Low Standard Error Of Measurement Research Articles

Reliability of the Maximal Lactate Accumulation Rate in Rowers.

The maximal lactate accumulation rate (VLamax) has been linked to lactic anaerobic performance. Hence, accurate and reliable assessment is crucial in sport-specific performance testing. Thus, between-day reliability data of rowing-specific VLamax assessment was examined. Seventeen trained rowers (eight females and nine males; 19.5±5.2 yrs; 1.76±0.08 m; 70.2±8.9 kg; V̇O2max: 54±13 ml/min/kg) performed 20-s sprint tests on two separate days (one week apart) on a rowing ergometer. VLamax, peak lactate concentration, time to peak lactate, and mean rowing power were measured. Good to excellent intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), low standard error of measurement (SEM), and acceptable levels of agreement (LoAs; 90% confidence interval) for VLamax (ICC=0.85; SEM=0.02 mmol/L/s; LoA±0.09 mmol/L/s), peak lactate (ICC=0.88; SEM=0.3 mmol/L; LoA±1.4 mmol/l), time to peak lactate (ICC=0.92; SEM=0.1 min; LoA±0.5 min), and mean rowing power (ICC=0.98; SEM=3 W; LoA±39 W) were observed. In addition, VLamax was highly correlated (r=0.96; p≤0.001) to rowing power. Thus, VLamax and sprint performance parameters can be measured highly reliably using this sport-specific sprint test in rowing.

Validity and reliability of the agentive steadfastness index.

Agentive steadfastness is a hitherto unarticulated and unmeasured construct, although clinicians may have drawn intuitively on it in anticipating clients' prognosis and anticipated responsiveness to adverse events. Following the conceptualisation and articulation of the agentive steadfastness construct and a measure thereof, the current study examined the validity and reliability of the agentive steadfastness index (ASI) among responding adult social media users (n = 511). Results confirmed convergent validity between agentive steadfastness and closest related psychological constructs, which were resilience (r = .715) and character strength (r = .704). Its discriminant validity was observed with other related but notably distinct psychological constructs, which were anxiety (r = -.599) and ego-strength (r = -.244). Temporal stability was confirmed over a period of 6 months (r = .763). The ASI showed good internal (Cronbach alpha = .937) and split-half reliability (r = .838) and a low standard error of measurement of 7.57 points within a theoretical range of 190 points. These results suggest that the ASI is a valid and a reliable measure of agentive steadfastness. Equipped with the ASI, further research is enabled on agentive steadfastness as a psychotherapeutic target and its relations with various aspects of personality, prognosis and adversity.

Co-workership: development of an assessment tool

Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop an easy-to-use, theoretically well-founded and psychometrically sound assessment tool of the concept co-workership. Design/methodology/approach Firstly, inductively generated examples of favourable and unfavourable co-worker behaviours were collected, clustered and then expressed as frequency-based Likert-type scale items. Data were obtained from 825 Swedish white collar workers and military personnel. A factor analysis (principal axis factoring with oblique rotation) resulted in a seven-factor solution built up by 30 items and forming the instrument Co-Worker Questionnaire (Co-Worker Q). Findings The factors have a strong resemblance to the content of dominating models of leadership, followership, organizational citizenship behaviour and leader–member exchange. The factor scales had relatively high reliability (high Cronbach’s alpha coefficients and low standard errors of measurement). Regarding discriminability, women scored more favourably on five of the factors, men on one factor and age differences were noted on two factors. Research limitations/implications Shortcomings include the lack of data on possibly related aspects including person factors, such as personality and socio-economic status, and contextual factors such as more detailed data on the type of work environment and organizational culture. Practical implications The instrument has an easy-to-use format and can be used in organization development interventions with a co-workership focus and in individualized coaching or mentoring programmes. Originality/value The co-workership concept has so far mainly been used in the Nordic countries. The development of the Co-Worker Q opens up for broader applications.

