Low Sulfur Content Research Articles

Sawdust pyrolysis from the furniture industry in an auger pyrolysis reactor system for biochar and bio-oil production

This study investigated the potential of sawdust from the processing of Acacia wood for the furniture making industry to produce bio-oil and biochar in an auger pyrolysis reactor system. The necessary characterization to assess the suitability of feedstock and strategies the pyrolysis parameters was also carried out. The volatile matter, ash content, carbon content and the higher heating value of the sawdust feedstock were reported as 68.46 wt%, 1.13 wt%, 47.40 wt% and 19.33 MJ/kg, respectively, with very low nitrogen and sulfur content. The thermogravimetric (TGA and DTG) analysis of sawdust showed that the weight loss from biomass occurred in three main stages as a result of the removal of moisture and extractives, decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and the lignin components. Based on the decomposition temperature window and peak conversion temperature the pyrolysis experiments were carried out in the range of 400–600 ℃ by maintaining the nitrogen flow rate, biomass feeding rate, rotation speed of the conveyer the residence time of materials and biomass particle size as 300 cm3/min, 180 g/h, 4.5 RPM, 5 min, and 0.5–1.0 mm, respectively. The yields of the non-condensable gases, biochar and bio-oil were reported in the ranges 16.70–38.47 wt%, 29.72–51.85 wt% and 29.40–45.10 wt%, respectively. The pyrolysis products were pragmatically analyzed to evaluate the influence on yield and their properties. The higher heating values of bio-oil produced were reported in the range 28.781–29.871 MJ/kg while the pH of bio-oil indicated the strongly acidic nature with values in the range of 2.9–3.4. Chemical compounds in bio-oils were categorized as phenols, nitrogen containing compounds, guaiacols, organic acids, ketones, anhydrous sugars, esters, and aldehydes. Biochar characterization showed an energy potential comparable to those of the low ranked coals with the higher heating values reported in the range of 25.01–25.99 MJ/kg. The surface morphological characteristics and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis of the biochars indicated potential for other valued applications in the adsorption, environmental, catalyst, and agricultural context.

Kinetic Study of Kapok Seed Oil Esterification using BMIM-PF6 Catalyst

Biodiesel offers better combustion efficiency, lower sulfur content and aromatic compounds, higher cetane numbers than diesel fuel, biodegradable and renewable properties that are not possessed by conventional fuels such as diesel fuel. This study aims to study the modeling of esterification process of Kapok seed oil using 3 % liquid ionic catalyst 1-Butyl-3-MethydidazoliumHexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6). The validation results of reaction kinetic models for experiments and simulations provide an adjacent correlation value, that is R2 = 0.99526, with the rate constant value (k) based on experimental data are 0.003815 L/mol.s and 0.0038 L/mol.s for the simulation data. Based on the simulation results, the proper reaction order for this esterification reaction is the first order reaction equation with a value of R2 = 0.99526, while the second order reaction gives the value R2 = 0.89453. The reaction kinetics parameters obtained from the experimental results are A = 0.012 L/mol.s and -Ea = -0.437 kJ/mol, while the reaction parameters of the simulation are A = 1.0384 L/mol.s and -Ea = -89.5 kJ/mol.Keywords: Esterification, Ionic Liquid Catalyst, Kinetic

Utilization of low sulfur fly ash from circulating fluidized bed combustion burner as geopolymer binder

Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) is a newer type of burner that employ a circulating process to burn fuel effectively. CFBC burning process is gaining more popularity due to its compact size, high efficiency and lower burning temperature compared to the pulverized coal combustion (PCC) burner. The CFBC burner produces fly ash with different physical properties compared to the PCC burner, i.e. the fly ash is not rounded, and required higher water content for comparable workability. The CFBC fly ash also has a high sulfur content that is detrimental for hardened concrete. Due to its drawbacks, the CFBC hardly used as cementitious material and geopolymer precursor. This study focuses on comparing variations in the concentration of NaOH solution and variations in the ratio of alkaline activators to the setting time and compressive strength of geopolymer mortars on a new class of CFBC fly ash, which have low sulfur content. The concentrations of NaOH solution were 6M, 8M, 10M, and 12M, while the alkaline activator ratios used were 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5. It was concluded that the low sulfur CFBC fly ash has a potential to be utilized as geopolymer precursor, however, with a shortcoming in its high water demand. The CFBC fly ash used in this study resulted in a geopolymer matrix with good compressive strength and stability. The water demand varies with the fly ash sampling time shows the challenges in the utilization of the fly ash. The highest mortar’s compressive strength, 33.4 MPa at 90 days was achieved at NaOH concentration of 8M and ratio of sodium silicate solution to sodium hydroxide solution of 2.5 with excellent stability.

