Low Solids Research Articles

Multi-mechanism theory of aerosol capture by fibrous filters, including fiber diameter/orientation dispersity and particle morphology effects. Preliminary tests vs. data for mobility-selected submicron particles

In Paper I (Sep. Purif. Technol. 257 (2021) 117676) we showed that a semi-analytic, multi-mechanism expression for the single-fiber capture fraction, ηcap,SF, (derived using asymptotically valid approximations: Ref<0.4, Pef≫1, R≪1, R⋅Pef1/3 arbitrary and Stkp≤Stkpcrit), facilitates a deterministic-, pseudo-continuum aerosol population-balance (PB-) approach to predicting fibrous filter performance. There we explicitly considered “deep” (Lf/df,g≫1), low solidity idealized fibrous filters (FFs) challenged by polydispersed aerosols—especially single-mode log-normal (LN) ASDs of modest spread captured by a spatially uniform array of fibers of a single diameter in crossflow. However, realistic fibrous filter media often possess a LN distribution of fiber diameters, as well as a near-Gaussian orientation distribution narrowly spread about normal incidence (θ=π/2). Moreover, even if this were not so, there would be meso-scale departures from a uniform average fiber solid fraction. We show here that our tractable aerosol PBE-approach to idealized FF performance (Paper I) can be generalized to incorporate these particular structural features of commercially available fibrous filter media. But, to clarify whether these generalizations are likely to be useful, if not fully sufficient, for practical circumstances, it is also necessary to compare such methods/predictions against selected sets of well-defined experimental results. We initiate this program here, having chosen the recent experiments of Kang et al. (2019) carried out using a commercially available fiberglass filter with Lf/df,g≃300, mean solid fraction of 0.039, and df,g=2.5μm, successively challenged by mobility-selected KCl(s) particles (with diameters between ca. 20 and 600nm) at the carrier gas velocities of 15 and 10 cm/s—capture conditions dominated by the transport mechanism of Brownian diffusion and convection, with “interception” (associated with non-negligible dp/df) becoming important above ca. dp=100nm. We conclude from these data that the effective interception diameter, dp,icpt,eff, of the particles studied is systematically larger than their stated mobility diameters—a situation which will deserve further attention in future studies. Encouraged by these preliminary but instructive comparisons, we expect that, for many current and future design purposes, our present class of semi-analytic/non-stochastic/multi-mechanism methods will provide a welcome complement, if not alternative, to much more computationally-intensive simulation methods for realistic fibrous media that have been described and implemented in the recent aerosol filtration literature. The consequences of including these structural features of fibrous filters in the presence of aerosol size- and shape polydispersity will be the subject of future studies, based on the generalized Population Balance Equation developed/proposed in Section 3.3.

Influence of Solidity on Aerodynamic Performance of Axial Supersonic Through-Flow Fan Cascades

To determine the effects of solidity on its aerodynamic performance and key flow structures, this study reports numerical simulations of the cascades of an axial supersonic through-flow fan with an inlet Mach number of 2.36 over a 15 deg range of incidence. The results indicate that, as the solidity increased, the overall loss first dropped and then increased. At the design incidence, loss at optimal solidity was 78% lower than the maximum loss. The overall loss was heavily dependent on the solidity but insensitive to incidence, especially at low solidity. At a critical solidity (2.38), the shock at the leading edge on the pressure side impinged on the suction surface near the trailing edge. At the optimal solidity, the wake loss was minimized and the number of reflected shocks decreased. The wake loss can be reduced by causing the shock to impinge on the suction surface near the throat of the passage. Moreover, this shock loss can be controlled by weakening its intensity. While reducing the local separation induced by the shock/boundary-layer interaction is ineffective for simultaneously reducing the loss of viscosity, reducing the loss of friction dominated by the surface area of the blade per unit of mass flow is effective.