Parents can reliably and accurately detect trunk asymmetry using an inclinometer smartphone app

PurposeAn inclinometer smartphone application has been developed to enable the measurement of the angle of trunk inclination (ATI) to detect trunk surface asymmetry. The objective was to determine the reliability and validity of the smartphone app in the hands of non-professionals.MethodsThree non-professional observers and one expert surgeon measured maximum ATI twice in a study involving 69 patients seen in the spine clinics to rule out scoliosis or for regular follow-up (10-18 y.o., Cobb [0°-58°]). Observers were parents not familiar with scoliosis screening nor use of an inclinometer. They received training from a 4-minute video. Intra and inter-observer reliability was determined using the generalizability theory and validity was assessed from intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), agreement with the expert on ATI measurements using Bland-Altman analysis, and correct identification of the threshold for consultation (set to ≥6° ATI).ResultsIntra-observer and inter-observer reliability coefficients were excellent ϕ = 0.92. The standard error of measurement was 1.5° (intra-observer, 2 measurements) meaning that a parent may detect a change of 4° between examinations 95% of the time. Comparison of measurements between non-professionals and the expert resulted in ICC varying from 0.82 [0.71-0.88] to 0.84 [0.74-0.90] and agreement on the decision to consult occurred in 83 to 90% of cases.ConclusionThe use of a smartphone app resulted in excellent reliability, sufficiently low standard error of measurement (SEM) and good validity in the hands of non-professionals. The device and the instructional video are adequate means to allow detection and regular examination of trunk asymmetries by non-professionals.

Psychometric properties of Spanish-language MMPI-3 scores in a Puerto Rican parental fitness evaluation setting.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) family of instruments have long been used in child custody and parental fitness evaluation (PFE) contexts, spanning from the original MMPI to the recently released MMPI-3. In addition to updating the English-language normative sample and expanding content coverage, the MMPI-3 was released with a U.S. Spanish-language normative sample. The present study sought to examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish-language MMPI-3, specifically in a PFE context. The sample consisted of individuals who were evaluated for parental fitness at a multisite private practice in Puerto Rico. A combined gender comparison group sample with equal number of men and women (n = 238) produced mean T scores that were within half a standard deviation of the Spanish-language normative sample on all scales. Scores on the Symptom Validity Scale were meaningfully higher among women (n = 247) relative to the normative sample, and the mean juvenile conduct problems score among men (n = 119) was meaningfully higher than that of the normative sample. Reliability estimates were generally adequate, with some reflecting low internal consistency; however, low standard errors of measurement indicated that low alpha estimates were a function of range restriction rather than measurement imprecision. Limitations, including the need for the accumulation of validity evidence, are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Testing protocol for evaluating underhand serve-reception biomechanics in volleyball

A testing protocol for conducting biomechanical underhand serve-reception evaluation in volleyball in match-like conditions is presented. A launcher sends a ball over the net toward the reception zone for the player to pass it to the setter; the ball is tracked with video cameras and the player’s articular information is captured by inertial sensors, force plates, and video cameras. Test-retest reliability and, known-groups and concurrent validity of the test are evaluated. Left knee, right knee, left shoulder, and right shoulder angles were highly reliable (ICC > 0.88), with low standard errors of measurement (%SEM < 13.07). Resultant normalized ground reaction forces were also reliable (ICC: 0.76, %SEM: 9.14). Professional and amateur athletes’ comparisons were statistically significant and non-trivial ( p < 0.05, Cohen’s d > 0.49), with professionals’ body movements presenting small variance and symmetry between left and right limb variables, and amateurs’ presenting higher variance and greater asymmetry. Finally, each athlete’s left limb angles were compared against their corresponding sagittal Kinovea measurements for concurrent validity, obtaining acceptable correlation scores for amateur athletes (PCC > 0.79) and good correlation scores (PCC > 0.83) for professional athletes. The test offers a reliable and valid method for evaluating underhand serve-reception biomechanics in volleyball players.

