Low Parental Socioeconomic Status Research Articles

Protocol for a Systematic Review: Targeted School‐Based Interventions for Improving Reading and Mathematics for Students With or At‐Risk of Academic Difficulties in Grade 7 to 12: A Systematic Review

Protocol for a Systematic Review: Targeted School‐Based Interventions for Improving Reading and Mathematics for Students With or At‐Risk of Academic Difficulties in Grade 7 to 12: A Systematic Review

Prevalence, correlates, and associated psychological problems of substance use in Korean adolescents.

BackgroundSubstance use among Korean adolescents has been increasing, but little is known about the correlates of substance use in this population. Identification of the correlates is required for development of preventive approaches that aim to reduce or eliminate risk. Therefore, we examined the prevalence and correlates of substance use including psychological problems in a nationwide sample of Korean adolescents.MethodsData from the 2014 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey, collected from 72,060 adolescents aged 12–18 years (mean age 14.94 ± 1.75 years), were analyzed. Participants’ lifetime experiences with substances (alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs) were assessed. Participants’ perceived stress, depressive mood, and suicidality during the previous 12 months were also investigated.ResultsThe lifetime prevalence estimates of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use were 43.0, 19.9, and 0.4 % of the participants, respectively. The most commonly used illicit drugs were inhalants. Older age, male gender, non-residence with family, low parental educational level and socio-economic status, and low academic achievement were positively and significantly associated with substance use. Substance (alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug) use was positively and significantly associated with severe stress, depressive mood, and suicidality during the previous 12 months, with the highest odds ratios obtained from illicit drug use.ConclusionsThese results indicate that the use of substances (alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs) among Korean adolescents is associated with socially disadvantaged families, psychological problems, and risky behavior. Health education including dependency prevention programs is needed for these high-risk groups.

Sociodemographic and Clinical Determinants of Time to Care-Seeking Among Febrile Children Under-Five in North-Central Nigeria.

Our study sought to determine the time parents of febrile children under the age of five took to seek competent medical care. We also looked at the possible sociodemographic/ clinical factors that influenced this presentation. Four hundred and nine under-fives presenting at the emergency unit with a history of fever in the last 48 hours along with their mothers were recruited over four months. Relevant sociodemographic information as well as symptoms and duration of illness were obtained. Multinomial regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors of early and late presentation. Over half (57%) of patients presented within 24 hours of onset of fever. The mean age of the children and mothers were 22±15 months and 30±5 years, respectively. High social class (odds ratio (OR) 6.5, 95% CI 1.6-26.4), Hausa ethnic group (OR 19.3, 95% CI 5.7-65.6), convulsions (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.6-6.5) and appearance of other symptoms (OR 6.0, 95% CI 3.0-12.0) were significant predictors of early presentation. Secondary school education, belonging to another ethnic group, and non-resolution of fever were significant predictors of late presentation. The majority of febrile under-fives came to the hospital to seek competent medical care within the first 24 hours of illness. However, there is a need for more parental education on early hospital presentation for parents of low socioeconomic status and educational background.

Sınıf Öğretmeni Adaylarının Gelecekteki Mesleki Yeterliklerine Yönelik Görüşleri

Bir toplumun gelecegini yonlendiren en onemli mesleklerden biri ogretmenliktir. Ozel bir ihtisas meslegi olan ogretmenligin icra edilebilmesi icin bir takim yeterliliklere sahip olunmasi gerekir. Bu yeterlikleri MEB; kisisel ve mesleki gelisim, ogrenciyi tanima, ogretme ve ogrenme sureci, izleme ve degerlendirme, okul-aile ve toplum iliskileri, program ve icerik bilgisi basliklari altinda toplamistir. Bu arastirmanin amaci, ogretmen adaylarinin ogretmen yeterliklerine yonelik kuvvetli ve eksik yanlari ile firsat ve engel durumlarina yonelik goruslerini tespit etmektir. Arastirmada iliski aramayan tarama modelinden yararlanilmistir. Arastirma 4. sinifa devam eden 47 sinif ogretmeni adayi ile gerceklestirilmistir. Veriler 20 acik uclu sorudan olusan Ogretmen Adayi Mesleki Yeterlikleri Gorus Anketi ile toplanmistir. Verilerin cozumlenmesinde icerik analizi yontemi kullanilmis ve ilgili tema ve alt temalara yonelik kodlar olusturulmustur. En sik tekrarlanan kodlar ise kuvvetli yon alt temasinda ogrenci gelisim ozelliklerini ve bireysel farkliliklarini dikkate alma, eksik yon alt temasinda ogretim programlarini uygulama, firsat alt temasinda teknolojik imkânlar, engel alt temasinda ise bilincsiz ve sosyo ekonomik duzeyi dusuk veli olarak belirlenmistir.