Influence Of Activated Carbon On Total Suspended Solids And Relative Plugging Index Of Injection Water From X-Oilfield

Produced water will be used as injection water for water flooding need, but, based on the results of water quality tests show poor injection water quality caused by a lot of solids particles with high total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and high relative plugging index (RPI) obtained in the injection water. When, the condition of injection water without treatment is injected into formation will cause serious plugging. In this study, two methods used to minimize the high TSS and RPI problems are treatment with chemical and filtration (activated carbon). The use of optimal concentration of scale inhibitor in the injection water can reduce TSS and RPI in the injection water, but it does not work effectively, so that its water quality is still poor water quality and can cause plugging in the formation. Another method is filtration with activated carbon filter media which has characteristics of adsorption and large specific area to filter insoluble materials in the injection water. After filtration, the filtrate of the injection water results in clear water condition. Based on the results of laboratory tests indicate that the filtrate of the injection water contains the least solids particles with small particle size, low total suspended solids concentration and low relative plugging index value. When, it is injected into formation, the possibility of plugging occurrence can be minimized, although, there is increase of pH value, but, in general, the filtrate of the injection water can be categorized good water quality

Characteristics of dissolved ozone flotation for the enhanced treatment of bio-treated drilling wastewater from a gas field

Working fluid preparation using treated drilling wastewater is of great potential for drilling wastewater reuse, especially in water-deficient and ecologically fragile areas, which require low levels of organic matter and suspended solids (SS). This study established the dissolved ozone flotation (DOF) process as the advanced treatment process to replace the original electrocatalytic system (ECS) which exhibited low organic and suspended solids removal efficiency. Higher and more stable organic matter, suspended solids and turbidity removal efficiency were obtained for the DOF process. Consequently, the lower fouling potential and higher water production rate of treated water from DOF process was observed for the following reverse osmosis (RO) system. In addition, brine drilling fluids can be successfully prepared using DOF effluent directly, which exhibited promising practical implications in the advanced drilling wastewater treatment. Based on organic matter fractionation and redundancy analysis (RDA), the hydrophobic acid (HOA), hydrophobic neutral (HON) and hydrophilic fraction (HI) contents significantly impacted brine drilling fluid preparation. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the aromatic carbon species in the HOA, HON and HI fractions were found to be the critical factors deteriorating the brine drilling fluid preparation. However, oxygen-containing groups played a positive role. The favorable brine drilling fluid preparation performance using DOF effluent directly can be ascribed to the removal of HOA, HON and HI fractions and enhanced generation of oxygen-containing groups in ozone flotation zone.

Pulp Mineral Content of Passion Fruit Germplasm Grown in Ecuador and Its Relationship with Fruit Quality Traits.

There are several species of passion fruit grown in South America. However, there is a lack of information about the mineral content in their pulp. Thus, the objective of the present research was to determine the mineral content in the pulp of different germplasms of passion fruit [Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa (INIAP 2009 and P10), P. alata (Sweet passion fruit), P. edulis f. edulis (Gulupa) and Passiflora sp. (Criollo POR1 and Criollo PICH1)] grown in Ecuador and to determine their relationship with relevant fruit quality traits. The results showed that high Mg content was associated with less peel thickness, soluble solids was negatively related to K and B content, and vitamin C was negatively related to S content. INIAP 2009 had high titratable acidity and fruit weight but low N and Na; P10 showed the highest contents of N, K, Na, Mn and fruit weight but less P, Mg, and Fe; sweet passion fruit showed high S, Zn, Cu, soluble solids, and peel thickness but low K, Ca, B, and titratable acidity; Gulupa had high Mg, B, and Zn but low S, Fe, and Mn; Criollo POR1 showed high N and Fe but low Zn; and Criollo PICH1 showed high P, Ca, Mg, and Cu but low soluble solids and peel thickness. These results provide additional information on passion fruit germplasm grown in Ecuador and constitutes a reference for further breeding programs.

Effect of pH-modifiers on the rheological behaviour of clay slurries: Difference between a swelling and non-swelling clay

Owing to their anisotropic surface charge and anisometric shape aqueous clay slurries are known to exhibit rich rheological behavior with the existence of yield stress at very low solids concentrations which can be modulated using different pH modifiers. The impact of particle-particle association on the rheological behaviour of two different clays, a swelling 2:1 (bentonite) and a non-swelling 1:1 clay (kaolin) was investigated. Effect of factors such as pH, pH modifiers, and solids concentration on the rheological behaviour was studied using Small Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (SAOS) and shear rheology. For kaolin, the microstructural strength as measured using storage modulus (G′) was reflected directly in the high shear response. However, for bentonite the high shear viscosity evolved non- monotonically as a function of G′ which was connected to its swelling behaviour. Cohesive energy density increased sharply as a function of volume fraction for bentonite compared to kaolin and may provide a basis for the stark contrast in industrial unit operation response of the two clays. The results highlight the importance of using several rheological material functions to understand the true microstructure of clay dispersions.