Developing National Identity Scale: As Indonesian Case

Background: National identity is an important concept to be developed, so it is necessary to have a measurement instrument that have evidence of validity and reliability. Thus, the accuracy of the information obtained through measurement of this instrument will be guaranteed. Objective: This article aims to examine the psychometric property of the national identity scale to fulfill the standardization of accurate measurement. Methods: In this study, three analytical approaches were used, those are content validity involving eight subject matter experts (SME), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability analysis. For the reliability and CFA approach, 300 students were used as samples who were taken through convenience sampling technique. Results: The results of the analysis show that out of the 20 items compiled in the content validity analysis, one item is inadequate because it has a below standard score on Aiken's coefficient of validity. This one item then revised again to be included in the tryout and data collection for the next stage of analysis. The results of the CFA analysis show that the model and data are fit and there are two inadequate items, while the contribution of the three factors on the national identity scale is significant. In the third analysis, it was found that an adequate coefficient reliability had an effect on the low Standard Error of Measurement (SEM). Conclusion: Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the Indonesian national identity scale has fulfilled good psychometric properties. It can be proven from evidence validity base on content, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability analysis.

Reliable Peak Power Assessment During Concentric and Flexion-Extension-Cycle Based Rowing Strokes using a Non-Modified Rowing Ergometer.

Accurate assessment of peak rowing power is crucial for rowing-specific performance testing. Therefore, within and between day reliability of a non-modified rowing ergometer was examined. 52 trained male rowers (21.0 ± 2.9 years; 1.89 ± 0.05 m; 83.2 ± 8.2 kg; 2,000-m ergometer Time Trial mean power: 369 ± 57 W) performed (two times 4) isolated concentric rowing strokes (DRIVE) and single flexion-extension cycle (FEC-type) rowing strokes (SLIDE-DRIVE) on two separate days (1 week apart). Good to excellent intraclass correlation coefficients (0.94 ≤ ICC ≤ 1.00), low standard error of measurement (≤ 2.7%), low coefficient of variation (≤ 4.9%), and suitable level of agreements (≤ 30W) for DRIVE and SLIDE-DRIVE indicated a high level of (within and between day) reliability. In addition, SLIDE-DRIVE (423 ± 157 W) revealed remarkably higher rowing power (p ≤ 0.001; ηp2 = 0.601; SMD = 0.34) compared to DRIVE (370 ± 154 W). The non-modified rowing ergometer is considered to be a reliable tool for the peak power assessment during isolated concentric contraction and FEC-type rowing strokes. Notably higher power outputs (compared to an isolated concentric contraction) during FEC rowing may refer to an underlying stretch shortening cycle.

The development and implementation of a computer adaptive progress test across European countries

Longitudinal progress testing promotes self-directed deep learning across a full spectrum of knowledge, enabling early detection of underperformance and opportunities for remediation. Computer adaptive testing (CAT), where the difficulty of a test dynamically adjusts according to a test taker's ability, has benefits in a progress testing context, but significant resource and experience is required to develop appropriate test materials. This study describes how a transnational consortium from eight medical schools in five countries across Europe was formed to develop a computer adaptive progress test applicable across international curricula. 1,212 students from more than 40 nationalities took part in the study, of whom more than 70% were not native English speakers, though nearly all reported competence in English. A content map for an international assessment blueprint was agreed and a substantial bank of 1,127 English language progress test items was successfully calibrated after pilot testing to form the computer adaptive progress test (CA-PT) item bank. Results from the CA-PT pilot showed reliable convergence to stable estimates of ability, low standard errors of measurement and high test reliability for all participants. This study shows that an international collaborative consortium approach enables effective development of progress testing resources appropriate for computer adaptive testing, with potential for application across international borders and in populations where English is not the native language. Pooling resources internationally facilitates the comparison and development of appropriate assessment blueprints and the efficient generation of high-quality assessment items. • Computer adaptive testing is applicable for progress testing locally and internationally. • Consortium approaches improve productivity in test blueprint and item development. • Collaboration can generate a large calibrated item bank efficiently with little redundancy. • Computer adaptive progress testing improves individual test reliability. • Adaptive algorithms sampling items from blueprints enhances personalised assessment for learning.