Parental socioeconomic status and prognosis in individuals with ultra-high risk for psychosis: A 2-year follow-up study

A possible relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and the development of mental illness has been continuously suggested. Still, less clear is whether the SES has a direct effect on the development of schizophrenia. In this longitudinal study, we test the hypothesis that parental SES is associated with the prognosis of individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis. One hundred and sixteen individuals who were determined as UHR using a Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS) were classified into three groups based on the parental SES levels assessed by the Hollingshead–Redlich scale. There were no differences in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) at baseline. However, at the 1-year follow-up, the higher versus lower SES group showed significant differences in clinical measures including SAPS, SANS, PANSS positive and negative scales as well as BPRS scores. Most of these clinical differences were attenuated by the second year of follow-up with no sign of an increased rate of conversion to psychosis derived from a socioeconomically disadvantaged status. However, SAPS and PANSS positive scale still revealed sub-threshold positive symptoms within the low SES group at the 2-year follow-up. Moreover, especially for the subjects who continued the follow-ups for 1year and/or 2years, the changes of clinical symptoms between the baseline and follow-ups showed that there were significant symptom changes in higher and middle SES groups within the 1-year period already, but the lower SES group showed significant recovery at the second year. Our findings suggest that low parental SES can be detrimental to the prognosis phase of individuals at UHR. Limited supportive socioeconomic resources may slow the rate of symptom recovery in UHR subjects.

Low grandparental social support combined with low parental socioeconomic status is closely associated with obesity in preschool-aged children: a pilot study.

While the influence of parental socioeconomic status (SES) on children's weight status is well known, the impact of other family-related aspects such as parental and grandparental social support is less understood. This study investigates the importance of parents' SES and social support (functional and structural) for weight status in a clinical sample of preschoolers 4-6 years old with obesity (n = 39, 56% girls; 73% of parents were overweight/obese, 50% were of non-Swedish origin). Linear regression analyses, simple and multiple, were performed on SES and social support with child BMI SDS (body mass index standard deviation score) as the dependent variable. The results show that parents' income and low emotional support from paternal grandparents were significantly associated with more severe obesity. The association between parental income and the child's BMI SDS was stronger among parents who had low emotional support from their own parents. In conclusion, grandparental social support may be protective against childhood obesity.

Child's verbal ability and gender are associated with age at diagnosis in a sample of young children with ASD in Europe.

Autism spectrum disorder can in some cases be reliably diagnosed by age 2 years, but in community settings, the mean age at diagnosis is often considerably higher. Later diagnosis has been found to be associated with lower symptom severity, lower parental socioeconomic status and fewer parental concerns. Gender differences in age at diagnosis have been examined, with mixed evidence. We examined the association of child's verbal ability and gender, and parental education, with age at diagnosis in a large sample of young children with autism spectrum disorder in 18 European countries (n = 1410). There was considerable variation in age at diagnosis across countries. Children with better communication skills were diagnosed significantly later than non-verbal and minimally verbal children. There was also a significant interaction of gender with verbal ability on age at diagnosis, in that female children with complex phrase speech were diagnosed later than male children with the same level of verbal ability. Our findings highlight the need to implement public awareness initiatives and training for professionals to promote early detection and, consequently, early intervention for autism spectrum disorder in Europe.

Quality versus quantity: The role of socioeconomic status on parent-reported service knowledge, service use, unmet service needs, and barriers to service use.

Research within the autism spectrum disorder field has emphasized the role of socioeconomic status in shaping parents' ability to access services for their child with autism spectrum disorder. However, research has yet to explore the possible mechanisms underlying this relationship. This study sought to address this research gap by examining the following questions: (1) Does parents' service knowledge mediate the relationship between parent socioeconomic status and parents' autism spectrum disorder service use? (2) What are parents' reported service needs and service barriers, and do these needs vary across higher and lower socioeconomic status groups? Quantitative results from 244 parents of a child with autism spectrum disorder indicate that parents' autism spectrum disorder service knowledge partially mediates the relationship between parent socioeconomic status and parents' autism spectrum disorder service use. Qualitative findings helped to clarify this relationship by suggesting that both high and low socioeconomic status parents are aware of their child's basic autism spectrum disorder needs. However, low socioeconomic status parents more often report needing more information about services and more in-home services and emphasize that a number of structural barriers impede their ability to meet their child's autism spectrum disorder needs. On the other hand, high socioeconomic status parents more often report a need for "higher quality services," possibly reflecting their better recognition of best practice guidelines. These results highlight the need for a multi-pronged approach to tackling unmet service needs within the autism spectrum disorder field.

