasma treatment. Nitrogen plasma significantly influenced the PLA wettability characteristics, namely, the hydrophilicity and lipophilicity were improved, as well as the surface energy being raised. The viability of cells in the presence of the plasma-modified PLA scaffolds was evaluated to be higher than that of the initial cells.

Application of low-temperature plasma treatment for rapid and efficient polydopamine coating on 3D-printed polymer scaffolds

Application of low-temperature plasma treatment for rapid and efficient polydopamine coating on 3D-printed polymer scaffolds