A modified digital functional reach test device using an ultrasonic sensor for balance assessment: A test of validity and reliability

Abstract Study aim: Evaluation of dynamic balance is inferred to be compulsory for fall prevention in the elderly. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a modified digital functional reach test device using an ultrasonic sensor for balance assessment and to test validity and reliability of the newly developed tool to qualify psychometric properties. Material and methods: This study was a cross-sectional study of a convenient sample including 50 participants both males and females. Mean age of the participants was 51.20 ± 19.30 years. Reliability of the newly developed device was analysed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM). The criterion validity was also investigated using a yardstick mounted on the wall at a level of shoulder together with the MaxTraq® 2D motion analysis software. The modified digital functional reach test device using an ultrasonic sensor was correlated with the conventional FRT and the MaxTraq® 2D motion analysis. Results: The results presented that test-retest reliability of the modified digital functional reach test device was good reliability (ICC = 0.76) and low standard error of measurement (1.41) was found for test-retest reliability. The degree of agreement between the modified device, the conventional FRT, and the MaxTraq® 2D motion analysis was high (r = 0.71 and 0.77 respectively). Conclusions: The findings suggested that the modified digital functional reach test device using an ultrasonic sensor was a valid and reliable instrument for fall risk screening towards functional reach distance.

FMAQ-S: Development of a Short Form of the Family Medicine Attitudes Questionnaire

Identifying and training students who choose family medicine careers is essential to meeting primary care workforce needs in the United States. Medical students' positive attitudes toward family medicine are associated with students' choice of family medicine as a specialty. This study sought to refine a previously tested questionnaire assessing US medical students' attitudes toward family medicine by shortening the questionnaire to make it more useful in educational practice and research settings. We refined our existing 14-item questionnaire by item analysis and validation. We conducted item analysis using a graded response model approach after identifying the unidimensionality of the original scale. We selected items based on their item discrimination parameters and item information levels, and calculated the correlation between specialty choice and family medicine attitudes score to evaluate criterion validity. Exploratory factor analyses indicated the questionnaire is unidimensional. Among the original 14 items, 10 items had high item discrimination parameters and low standard error of measurement. These 10 items contribute the most to distinguishing individuals' differences in family medicine attitudes and were selected for inclusion in the short-form questionnaire (FMAQ-S). The point-biserial correlation between the short-form scale and students' choice of family medicine was 0.378, which provides supporting evidence for criterion validity. The FMAQ-S is a concise and validated measure for assessing medical student attitudes toward family medicine. This abbreviated questionnaire can be used by medical educators to identify students for specific programming or interventions intended to support family medicine specialty choice.

Validity and reliability of innovative field measurements of tibial accelerations and spinal kinematics during cricket fast bowling

The use of inertial sensors in fast bowling analysis may offer a cheaper and portable alternative to current methodologies. However, no previous studies have assessed the validity and reliability of such methods. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of collecting tibial accelerations and spinal kinematics using inertial sensors during in vivo fast bowling. Thirty-five elite male fast bowlers volunteered for this study. An accelerometer attached to the skin over the tibia was used to determine impacts and inertial sensors over the S1, L1 and T1 spinous processes used to derive the relative kinematics. These measurements were compared to optoelectronic and force plate data for validity analysis. Most acceleration and kinematics variables measured report significant correlations > 0.8 with the corresponding gold standard measurement, with intraclass correlation coefficients greater than 0.7. Low standard error of measurement and consequently small minimum detectable change (MDC) values were also observed. This study demonstrates that inertial sensors are as valid and reliable as current methods of fast bowling analysis and may provide some advantages over traditional methods. The novel metrics and methods described in this study may aid coaches and practitioners in the design and monitoring of fast bowling technique.Graphical abstractGraphical abstract illustrating the synopsis of the findings from this paper.