The effect of the addition of mangrove wood charcoal to reduce sulfur content in coal

Coal in Sulawesi, especially in South Sulawesi, has several shortcomings since it contains sulfur and produces a high ash content that affects the environment. Desulphurization with High-Temperature Combustion Methods is a sulfur content analysis method using the SC-144DR Dual Range Sulfur Analyzer coal tool, which is one of the methods used to reduce sulfur in coal. Based on the results of the study, it was obtained: a mixture of coal with mangrove wood charcoal with the composition of 25% Sin coal + 75% MWC = 0.067% sulfur content, 50% Sin coal + 50% MWC = 0.089% sulfur content and 75% Sin coal + 25% MWC = 0.107% sulfur content. These results indicate that the more addition of mangrove charcoal, the lower sulfur content in the coal. Decreasing sulfur content can improve the quality of the coal produced, especially in combustion systems that affect the environment.

Characterization of oleaginous endophytic fungi of biodiesel plants as potential biofuel minifactories

Fungi accumulate intracellular lipids in excess of their biomass. In the present study, endophytic fungi associated with plants that are used to produce biodiesel, namely, Jatropha curcas, Pongamia pinnata, Sapindus mukorossi, Mesua ferrea, Terminalia bellerica, Cascabela thevetia, and Ricinus communis were screened for total lipid production. The lipid content in the endophytic fungi Lasiodiplodia exigua SPSRJ27, Phomopsis sp. SPSRJ28, Pestalotiopsis microspora SPSRJL35, and Phomopsis sp. SPSRJL36, were found to be more than 20% of their dry biomass, an indicator of being oleaginous. Saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene (SARA) analysis showed that L. exigua had the lowest amount of asphaltene weight percent, while Phomopsis sp. SPSRJL36 had the highest asphaltene stability. P. microspora contained the lowest sulfur content, higher heating value was found to be more than 35 MJ/kg in L. exigua, P. microspora, and Phomopsis sp. SPSRJL36, while Phomopsis sp. SPSRJ28 had a value less than 35 MJ/kg. L. exigua, Phomopsis spp., and P. microspora, when optimized for growth, showed a high amount of biomass and lipid content under static conditions. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in lipid content were observed among the fungal isolates L. exigua, P. microspora and Phomopsis spp. Genes of biomass-deconstructing carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZys) showed variable banding patterns among the isolates. The present study revealed that the growth manipulation of oleaginous fungal endophytes opens up avenues for their larger exploration as biofuel minifactories.

The Anyue Giant Gas Field in the Sichuan Basin as the Largest Gas Field in Marine Carbonate Deposits from Domestic China