Thermal decomposition study for effective management of low level radioactive combustible solids

Thermal decomposition study for effective management of low level radioactive combustible solids

The impacts of high salinity and polymer properties on dewatering and structural characteristics of flocculated high-solids tailings

In seeking to better understand the inline flocculation technique for enhanced water recovery from concentrated fine-particle suspensions, polymers of different molecular weight (MW) and chemistry were used to treat a synthetic tailings slurry in a low-shear mixer for continuous flocculation under controlled conditions. The effects of dissolved salts in the slurry and polymer solution make-up water on dewatering performance were evaluated for conventional acrylamide/acrylate copolymers (BASF Magnafloc® products) and an alternative functional chemistry polymer (BASF Rheomax® DR 1050). The properties of the separated liquid and solid phases were examined to understand the impacts of salinity and polymer type on the formation of rapidly dewatering flocculated material. Higher concentrations of NaCl (0.006–0.6 M) and CaCl2 (0.006–0.06 M) salts in the unflocculated slurries formed larger coagulated structures, with focussed beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) showing greater pre-aggregation for the divalent salt. NaCl slurries show edge-to-edge (EE) and edge-to-face (EF) inter-particle associations that are open and easily disrupted while more compact face-to-face (FF) contacts are observed in CaCl2 slurries. For concentrated NaCl slurries, the dosing of medium-to-high MW polymers is generally preferred to maximise net water recovery, with the implication being that bridging mechanisms are still at play in high solids applications. In calcium-enriched slurries, the lower MW conventional copolymer gave comparatively better water returns than the other polymers when applied under low shear conditions, highlighting quite distinct aggregation processes compared to low solids flocculation. These results provide insight on the fundamental complexity of the ionic strength dependence of high solids-high dosage tailings flocculation, towards informing reagent polymer dosing and offering greater flexibility for end-of-pipe dewatering schemes.

Comparison of metabolic kinetics during high and low solids anaerobic digestion of fecal sludge.

High solids anaerobic digestion (HS-AD) is an attractive energy-producing technology; however, high total solids (TS) content may inhibit methanogens due to high volatile fatty acid (VFA) and total ammonia nitrogenconcentrations. The objective of this paper is to quantify rate-limiting metabolic kinetic parameters to determine the influence of TS content during anaerobic digestion of fecal sludge. Two TS content:11% and 17% microcosms were analyzed. Good performance was observed in both systems, with volatile solid(VS) removalgreater than 50%, CH4 yield between 0.44 and 0.56 m3 CH4 /g VS added and cumulative CH4 production between 1.78 and 2.03 m3 CH4 /m3 digester-day. At 11% TS VFA consumption and VS removal had a positive correlation to CH4 production while the 17% TS microcosm had a negative correlation with both. This is the first study to determine the kinetic parameters for hydrolysis, VFA consumption, and methanogenesis during digestion of fecal sludge. These kinetic parameters are necessary in the design and operation of anaerobic digestion systems treating fecal sludge.

Premature death in dogs with nontraumatic hemoabdomen and splenectomy with benign histopathologic findings.

To determine whether premature death occurred among dogs with nonmalignant splenic histopathologic findings after splenectomy for nontraumatic hemoabdomen. 197 dogs with nontraumatic hemoabdomen that underwent splenectomy and histopathologic evaluation between 2005 and 2018. Information was obtained from electronic medical records, dog owners, and referring veterinarians to determine patient characteristics, histopathologic findings, survival information, and cause of death. Dogs were grouped based on histopathological diagnosis and outcome, and median survival times (MSTs) and risk factors for death were determined. Histopathologic findings indicated malignancy in 144 of the 197 (73.1%) dogs with nontraumatic hemoabdomen. Hemangiosarcoma was diagnosed in 126 dogs (87.5% of those with malignancies and 64.0% of all dogs). Nine of 53 (17%) dogs with nonmalignant histopathologic findings had an adverse outcome and premature death, with an MST of 49 days. Risk factors for this outcome included low plasma total solids concentration, an elevated hemangiosarcoma likelihood prediction score, and a medium or high hemangiosarcoma likelihood prediction score category. This study showed that there is a group of dogs with nontraumatic hemoabdomen due to splenic disease that have nonmalignant histopathologic findings after splenectomy, but nonetheless suffer an adverse outcome and die prematurely of a suspected malignancy. Further evaluation of potential at-risk populations may yield detection of otherwise overlooked malignancies.