The between-day repeatability, standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change for discrete kinematic parameters during treadmill running

BackgroundKinematic parameters of the trunk, pelvis and lower limbs are frequently associated with both running injuries and performance, and the target of clinical interventions. Currently there is limited evidence reporting the between-day repeatability of discrete kinematic parameters of the trunk, pelvis and lower limbs during treadmill running. Research questionWhat is the between-day repeatability, standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change of discrete kinematic parameters of the trunk, pelvis and lower limbs during treadmill running? Methods16 healthy participants attended two kinematic data collection sessions two weeks apart. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected while participants ran on a motorised treadmill at 3.2 m/s. The interclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change were calculated for discrete kinematic parameters at initial contact, toe off, peak angles and joint excursions during the stance phase of running. ResultsGood to excellent repeatability with low standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change values were observed for sagittal and frontal plane kinematics at initial contact (Range: ICC, 0.829−0.941; SEM, 0.6°- 2.6°; MDC, 1.5°- 7.2) and peak angles during stance (Range: ICC, 0.799 – 0.946; SEM, 0.6°- 2.6°; MDC, 1.7°- 7.1°). Peak transverse plane kinematics of the hip (ICC, 0.783; SEM, 3.2°; MDC, 8.7°) and knee (ICC, 0.739; SEM, 3°; MDC, 8.4°) demonstrated moderate between-day repeatability with large SEM and MDC values. Kinematics at toe off demonstrated the lowest ICC values and largest measurement errors of all parameters (Range: ICC, 0.109 – 0.900; SEM, 0.8°- 5.7°; MDC, 2.5°- 15.7°). SignificanceThis is the first study detailing the measurement error and minimal detectable change for discrete kinematic parameters of the trunk and pelvis during treadmill running. The reported values may provide a useful reference point for future studies investigating between-day differences in running kinematics.

Intra and inter-tester reliability of a novel device to assess gluteal muscle strength in professional football players

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to investigate inter-tester and intra-tester reliability of a novel clam test (CLAMT) for the measurement of gluteal muscle strength and to detect possible differences between CLAMT values in football players with and without a history of groin injuries. Twenty male football players participated in the test-retest and sixty-two male professional football players participated in the case–control study. Hip abductor maximal muscle strength was evaluated either using CLAMT or in a supine position with the hip in a neutral pose. For CLAMT, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for inter-tester-intra-day reliability was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.60–0.90), with a standard error of measurement of 34.2 N. The intra-tester-intra-day ICC was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87–0.95), with a standard error of measurement of 23.6 N. The inter-week ICC was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.92–0.98), with a standard error of measurement of 18.9 N. CLAMT showed lower (but not significant) strength values in football players with a history of groin injuries to non-injured players. CLAMT showed good to excellent levels of reliability, intraday and inter-week, with low standard errors of measurement while it was effective (possible) to identify residual weakness in players with previous groin injuries.

Facial Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Ag/AgCl Chloride Ion Sensor Based on Gel-Type Electrolyte.

In this study, a novel chloride ion (Cl−) sensor based on Ag wire coated with an AgCl layer was fabricated using a gel-type internal electrolyte and a diatomite ceramic membrane, which played an important role in preventing electrolyte leakage from the ion-selective electrode. The sensing performance, including reversibility, response, recovery time, low detection limit, and the long-term stability, was systemically investigated in electrolytes with different Cl− contents. The as-fabricated Cl− sensor could detect Cl− from 1 to 500 mM KCl solution with good linearity. The best response and recovery time obtained for the optimized sensor were 0.5 and 0.1 s, respectively, for 10 mM KCl solution. An exposure period of over 60 days was used to evaluate the stability of the Cl− sensor in KCl solution. A relative error of 2% was observed between the initial and final response potentials. Further, a wireless sensing system based on Arduino was also investigated to measure the response potential of Cl− in an electrolyte. The sensor exhibited high reliability with a low standard error of measurement. This type of sensor is crucial for fabricating wireless Cl− sensors for applications in reinforced concrete structures along with favorable performances.