Abstract —The Anyue gas field is located in the middle part of the Sichuan Basin, SW China. It occurs in the oldest marine carbonate strata and is characterized by the highest degree of thermal evolution and the largest gas reserves in China. A significant breakthrough was made with the Gaoshi-1 risk-taking exploration well deployed in 2011. As of 2015, the proven geologic reserves of natural gas were 657.4 billion m3, and the total gas reserves including proven reserves, controlled reserves, and predicted reserves exceeded 1.5 trillion m3. A total of three sets of gas-bearing strata are developed in the Anyue gas field in a descending sequence: The gas reservoir in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation (Є1l) is treated as a structure-lithologic gas reservoir; the gas reservoir in Section No. 4 of the Dengying Formation (Z2dn4) is a structure-stratigraphic gas reservoir; and the gas reservoir in Section No. 2 of the Dengying Formation (Z2dn2) is a structural gas reservoir. A comparative analysis of the gas sources has shown that the gas Cambrian of reservoirs was mainly from mudshale of the lower Cambrian Maidiping and Qiongzhusi formations and the gas of the Dengying Formation reservoirs was from mudshale of the Qiongzhusi Formation and mudstone of Section No. 3 of the Dengying Formation. All gas reservoirs are referred to as reservoirs of dry gas with medium or low contents of sulfur and medium contents of CO2. Gas reservoirs in Є1l are characterized by a large burial depth, a high temperature, and a high pressure, while the gas reservoirs in Z2dn2 and Z2dn4 are characterized by an ultralarge depth, a high temperature, and a normal pressure. The accumulation of gas reservoirs is controlled mainly by two factors. The distribution of hydrocarbon generation centers is controlled by the late Sinian–early Cambrian intracratonic rift, which acts as effective updip sealing conditions for gas reservoirs in the Dengying Formation. The late Sinian–early Cambrian Gaoshiti–Moxi paleouplift experienced a long-term inherited development, which controlled the generation and distribution of three sets of large-scale high-quality reservoirs in Z2dn4, Z2dn2, and the Longwangmiao Formation and the generation of three sets of high-quality reservoir–caprock assemblages. An inherited giant structural trap with a longterm stable development is always a favorable zone for petroleum accumulation.

Effect of catalysts on tar carbonization

The tar carbonization was studied in the temperature range of 350−500 °C. Gaseous products formed during the tar carbonization at 450 °C were analyzed for the concentration of sulfur-containing compounds. H2S and COS were observed in the reaction products. An increase of the carbonization temperature from 450 to 550 °C led to the decrease of the coke yield due to deeper cracking of the tar components. The temperature increases also resulted in the decrease of the sulfur concentration in the coke from 1.28 % to 1.18 %.The efficiency of the carbonization process and the properties of the obtained coke were further improved by placing three different catalysts Ni-Mo/Sibunit, Cu/Sibunit and Ni/Sibunit in different zones of the autoclave where the tar carbonization was performed. In zone 1 the tar was subjected to hydrocracking and desulfurization over the 8%Ni-2,5%Mo/Sibunit catalyst. In zone 2 sulfur was trapped by the Cu/Sibunit catalyst in the form of copper sulfide. In zone 3 coke was formed over the Ni/Sibunit catalyst predominantly from gases formed by the tar cracking.Such organization of the carbonization process increased the coke yield to 45 wt.%. The three-zone catalyst arrangement during the tar carbonization also resulted in a substantial decrease of the sulfur concentration in gaseous products, which led to lower sulfur concentration in the solid reaction products in zone 3.

Insights to the oxidative desulfurization process of fossil fuels over organic and inorganic heterogeneous catalysts: advantages and issues.

Strict environmental laws have been put in place around the world to reduce the amount of sulfur in the fuel to reduce the emissions of harmful gases from fuel combustion and improve air quality. Therefore, extensive researches have been undertaken to devise effective processes or to improve the desulfurization processes. Among the desulfurization processes, the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process is a promising method to achieve very low and near-zero sulfur content of the fuel. In this process, sulfur compounds are converted to the corresponding sulfone by a catalyst and in the presence of an oxidant. The obtained compounds by polar solvents or adsorbents are removed from the fuel. In recent decades, extensive studies have been carried out on the catalysts used in the oxidative desulfurization process. In this review, a comprehensive survey has been performed on heterogeneous catalysts used in the oxidative desulfurization process. According to the reported researches, the heterogeneous catalysts used can be divided into five groups: ionic liquids, carbon materials, polyoxometalates, transition metal oxides stabilized on porous solid substrates, and metal-organic frameworks. The proposed mechanisms with different catalysts have also been studied in this work.