Impact of different inoculum sources on the performance of membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment: Dynamic membrane versus ultrafiltration membrane

In this study, impact of different inoculum on the performance of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) was investigated for municipal wastewater treatment. Waste sludges from a conventional activated sludge (CAS) system and a high-rate activated sludge (HRAS) system were used as inoculums at Stage-1 and Stage-2, respectively. A commercial ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was tested in parallel with a low-cost polyester hollow fiber support material (dynamic membrane, DM). UF and DM membranes were operated for 67 days at a flux of 8 L/m2·h at each stage. High chemical oxygen demand (COD) and soluble COD (sCOD) removal efficiencies (>86% and >74%, respectively), low mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration (<10 mg/L), and low turbidity values were achieved in permeates at each stage. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content was higher at Stage-1, which caused an increase in sludge resistance to filtration (SRF) and sludge volume index (SVI). Based on morphological analysis, compact dynamic cake layer was formed on the support material at Stage-1, while porous dynamic layer was formed at Stage-2. Thus, DM was operated at lower TMP at Stage-2. Based on the results obtained from the study, sludge from HRAS system showed better performance as inoculum compared to the sludge from CAS system for DM applications.

Improvement of Unstable Flow in a Low Solidity Cascade Diffuser of Centrifugal Compressor by Multi-Objective Optimization

A compressor for turbochargers is commonly required improving efficiency and expanding the operating flow rate range. Though an aerofoil type diffuser shows better pressure recovery than conventional vaneless diffuser, it is difficult to design the aerofoil type diffuser under conditions of wide change of the flow angle. An innovative design of a Low Solidity circular cascade Diffuser (LSD) was proposed for flow range enhancement of cascade diffuser¸ and an interesting function of the LSD is introduced. At small flow rate conditions, low energy fluid near the diffuser side wall spread between the diffuser blade, and low energy fluid moves to the leading edge of the adjacent blade, then low energy fluid merged with main flow and suppress the flow separation. The phenomena spread to circumferential direction, and whole of the LSD blades show high stability for separation under a large angle of attack. In this study, LSD is designed for compressors of turbocharger by using a Genetic Algorithms (GA) with meta-model of an Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The final goal of this study is to optimize the LSD with having secondary flow effect under low flow rate conditions.

Production of Biogas from Kitchen Wastes Generated from the Mess of NIT Agartala

A review has been done on the formulation of mathematical models for designing anaerobic batch reactor for the producing of biogas from solid wastes. Using material balance analysis, the design parameters, especially biokinetic behavior of solid wastes are studied. Hydrolysis constants and reaction orders at both low total solids concentrations and high total solids concentrations were thoroughly reviewed by initial rate method. Population growth model and first order hydrolysis model are also studied. It has been found that if sufficient reaction time is given, in terms of reaction kinetics, the hydrolysis process in kitchen waste fermentation can be described as a first order reaction. An attempt is done by utilizing the biodegradable kitchen waste collected from Aryabhatta hostel, NIT Agartala for generation of biogas and demonstrating the possibilities of energy recovery. A simple anaerobic digester has been fabricated to capture the generated biogas. To produce methane as a clean fuel the use of cow dung as substrate is studied to ferment the kitchen wastes.

Identification of Low TSS Content Jackfruit Genotypes Suitable For Diabetic Patients

The experiment was conducted with the bearing trees of different Jackfruit genotypes at Pudukkottai District of Tamil Nadu during the year 2016–2019. Fifty five jackfruit genotypes viz., KDM-AhJ-01 to KDM-AhJ-55 were selected for the study to identify low total soluble solids(TSS) content Jackfruit genotypes suitable for diabetic patients. Jackfruit trees are cross pollinated and mostly seed propagated. As a result, morphological and agronomical characters of jackfruit showed a distinct range of variation. Among the fifty-five jackfruit germplasms, TSS ranged from 6.00 to 29.00 with mean value of 14.36 (Table 1). Meanwhile the genotype the minimum of (60brix) was found from the germplasm KDMAh-51 followed by the genotypes KDM-Ah-6, KDM-Ah-18, KDM-Ah-20, KDM-Ah-21, KDM-Ah-22, KDM-Ah-24, KDM-Ah-25 and KDM-Ah-26 (7 0brix)was found to be suitable for diabetic patients.