Evaluation of a tobacco prevention programme among teenagers in Sweden

ObjectiveTo study the prevalence of tobacco use among teenagers, to evaluate a tobacco prevention programme and to study factors related to participation in the prevention programme.Design and settingPopulation-based prospective cohort...

The experience of demanding work environments in younger workers.

Investigating whether certain individual or background characteristics are associated with an increased risk of experiencing an excessively demanding work environment in younger workers may help to reduce future inequality in health and maximize their labour market participation. To describe the work environment of Danish 20- to 21-year olds and to investigate the influence of family socioeconomic background and individual characteristics at age 14-15 on later experience of physical and psychosocial work environments. We obtained information on subjects' school performance, vulnerability, health and parental socioeconomic status from registers and a questionnaire completed in 2004. A questionnaire concerning eight measures of subjects' psychosocial and physical work environment in 2010 was used to determine the outcomes of interest. The study population consisted of 679 younger workers aged 20-21. The psychosocial work environment was in general good but younger workers experienced more demanding physical work than the general working population. Overall, individual as well as family factors had a limited impact on their assessment of the work environment. Low self-esteem at age 14-15 was associated with experiencing high demands and lack of trust and fairness at work, whereas low parental socioeconomic status was associated with a demanding physical work environment. This study showed a social gradient in experiencing a demanding physical work environment at age 20-21. The psychosocial work environment experienced by younger workers was generally good, but vulnerable young people may need special attention to protect them from or prepare them for psychosocially demanding jobs later in life.

Long-term outcome of abusive head trauma.

Abusive head trauma is a severe inflicted traumatic brain injury, occurring under the age of 2 years, defined by an acute brain injury (mostly subdural or subarachnoidal haemorrhage), where no history or no compatible history with the clinical presentation is given. The mortality rate is estimated at 20-25% and outcome is extremely poor. High rates of impairments are reported in a number of domains, such as delayed psychomotor development; motor deficits (spastic hemiplegia or quadriplegia in 15-64%); epilepsy, often intractable (11-32%); microcephaly with corticosubcortical atrophy (61-100%); visual impairment (18-48%); language disorders (37-64%), and cognitive, behavioral and sleep disorders, including intellectual deficits, agitation, aggression, tantrums, attention deficits, memory, inhibition or initiation deficits (23-59%). Those combined deficits have obvious consequences on academic achievement, with high rates of special education in the long term. Factors associated with worse outcome include demographic factors (lower parental socioeconomic status), initial severe presentation (e.g., presence of a coma, seizures, extent of retinal hemorrhages, presence of an associated cranial fracture, extent of brain lesions, cerebral oedema and atrophy). Given the high risk of severe outcome, long-term comprehensive follow-up should be systematically performed to monitor development, detect any problem and implement timely adequate rehabilitation interventions, special education and/or support when necessary. Interventions should focus on children as well as families, providing help in dealing with the child's impairment and support with psychosocial issues. Unfortunately, follow-up of children with abusive head trauma has repeatedly been reported to be challenging, with very high attrition rates.

Adding insult to injury: Childhood and adolescent risk factors for psychosis predict lower fractional anisotropy in the superior longitudinal fasciculus in healthy adults

Although epidemiological studies provide strong support for demographic and environmental risk factors in psychotic disorders, few data examine how these risk factors relate to the putative aberrant neurodevelopment associated with illness. The present study examined how the accumulation of risk factors including low IQ, low parental socioeconomic status (SES), history of adolescent cannabis use and childhood trauma, and high levels of subclinical psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) contributed to aberrant neurodevelopmental outcomes in 112 otherwise healthy adults recruited from the community. Participants were studied with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and voxel-wise statistical analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA) using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was used to examine the relation between cumulative risk (CR) for psychosis and white matter (WM) integrity across the whole brain. Analyses revealed that higher CR was significantly associated with lower FA in a cluster in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). These results suggest that risk factors previously associated with psychotic disorders are associated with WM integrity even in otherwise healthy adults and may provide insight into how previously identified risk factors contribute to the structural brain abnormalities associated with psychotic illness. Prospective longitudinal studies examining the effect of risk factors on the developmental trajectory of brain WM are warranted.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Motor Developmental Delays in 3- to 6-Year-Old Preschool Children in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania

School entry examinations in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania show a high prevalence of motor developmental delays (13.7%). In this study possible risk factors (RF) were analysed. The study was performed as a cluster-randomised, controlled study in 12 preschools in M-V. The "Dortmund Developmental Screening for Preschools DESK 3-6" was used to detect developmental risks. Parents received a standardised questionnaire. RF were analysed in binary logistic regressions for fine (FM) and gross motor (GM) skills. N=599 children were included in the analysis. RF for FM and GM are irregular utilisation of preschools (FM: OR: 2.63; p=0.009; 95% CI: 1.27-5.45; GM: OR: 2.56; p=0.021; 95% CI: 1.15-5.68) and male sex (FM: OR: 2.97; p<0.001; 95% CI: 1.93-4.57; GM: OR: 1.87; p=0.016; 95% CI: 1.12-3.10). A low parental socioeconomic status is an RF for the development of GM (OR: 3.10; p=0.036; 95% CI: 1.08-8.95). An age-adequate development of FM is a protective factor for GM development (OR: 0.17; p<0.001; 95% CI: 0.10-0.29). Regular preschool attendance is beneficial for motor development. RESULTS confirm the adequacy of the setting preschool for interventions.

0171 Do family and individual characteristics affect the experience of physical and psychosocial work environment in Danish 20/21 year olds?

ObjectivesTo describe the work environment of Danish 20/21 year olds and to investigate the influence of family socioeconomic background or individual characteristics at age 14/15 on later experience of physical...

Parental Social Status and Intrasexual Competitiveness among Adolescents

A study among 1,881 adolescents (52.3% girls) with a mean age of 19.1 years examined the effects of parental social status upon intrasexual competitiveness. Whereas females were consistently more intrasexually competitive the higher the socio-economic status of their parents, males with parents of the lowest socio-economic status tended to be more intrasexually competitive than those with parents of medium socio-economic status, and nearly as intrasexually competitive as those with parents of high socio-economic status. Only among adolescents with parents of low socio-economic status were males more intrasexually competitive than females. Among males and females, higher levels of intrasexual competitiveness were related to a higher family income, to a higher occupational status of the father as well as of the mother, and to a higher educational level of the mother. Only among females were higher levels of intrasexual competitiveness associated with a higher educational level of the father. Males whose fathers had only elementary education had a relatively high level of intrasexual competitiveness. The results are discussed in the context of the multifaceted nature of human status, and the potential relevance of intrasexual competitiveness for individuals of high versus low social status.

The family–school interaction: school composition and parental educational expectations in the United States

Research has shown that intersections among families, schools and communities affect children's development, but there is still much unknown about how these contexts are linked and how they jointly influence children's education. This study explores one aspect of the overlapping influence of schools and families on children's education: the relationship between parental education expectations and school composition. Extending findings from literature on how parent expectations differ across social groups and studies showing school compositional effects on student outcomes suggests that schools may affect parents' attitudes and beliefs. Using US nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten (ECLS‐K), multilevel models show an independent, positive relationship between parental educational expectations of eighth grade children and the percentage of nonwhite students in the child's school, a surprising result given the lower average achievement levels of US schools with higher percentages of nonwhite students. This finding persists beyond controls for a variety of family, child and school factors, including baseline expectations from fifth grade. The results also show that parents of low socioeconomic status (SES) have higher expectations in schools with greater percentages of minority students, but higher SES parents are largely unaffected by school composition. Although the study cannot rule out the possible influence of unobservables, it cautiously interprets a causal effect of US schools on parent expectations. The study therefore concludes that school influence may extend beyond the child to family processes and that school composition is an important but overlooked factor related to educational expectations.

Connaissances et comportements des adolescents en matière de sexualité, infections sexuellement transmissibles et vaccination contre le papillomavirus humain : résultats d’une enquête transversale dans un lycée

Teenager sexuality is a public health issue. In teenagers attending a high school, we assessed their knowledge and behavior on sexuality, infectious transmitted diseases, human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination, and cervical cancer. Then in girls, we estimated the anti-HPV vaccination coverage and focused on factors associated with poor knowledge of these topics.This was a knowledge, attitudes, and practices cross-sectional study conducted at the beginning of the 2010-2011 school year in the Saint-Cyr military high school, using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire.Among 669 adolescents (M/F sex-ratio, 2.3; mean age, 17 years [IC 95%, 15-20]), 40% had already had sex and 92% had used contraception. Boys and girls had a poor level of knowledge on infectious transmitted diseases. Regarding knowledge on HPV and cervical cancer, a better level was significantly associated with female gender (P=10(-4)). In multivariate analysis, male gender, age under 18 years, lack of dialogue with parents on these subjects, low socioeconomic status of parents, and absence of health education were significantly associated with poor knowledge on these topics.These data should help healthcare providers better target access and content of sexual health education training.