Features of ladle desulfuration of pipe steel with low sulfur content

At the present time the sulfur content in pipe steel is strictly regulated. Under conditions of PJSC “Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works” the metal is smelted in BOF shop with preliminary desulfurization of molten iron, treatment of tapping steel by a solid slag-forming mixture and final desulfurization in the “Ladle-Furnace” unit (LP-unit). In order to increase the efficiency of the sulfur removal process, the influence of the covering slag composition on metal desulfurization is considered. Statistical processing of production data array consisting of 14 melts of steel grade 10Г2ФБЮ with K60 strength class was performed. The dependences of the sulfur content in the metal after desulfurization in the LP-unit on the oxidizing ability, covering slag basicity and the content of magnesium oxide was established: it is shown that the amount of sulfur removed during the ladle treatment process increases with the increase of the covering slag basicity and with the decrease of the magnesium oxide content in slag. For describing this dependence, a new parameter was proposed – the ratio of slag basicity to MgO content in it, %–1. A high content of magnesium oxide in the “white” slag was revealed. This fact indicates a significant amount of converter slag getting into the ladle due to its poor cut-off in the process of metal tapping from the unit. The study of the influence of the coating “white” slag composition on the metal desulfurization process in the LP-unit showed, that for the effective sulfur removal, it is necessary to provide not only welldeoxidized slag with a total content of iron and manganese oxides of less than 1%, but also to ensure the ratio of its basicity to the magnesium content in this slag not less than 0.60–0.65%–1.

Structure-Solubility Relationships in Coal, Petroleum, and Immature Source-Rock-Derived Asphaltenes

Five asphaltene samples from three different source types–immature source rock (ISA), petroleum (PA), and coal (CDA)–are studied using integrated chemical and spectroscopic techniques (elemental analysis, 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy) to understand their chemical compositions, molecular architectures, and structure-solubility relationships. The three asphaltene classes are found to have grossly different compositions, reflecting their source. ISA that have experienced little-to-no catagenesis have the highest aliphatic carbon content, lowest aromatic carbon content, and high polar heteroatom (sulfoxide-sulfur) content. PA from reservoir crude oils have higher aromatic carbon content and largely nonpolar heteroatom (thiophene-sulfur) content. CDA have the highest aromatic carbon content and low total sulfur content. Despite these compositional differences, all asphaltenes maintain the required strength of intermolecular interactions according to their solubility definition. However, the three types of asphaltenes are found to achieve the same intermolecular interaction in different ways. CDA have strong π–π stacking between their PAH cores with little steric disruption from aliphatic structures, indicating intermolecular interactions dominated by polarizability. PA also have strong π–π stacking but with enhanced disruption from their larger number and size of aliphatic structures on PAH clusters. Enhanced polarizability may exist in PA via dispersion forces due to the larger molecular weight of PA versus CDA. By comparison, ISA have relatively weak π–π stacking owing to their smaller PAH and increased steric disruption from abundant aliphatic carbon. This reduced strength of polarizability interactions in ISA is compensated by the presence of polar moieties (sulfoxide and carbonyl) that enhance dipole–dipole and/or dipole–induced dipole interactions. These interpretations are consistent with measured planarity of single asphaltene molecules and with molecular mechanics modeling of asphaltene nanoaggregate structures. These observations of same solubility yet different composition among asphaltene classes can be understood with respect to Hansen solubility parameters for which polarizability is the dominating force between asphaltene molecules.

An investigation on the pyrolysis of the main residue of the brewing industry

Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is the main by-product of the brewing industry. In this work, the pyrolysis of BSG using a fixed bed reactor was studied with respect to the valorization of this residue. The effects of the heating rate (10-50 °C/min) and temperature (450-650 °C) on the yields of pyrolysis products and on the physicochemical properties of the main products were quantified. The highest liquid yield (60.7%) was obtained at the pyrolysis temperature of 650 °C with a heating rate of 30 °C/min. The highest char yield (29.3%) was obtained at 550 °C and at heating rate of 10 °C/min. The results showed that high heating rates suppress dehydration reactions and favor bio-oil production. The produced biochar showed good potential for fuel application due to its high heating value (HHV) (27.1–28.3 kJ/g), moderate ash content (11.5%) and low sulfur content (<0.6%). The produced bio-oil contained phenols and ketones, which are precursors of several compounds used in the chemical industry, as well as pyrazines that are used in the pharmaceutical industry.