Analysis of the Effect of Fan-Type Inducer Blade Angle on Pump Suction Performance

Industrial centrifugal pumps that require low NPSHR over a wide flow range, such as when pumping liquefied natural gas from storage tanks, are equipped with low solidity fan type inducers. Further improvement of pump suction performance is industrially expected because the lowest liquid level height that can be pumped directly affects the economic efficiency. In this study, several inducers made by a 3D printer were attached to an industrial centrifugal pump and investigated experimentally and using computational fluid dynamics to analyze the effect of the blade angle of the fan-type inducer on pump suction performance. The experimental results showed that the blade angle has no significant effect on the pump performance curve but has a clear influence on the pump suction performance, and CFD was used to investigate the cause of this for a flow rate with φ = 0.099, the design flow coefficient of the attached centrifugal pump. From the calculation results, the vapor volume was visualized and flow blockage due to cavitation in the internal flow path of the pump was analyzed. It was confirmed that the tendency of cavitation generation differs depending on the inducer vane angle even at the same cavitation number. Further analysis of the CFD results revealed that the influence of the swirling flow generated by the inducer on the flow field at the impeller inlet changed the occurrence of cavitation at the impeller inlet, leading to the occurrence of cavitation at the impeller inlet. As a result, the authors considered that there is a clear influence on the breakdown performance of the centrifugal pump.

Development of a Weighted Barite-Free Formate Drilling Mud for Well Construction under Complicated Conditions.

Construction of oil and gas wells at offshore fields often involves high formation pressure and the presence of swellable clay rocks in the section. In addition, productivity preservation is also an important aspect. For this purpose, it is necessary to reduce the solids content of the drilling mud. The purpose of this work is to develop, improve, and study compositions of weighted drilling muds with low content of solids, on the basis of organic salts of alkali metals and polymers for the construction of wells prone to rock swelling and/or cavings, as well as drilling fluids for drilling-in the formation. In order to achieve the set goal the following is required: Analysis of existing drilling muds of higher density for drilling wells in unstable rock intervals and for drilling in the productive formation; analysis of experience in using drilling systems on the formic acid salts base and substantiation of requirements for flushing fluids during well construction; development and investigation of drilling mud compositions on the formate base; and the evaluation of inhibiting effect of systems containing organic salts, polymer reagents, and calcium carbonate on clay samples. The developed drilling mud is characterized by a high inhibiting ability that allows minimized mud-weighting by the natural solid phase. This reduces the volume of prepared mud and facilitates the regulation of its properties by reducing the dispersion of drilled cuttings; it eliminates problems related to hydration and the swelling of active clay rocks; and stabilizes unstable argillites prone to caving. The low solids content, low filtration rates, and inhibitory nature of the mud allows high stability of the rheological properties of the mud, and preserves oil and gas reservoir productivity under conditions of elevated formation pressure.

Anaerobic Dynamic Membrane Bioreactor Development to Facilitate Organic Waste Conversion to Medium-Chain Carboxylic Acids and Their Downstream Recovery