Evaluating the Measurement Properties of the ScanCourse, a Dual-Task Assessment of Visual Scanning.

The ScanCourse is used by occupational therapists to evaluate visual scanning ability during locomotion. Its measurement properties have not been examined. To assess the interrater reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of the ScanCourse. This study involved data collection at two time points. To assess test-retest reliability, the ScanCourse was administered twice within a 2-week period. To assess interrater reliability, a second rater was present for one session. To assess level of agreement, a Bland-Altman plot was created. To assess absolute reliability, the standard error of measurement was calculated. To evaluate construct validity, the results of the ScanCourse were compared with results of the Bells Test and Trail Making Test A and B. Rehabilitation hospital. Forty-one patients with neurological impairments. The ScanCourse (participants identify numbered cards placed on both sides of a hallway at various heights during locomotion). The ScanCourse was found to have excellent interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] [1,1] = .998; 95% confidence interval [CI] [.996-.999]), test-retest reliability (ICC [1,1] = .912; 95% CI [.811-.959]), a high level of agreement, and a low standard error of measurement (.503), and it was found to be significantly correlated with Trails A (rs = -.436, p = .009) and B (rs = -.364, p = .029). The assessment was found to have strong measurement properties, and it is therefore an appropriate tool for assessing dual-task visual scanning among those with neurological impairments. This research demonstrates that the ScanCourse is reliable between raters and over time and that scores on the measure vary as anticipated with scores on a related measure, which provides evidence of its validity. These findings support its use in practice.

Agreement between the Open Barbell and Tendo Linear Position Transducers for Monitoring Barbell Velocity during Resistance Exercise.

To determine the agreement between the Open Barbell (OB) and Tendo weightlifting analyzer (TWA) for measuring barbell velocity, eleven men (19.4 ± 1.0 y) performed one set of 2–3 repetitions at four sub-maximal percentage loads, [i.e., 30, 50, 70, and 90% one-repetition maximum (1RM)] in the back (BS) and front squat (FS) exercises. During each repetition, peak and mean barbell velocity were recorded by OB and TWA devices, and the average of the 2–3 repetitions was used for analyses. Although the repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significantly (p ≤ 0.005) greater peak and mean velocity scores from OB across all intensities, high intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,K = 0.790–0.998), low standard error of measurement (SEM2,K = 0.040–0.119 m·s−1), and coefficients of variation (CV = 2–4%) suggested consistency between devices. Positive (r = 0.491–0.949) Pearson correlations between averages and differences (between devices) in peak velocity, as well as associated Bland-Altman plots, showed greater differences occurred as the velocity increased, particularly at low-moderate intensity loads. OB consistently provides greater barbell velocity scores compared to TWA, and the differences between devices were more apparent as the peak velocity increased with low-to-moderate loads. Strength coaches and athletes may find better agreement between devices if the mean velocity scores are only considered.

Using a Mobile Application to Assess Knee Valgus in Healthy and Post-Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Participants.

Context: Popularity of using handheld devices in clinical settings has increased, especially the use of motion analysis applications (MAAs). Video-based measurement tools have been found reliable in measuring knee valgus in subjects without anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, there is a need for validation of using a MAA to measure knee valgus in an injured population, given that they may exhibit higher degrees of knee valgus. Objective: To examine the reliability and validity of using a MAA to measure knee valgus during functional activities used to assess return to sport after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Design: Reliability and validity study. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Twelve participants with ACLR and 20 healthy individuals. Interventions: Each subject performed single-leg drop landing, single-leg hop, and 90° cut with simultaneous 3-dimensional (3D) motion capture and video recording on an iPad. Main Outcome Measures: Peak knee valgus during the landing phase was measured using a MAA and 3D analysis. To obtain reliability, peak knee valgus was measured on 2 separate days. Reliability was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients and standard errors of measurement. Validity was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients by comparing peak knee valgus between the MAA and 3D analysis. The t tests were used to compare knee valgus obtained between raters, within raters, and between the MAA and 3D analysis. Results: Our data revealed excellent intrarater and interrater reliability with low standard errors of measurement of using a MAA for both groups. Significant, moderate to large associations were found in comparing peak knee valgus between the MAA and 3D analysis. However, knee valgus was significantly different between the MAA and 3D analysis across all tasks in both groups. Conclusion: Although a MAA is reliable for measuring peak knee valgus in individuals with ACLR and healthy controls, the actual values obtained by a MAA should be viewed with caution.