EFFECT OF LOADING FLUCTUATION ON EFFICIENCY BOILER PLTU UNIT I SOUTH MINAHASA

Many aspects affect the performance of a power plant . One of her in the form of fluctuations in load of Control Center Interkoneksi expenses electricity network , as that occurred at the power plant Unit 1 South Minahasa. It is the possibility of big will air an influence on the efficiency of boiler power plant , which is now a reference in the assessment Performance Regulatory Base a steam power plant. Through the analysis of the effect of fluctuations in the workload of the Efficiency Boiler power plant Amurang Unit 1 Unit 1, the expected performance of the existing power plant can be in the know , s ehingga Performance Regulatory Base him untracked . Thus the energy saving effort will be achieved and at the same time encourage environmental preservation efforts. Because the Amurang PLTU Unit 1 uses medium rank coal / LRC which is environmentally friendly (low sulfur and ash content).

Oxidative degradation of phenol by sulfidated zero valent iron under aerobic conditions: The effect of oxalate and tripolyphosphate ligands

After adding either organic or inorganic ligands, sulfidated nano-zero-valent iron (SnZVI) was used for aerobic degradation of phenol, and the effect of the ligand species on oxidation performance was investigated. We found that SnZVI hardly degraded phenol in the absence of ligand addition. Ligands initiated and promoted the degradation of pollutants by SnZVI. The data herein show that a characteristic inorganic ligand, tripolyphosphate (TPP), is more effective in enhancing oxidation than a characteristic organic ligand oxalate. In addition to the scavenging of reactive oxidants by the organic ligand, more ferrous ion (Fe(II)) dissolution from SnZVI in the TPP system is another cause for the superior enhancement by the inorganic ligand. In the oxalate system, as the sulfur content of SnZVI increased, the oxidation efficiency increased because FeS shell promoted the transfer of electrons to produce more reactive oxygen species (ROS). In TPP system, the effect of sulfur content on oxidation performance is more complex. The SnZVI with low sulfur content showed poor oxidation performance compared with that of nZVI. Further experiments proved that sulfidation might weaken the complexation of TPP with surface bound Fe, which would slow down the ionic Fe(II) dissolution rate. Therefore, sulfidation has the dual effects of enhancing electron transfer and inhibiting the complexation of inorganic ligands. In addition, the mechanisms of ROS generation in different ligand systems were investigated herein. Results showed that the critical ROS in both the oxalate and TPP systems are hydroxyl radicals, and that they are produced via one-electron activation of O2.

Diet selection of white-tailed deer supports the nutrient balance hypothesis

Herbivores must navigate a heterogeneous matrix of nutrients in plant communities to meet physiological requirements. Given that the only difference between an essential nutrient and a toxin is the concentration in the herbivores diet, heterogeneity of nutrient concentrations in plant communities likely force wild herbivores to balance intake of abundant nutrients that may reach toxic levels with the need to meet nutritional demands of rare nutrients (i.e., nutrient balance hypothesis). While this hypothesis has been demonstrated in controlled studies with captive herbivores, experiments testing the nutrient balance hypothesis with wild herbivores are rare. We designed a cafeteria-style experiment to measure use of forages with differing nutritional compositions by wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to test the nutrient balance hypothesis. We predicted deer diet selection would be explained by attraction to some nutrients and avoidance of others. Deer selected forages with low sulfur concentrations, a nutrient that commonly reaches toxic levels in herbivores. However, deer secondarily selected forages with greater digestibility and crude protein. Thus, our data indicate that the nutrient balance hypothesis may explain diet selection in wild herbivores where they avoid reaching toxicity of abundant nutrients while secondarily maximizing intake of limiting nutrients.

Analysis of hot metal desulfurization methods efficiency during titanomagnetite processing