Platform chemicals such as medium-chain carboxylic acids (MCCAs) can be produced from organic waste streams via chain elongation in anaerobic mixed-culture bioreactors. A product recovery system is needed to collect MCCAs from the bioreactor effluent. Membrane-based liquid–liquid extraction, the most commonly used product recovery approach, requires suspended solids removal from the bioreactor effluent to avoid membrane fouling. An anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR) was developed to evaluate MCCA production from brewery and prefermented food waste and to produce a permeate with low suspended solids to facilitate downstream product recovery. The AnDMBR employed an inexpensive stainless-steel mesh as the support material for the development of a biofilm or dynamic membrane, which was responsible for solids–liquid separation. The AnDMBR produced a permeate quality with an average total suspended solids (TSS) concentration of 0.12 g L–1, while the average bioreactor TSS concentration was two orders of magnitude higher (21.6 g L–1). A maximum solids removal efficiency of ≥99% was achieved and good permeate quality was sustained for over 200 days without fouling control or cleaning the support material. In addition to solids–liquid separation, the dynamic membrane was responsible for a substantial fraction of the biological activity of the AnDMBR. The relative activity of Clostridiales, as determined by 16S rRNA sequencing, correlated with MCCA production and was higher in the dynamic membrane (20.0 ± 4.9%) than in the suspended biomass (5.2 ± 2.7%) in the bioreactor. This observation was consistent with MCCA production data as the permeate MCCA concentrations were significantly (p = 8.2 × 10–5) higher than that in the bioreactor, suggesting that the dynamic membrane biofilm contributed to chain elongation.

Experimentally Validated Extension of the Operating Range of an Electrically Driven Turbocharger for Fuel Cell Applications

From an aerodynamic point of view, the electric turbocharger for the air supply of an automotive fuel cell faces difficult requirements: it must not only control the pressure level of the fuel cell, but it also has to operate with very high efficiency over a wide range. This paper explores features for the compressor and the turbine of an existing electric turbocharger, which are intended to meet the specific requirements of a fuel cell in an experimentally validated numerical study. Adjustable diffuser or nozzle vanes in the compressor and turbine achieve wider operating ranges but compromise efficiency, especially because of the necessary gaps between vanes and end walls. For the turbine, there are additional efficiency losses since the pivoting of the nozzle vanes leads to incidence and thus to flow separation at the leading edge of the nozzle vanes and the rotor blades. An increase in the mass flow and a slight efficiency improvement of the turbine with the low solidity nozzle vanes counteracts these losses. For the compressor, a reduction in the diffuser height and its influence over the operating range and power consumption yields an increase in surge margin as well as in maximum efficiency.

Ageing behaviour spanning months of NaMt, hectorite and Laponite gels: Surface forces and microstructure – A comprehensive analysis

Recent “artifact-free” microstructure information enabled the development of a more credible model for explaining the ageing time-dependent rheological behavior of NaMt, hectorite and Laponite gels. These gels displayed pronounced ageing behavior lasting months. The platelet morphology and the localised nature of the negative and positive charges produced the essential forces and interaction configurations to form the time-dependent structure. This structure is composed of nano-sized flexible platelets interacting both attractively to form the network junctions and repulsively to open up the structure. These junctions were formed by heterogeneous charge and van der Waals attractions between the jagged and curled edges, and the face of the interacting platelets. The force that is responsible for the time-dependent behaviour is the EDL repulsive force. This force governs the development of the 3-D network structure and drives it towards a minimum free energy state. This process takes a long time to complete. The resultant microstructure is completely interpenetrated with interconnected nanopores trapping as much as 99% of water in volume. At high ionic strength or 0.3 M KCl, the NaMt or bentonite gels became time independent as the van der Waals force formed the structure. The Leong model described the initial ageing behavior well. For the nanodiscotic Laponite gels, the 3-D structure is formed from sheets instead of primarily disks contradicting prevailing model. With the latest microstructure information, new mechanisms were proposed to account for the high yield stress at low solids, low permeability, intercalation behavior, layer stacking and enlarged dried platelets.

Formulation and Study of an Environmentally Friendly Microemulsion-Based Drilling Fluid (O/W) with Pine Oil

This work has developed and evaluated a microemulsion-based drilling fluid formulation with characteristics to be applied in oil wells. The microemulsion was formulated with a solution of water/glycerol, pine oil, and Tween 80, a nonionic and biodegradable surfactant. The physical and chemical properties of the drilling fluid obtained in this work were investigated through rheology and filtration analysis, solids content, aging, lubricity, toxicity, and thermal degradation. A non-toxic microemulsion-based drilling fluid oil-in-water (O/W) with high lubricity (0.07638) and thermal stability was obtained with suitable viscosity, gel strength and low fluid loss (4.0 mL), low solids content (6%), stability in a wide range of salinity conditions, and the possibility of high water content (above 85% in mass fraction). The fluid presented a pseudoplastic behavior, and statistically significant Herschel–Bulkley parameters were obtained.