Childhood family factors predict developmental trajectories of hostility and anger: a prospective study from childhood into middle adulthood

Low socio-economic status (SES), and a conflictive, cold and unsupportive family environment in childhood have been associated with early adulthood hostility. However, it is unknown whether this association changes in magnitude with age from childhood to adulthood. We investigated whether childhood family factors (SES and parental child-rearing style) predicted differential development of offspring hostility and anger from early to middle adulthood. Between 2041 and 2316 participants (age range 3-18 years at baseline) were selected from the longitudinal Young Finns study. The participants were followed for 27 years between 1980 and 2007. Childhood SES and parent's self-reported child-rearing style were measured twice: at baseline and 3 years after baseline. Hostility and anger were assessed with self-report questionnaires at 12, 17, 21 and 27 years after baseline. Low parental SES and hostile child-rearing style at baseline predicted higher mean levels of offspring anger and hostility. Low parental SES and one of the hostile child-rearing style components (strict disciplinary style) became more strongly associated with offspring hostility with age, suggesting an accumulating effect. Childhood family factors predict the development of hostility and anger over 27 years and some of these family factors have a long-term accumulating effect on the development of hostility.

Determinants in adolescence for adult sickness absence in women and men: a 26-year follow-up of a prospective population based cohort (Northern Swedish cohort).

BackgroundTo date little is known regarding how factors measured in adolescence predict sickness absence in adulthood, and whether different patterns of factors exist for women and men that could contribute to an explanation of adult gender differences in sickness absence.MethodsAll pupils in the last year of compulsory school in the municipality of Luleå with complete information from surveys (questionnaires) in 1981 and 1983 (compulsory and upper-secondary schooling; 16 and 18 years of age, N=719) were followed with register data on medically certified sickness absence (1993–2007). Generalised linear models were applied to calculate Risk Ratios with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) comparing annual mean numbers of sickness absence spells in exposed versus unexposed groups.ResultsIn the multivariate model, the following factors were found to be predictive of future sickness absence in women: participating in an upper secondary school program in 1983 dominated by women (> 60%): 1.41 (95% CI 1.00 – 1.97); sometimes sickness absence from school in 1981: 1.60 (95% CI 1.18 – 2.17) and low parental socioeconomic status in 1981: 2.20 (95% CI 1.44 – 3.38). In men, low school grades in 1981: 4.36 (95% CI 2.06 – 9.22) and fathers not in gainful employment in 1981: 2.36 (95% CI 1.53 – 3.66) were predictive.ConclusionThe findings suggest that sickness absence in adulthood is predicted by factors measured in adolescence. These predictors may differ for women and men. For women, early life absence and social environmental factors, for men low achievements at school and lack of employment of their father seem to be predictive.

Use of Active Ingredient Information for Low Socioeconomic Status Parents' Decision-Making Regarding Cough and Cold Medications: Role of Health Literacy

ObjectiveParent administration of multiple medications with overlapping active ingredients places children at risk for overdose. We sought to examine how parents use active ingredient information as part of the process of selecting a cough/cold medication for their child and how health literacy plays a role. MethodsExperimental study of parents of children presenting for care in an urban public hospital pediatric clinic. Parents were asked to determine which of 3 cough/cold medications could be given to relieve a child's cold symptoms, as part of a scenario in which they had already given a dose of acetaminophen; only 1 did not contain acetaminophen. Primary dependent variable: correct selection of cough/cold medication by using active ingredient as the rationale for choice. Primary independent variable: parent health literacy (Newest Vital Sign test). ResultsOf 297 parents, 79.2% had low health literacy (Newest Vital Sign score 0–3); 35.4% correctly chose the cough/cold medication that did not contain acetaminophen. The proportion of those who made the correct choice was no different than expected from chance alone (Goodness of fit test; χ2 = 2.1, P = .3). Only 7.7% chose the correct medication and used active ingredient as the rationale. Those with adequate literacy skills were more likely to have selected the correct medication and rationale (25.8% vs 3.0% (P = .001); adjusted odds ratio 11.1 (95% confidence interval 3.6–33.7), after we adjusted for sociodemographics, including English proficiency and education. ConclusionsMany parents, especially those with low health literacy, do not use active ingredient information as part of decision-making related to administering multiple medications.