To make high-quality steel, it is necessary to ensure low sulfur content in the hot metal entering a steelmaking shop. The task to obtain low sulfur metal can be solved either during blast furnace smelting or its ladle desulfurization immediately after tapping out of blast furnace. Under conditions of JSC EVRAZ NTMK, the ladle desulfurization of vanadium hot metal is not applied, since it leads to a loss of vanadium. Is explained by the fat, that calcium oxide forms with V2O5 a strong calcium vanadate (3СаО·V2O5), which makes the process of vanadium recovery during further slag processing more complicated. Therefore the ladle desulfurization is accomplished after devanadation of hot metal. After the devanadation the semi-product has ions of oxygen, which makes it impossible to arrange an effective desulfurization and males it necessary to smelt the hot metal with limited sulfur content. The factors, effecting the process of hot metal desulfurization in a blast furnace, including slag basicity, MgO content in it, temperature of smelting products and slag viscosity, are presented. Dependence of distribution coefficient of sulfur on slag basicity has been shown. Research goal is pig iron desulphurization efficiency estimation by means of MgO increasing in slag. Data analysis findings about smelting products composition over 500 tappings for each of two investigated JSC EVRAZ NTMK blast furnaces have been reported. The aim of the study was comparison of hot metal desulphurization efficiency due to both slag basicity increase and MgO increase in slag. Results of data analysis on smelting products composition of over 500 heats for each of two investigated JSC EVRAZ NTMK blast furnaces have been presented. It was established that a sulfur content decrease in hot metal is achieved more effectively by MgO increase in slag. It has been shown that MgO has better desulfurizing properties, and with an increase of its content in the blast furnace slag, the overall technology for running the blast furnace process improves. It was recommended to increase the consumption of materials containing MgO while maintaining basicity at a constant level. Such a technology will allow to decrease sulfur content in hot metal, as well as will result in the process stabilization providing other conditions being equal.

Performance analysis of bio-fuel blends for clean energy production: Thermogravimetric analysis

Use of local Lignite as a fuel for clean energy generation play an increasingly important role in the domestic industry. Lignite is considered as the lowest rank of coal because of its comparatively low carbon content, high volatile and sulphur contents. The thermal and kinetics characteristics of lignite and rice husk and their blends (in different ratios) were evaluated by using iso-thermal and non-isothermal conditions. Therefore, it was challenging to use lignite separately as fuel. Keeping this situation in context, the thermal behaviour of lignite, rice husk, and their blends throughout pyrolysis and combustion procedures, was examined for their possible usage as a sustainable, substitute and clean energy resource. The experiments were conducted at a heating rate of 40 °C/min, from room temperature to 950 °C. The de-volatilisation of rice husk happened earlier in oxygen-enriched circumstances. Besides, these blends presented diverse ignition performance in different atmospheres. The kinetic factors of the blends established enhanced ignition features, by analysing the thermo-gravimetric results. The activation energy showed that the blend has a significant amount of energy, which is suitable for the industrial combustion process. It was also shown that PL50%-LRH50% have the extreme retention time, activation energy, carbon contents, calorific value and low volatile and Ash contents, as compared to the other blends, which concluded that this combination is the finest blend for the clean production of energy.

MOF-derived Co9S8/C hollow polyhedra grown on 3D graphene aerogel as efficient polysulfide mediator for long-life Li-S batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered as one of the most promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems because of their high energy density. However, rapid capacity fade and low sulfur content caused by the shuttle effect of soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and the low conductivity of sulfur hinder the practical applications of Li-S batteries. In this regard, we synthesized metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived Co9S8/C hollow polyhedra grown on three-dimensional graphene aerogel (3D GA) as an efficient sulfur host material. The highly porous, conductive and free-standing 3D GA framework enables high sulfur content (77.3 wt%). The polar Co9S8/C provides strong chemical binding to immobilize polysulfides, and suppress the shuttling effect. Significantly, the Co9S8/C/GA/S cathode exhibits excellent long cycling stability with a low capacity decay rate of 0.0473% per cycle over 400 cycles.

Using gypsum and selenium foliar application for mineral biofortification and improving the bioactive compounds of garlic ecotypes