Evaluating the Measurement Properties of the ScanCourse, a Dual-Task Assessment of Visual Scanning.

The ScanCourse is used by occupational therapists to evaluate visual scanning ability during locomotion. Its measurement properties have not been examined. To assess the interrater reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of the ScanCourse. This study involved data collection at two time points. To assess test-retest reliability, the ScanCourse was administered twice within a 2-week period. To assess interrater reliability, a second rater was present for one session. To assess level of agreement, a Bland-Altman plot was created. To assess absolute reliability, the standard error of measurement was calculated. To evaluate construct validity, the results of the ScanCourse were compared with results of the Bells Test and Trail Making Test A and B. Rehabilitation hospital. Forty-one patients with neurological impairments. Outcomes and Measures: The ScanCourse (participants identify numbered cards placed on both sides of a hallway at various heights during locomotion). The ScanCourse was found to have excellent interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] [1,1] = .998; 95% confidence interval [CI] [.996-.999]), test-retest reliability (ICC [1,1] = .912; 95% CI [.811-.959]), a high level of agreement, and a low standard error of measurement (.503), and it was found to be significantly correlated with Trails A (rs = -.436, p = .009) and B (rs = -.364, p = .029). The assessment was found to have strong measurement properties, and it is therefore an appropriate tool for assessing dual-task visual scanning among those with neurological impairments. What This Article Adds: This research demonstrates that the ScanCourse is reliable between raters and over time and that scores on the measure vary as anticipated with scores on a related measure, which provides evidence of its validity. These findings support its use in practice.

Reliability and Agreement of Various InBody Body Composition Analyzers as Compared to Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Healthy Men and Women

Background: Bioelectrical impedance analysis has evolved over the years to include the use of multiple frequencies and impedance measurements to improve the accuracy and reliability of body composition estimates. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the reliability of the InBody230, InBody720, and InBody770 to measure body fat percent (BF%), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) in the general population and to compare results to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Methods: A total of 31 males and 36 females participated in 2 d of testing separated by 24–72 h. Each visit consisted of a DXA scan, and analysis with the InBody230, InBody720, and InBody770. Results: All 3 bioelectrical impedance devices (InBody230, InBody720, and InBody770) were reliable in men and women as indicated by high intraclass correlation coefficients for BF% (≥0.98), FM (≥0.98), and FFM (≥0.99) and low standard error of measurement for BF% (0.77%–0.99%), FM (0.54–0.87 kg), and FFM (0.58–0.84 kg) and minimum difference for BF% (2.12%–2.73%), FM (1.49–2.39 kg), and FFM (1.60–2.32 kg), respectively. When examining the agreement between the 3 InBody analyzers with DXA, systematic bias (underestimation of BF% and FM and overestimation of FFM) was present for all comparisons (p < 0.05) while proportional bias was present for FM in women and FFM in men. However, there was small individual error for all comparisons as indicated by the standard error of estimate and 95% limits of agreement. Conclusion: The InBody analyzers produce small individual error, which suggest these methods can be used as a surrogate when DXA is not available; however, practitioners should be aware of the systematic bias for all comparisons and proportional bias for FM in women and FFM in men. Furthermore, findings revealed that the research grade models, InBody720 and InBody770, added minimal benefit over the portable InBody230 when assessing BF%, FM, and FFM.