Garlic is known for its capacity to accumulate sulfur (S) and selenium (Se) in its bulbs. Therefore, it is a brilliant plant crop for S and Se biofortification and enrichment of consumers' diet with these elements. However, environmental and consumer concerns may limit mineral biofortification of plant crops by chemical fertilizers. This study investigated the effects of using a natural source of S, gypsum (0, 20, and 40 ppm S in the soil) and foliar application of Se (0, 15, and 30 ppm Se) on mineral biofortification of two of Iranian garlic ecotypes (Gorgan and Ramhormoz). After 40 days, the plants were harvested and their mineral composition and bioactive compounds were evaluated. In both ecotypes, the use of S with low Se concentration increased antioxidative capacity of the bulbs. Simultaneous application of S and Se resulted in the highest concentration of total phenolics in both ecotypes. Effect of application of selenium and sulfur on flavonoids' concentration in the bulbs of the ecotypes was different. Gorgan ecotype had the highest flavonoids' concentration under low sulfur concentration, while Ramhormoz ecotype obtained the highest flavonoids following application of high concentrations of S and Se. In both ecotypes, the highest content of allicin was found in high S but with low Se levels. Moreover, in parallel with increasing of S and Se levels, concentration of these elements increased in both ecotypes. The highest concentrations of selenium and sulfur in the bulbs (969.9 μg kg−1 DM and 1.97 mg g−1 DM, respectively) were observed in high S combined with high Se in Gorgan ecotype. Therefore, this study demonstrated the possibility of improving the nutritional value of garlic by simultaneous application of gypsum and Se foliar spray.

Influence of basicity and boron oxide content in slags of CaO-SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-B&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-Al&lt;sub2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; system on solubility of periclase-carbon refractories

To ensure a low content of sulfur in steel, desulphurization of it in steel ladles is used. To form liquid-movable high-basicity slags with high refining properties, boron oxide is often used instead of fluorspar, the effect of which on the resistance of the refractory lining of steel ladles has not been sufficiently studied and requires detailed theoretical and experimental studies. Results of experimental studies of the influence of the basicity and content of boron oxide in the slags of the CaO-SiO 2 -B 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 system on periclase-carbon refractories solubility presented. The studies were carried out using the simplex-lattice planning method. The results of mathematical modeling are presented in the form of a composition-property diagram (solubility of periclase-carbon refractories). Analysis of the experimental data shown in the diagram provided new information about the influence of basicity and boron oxide content in the slags of the CaO-SiO 2 -B 2 O 3 system containing 15% Al2O3 on the solubility of periclase-carbon refractories. It was found that slags formed in the basicity region 2-3, containing 4-6% B 2 O 3 , affect quite aggressively the periclase-carbon refractories. The degree of wear of the refractory sample varies within limits from 20 to 40%. A decrease in the content of B 2 O 3 in the slag down to 1-4% with the same basicity is accompanied by a decrease of the wear degree of the periclase-carbon refractory down to 30% max. Slags of basicity 3-4 at 1-4% B 2 O 3 are characterized by a relatively low aggressive slag effect on the periclase-carbon refractory. The wear degree of periclase-carbon refractory is reduced to 8-12% and practically does not reach 15%. The displacement of slags basicity to the area of increased basicity up to 5 does not lead to a significant reduction in the aggressive impact of slag on the refractory. The degree of wear of the refractory sample varies within 6-10% at the content of 1-4%B 2 O 3 and increases to 12% at 4-6 % B 2 O 3 .

Study of the Effect of Recrystallization Annealing Regimes in Continuous Operating Units on the State of If-Steel Solid Solution and Mechanical Properties

Laboratory simulation of recrystallization annealing in continuously operating units is performed for rolled IF-steels of nine different compositions of laboratory and industrial melting. It is established that by controlling parameters of low-temperature processing regimes in a CAU and CHGU, it is possible to improve ductility and formability of rolled IF-steels significantly. During annealing rolled products in a CHGU it is possible to reduce the intensity of aging processes and prevent a reduction in ductility and formability using a strip temperature at the exit of the accelerated cooling section (P6) of at least 540°C, as well as a strip temperature at the exit from the cooling section after the galvanizing bath (P10) of not more than 180°C. This is especially relevant for IF-steels with a low sulfur content, when the possibility of stabilizing carbon in the form of titanium carbosulfide is limited. During annealing in a CAU rolled products from fully stabilized IF steels are slightly sensitive to overageing temperature regime. With incomplete stabilization of carbon in IF-steels, due to a low titanium concentration, its removal from solid solution in the form of cementite precipitates and the improvement of ductility and formability of rolled products is possible when using an overageing regime of 420–330°С, and especially at 390–300°С. Removal of carbon from the solid solution may be prevented by a high phosphorus concentration (≈ 0.011 wt.%) in steel. In this case, complete stabilization of IF steel is necessary by increasing titanium and/or niobium concentration.