Low Sanitation Research Articles

Detection of Bacteria Salmonella sp on Rass Chicken Eggs Which Is Sold In Pasar Sayur Magetan District

Eggs are poultry products that cannot be separated from contamination Salmonella found in the reproductive organs, as well as the digestive organs of the large intestine which can produce eggs that contain Salmonella. Traditional markets are places where consumers can get chicken eggs with very low hygiene and sanitation aspects. Habits of today's society that often consumes raw or undercooked eggs can trigger Salmonellosis. To provide an overview of the conditions for handling eggs in traditional markets, especially the Magetan Vegetable Market, and identify the presence of Salmonella sp. in eggs sold in traditional markets, namely Magetan Regency Vegetable Market. Sampling of 15 eggs from 3 different stores from one market, then separated the yolk to be used as a sample. After that proceed withselection pre-enrichment, selective enrrichment, isolation, and identification. The handling of eggs in the Magetan Regency Market was quite good in its storage period and purebred eggs sold in the Magetan Regency Market were negatively contaminated with Salmonella sp. Broiler chicken eggs sold in Magetan Vegetable Market are safe to consume because they are in accordance with SNI 7388: 2009, which is negative / 25 g from Salmonella sp.

Is Hepatitis E Virus a Neglected or Emerging Pathogen in Egypt?

Though Egypt ranks among the top countries for viral hepatitis and death-related liver disease, Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a neglected pathogen. Living in villages and rural communities with low sanitation, use of underground well water and contact with animals are the main risk factors for HEV infection. Domestic animals, especially ruminants and their edible products, are one source of infection. Contamination of water by either human or animal stools is the main route of infection. In addition, HEV either alone or in coinfection with other hepatotropic viruses has been recorded in Egyptian blood donors. HEV seropositivity among Egyptian villagers was 60-80%, especially in the first decade of life. Though HEV seropositivity is the highest among Egyptians, HEV infection is not routinely diagnosed in Egyptian hospitals. The initial manifestations of HEV among Egyptians is a subclinical infection, although progression to fulminant hepatic failure has been recorded. With the improvement in serological and molecular approaches and increasing research on HEV, it is becoming clear that HEV represents a threat for Egyptians and preventive measures should be considered to reduce the infection rate and possible complications.

PENDAMPINGAN LITERASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PENANGANAN STUNTING DAN WASTING DI DESA BESUK KECAMATAN KLABANG KABUPATEN BONDOWOSO

Lack of nutritional intake in pregnant women can result in low birth weight babies (LBW) and had an impact on malnutrition in toddlers. The problem lies in inadequate food intake, high poverty rates, low environmental sanitation, lack of food availability, poor parenting, and suboptimal health services which were the causes of inhibiting growth and development of infants and toddlers that are not in accordance with their age or called stunting. (short) and wasting (thin). This assistance involved the Besuk community, Bondowoso Regency, focusing on nutritional improvement-oriented counseling, as an effort to improve nutritional quality and bridge the understanding of parents in better parenting so as to reduce the risk of stunting and wasting. The lecture, discussion, question and answer method, practice and Problem Based Learning (PBL) models are applied as a step to invite active-creative foster partners to be innovative in handling foster babies, so that they have the competence and performance to face actual problems and or the reality of handling nutrition, infants, and children. pregnant women who are oriented towards parenting in a healthy environment. The results of the implementation of the service as a whole went smoothly and got a good response, so that the final achievement was that 12 foster caretakers (88.2%) understood the essentials of stunting and wasting, the remaining 11.75 needed guidance.

EFFECTS OF IMPROVING SANITATION THROUGH COMMUNITY LED SANITATION APPROACH IN PREVENTING DISEASES IN RURAL COMMUNITIES

In recent years there has been heightened adoption of CLTS approach to improve community sanitation in order to prevent or reduce diseases. This review article examines the effects of uplifting sanitation by way of community led sanitation (CLTS) methodology in addressing prevention and reduction of sanitation and hygiene related diseases in rural communities, especially in developing countries. Systematic review was performed by searching existing literature. Several articles were retrieved for this purpose. Most articles reviewed reported aspects of prevention and reduction of sanitation related diseases by improving sanitation through implementation of CLTS implying that it’s an effective approach. Further research is needed to compare effects of improving sanitation using other approaches or technologies in preventing or reducing diseases associated with low or poor sanitation. This will contribute to identifying cost-effective approaches for delivery of essential package of sanitation for promoting health and preventing diseases.

Water and nutrient recovery from stored urine by forward osmosis with an ammonium bicarbonate draw solution

Forward osmosis with an ammonium bicarbonate draw solution was investigated as a low energy non-sewered sanitation solution, to recover nutrients and water from source separated urine. Stored urine collected from Urine Diversion Dry Toilets in the eThekwini Municipality (Durban), South Africa was used as the feed solution. Water recoveries of up to 45.9% with water fluxes up to 6.0 L m−2 h−1 were achieved using undiluted stored urine over an 8-h operating period with a 2.5 M draw solution. Rejections of up to 95% for phosphates, 85% for nitrogen and chlorides, and 75% for potassium and sodium were achieved. Low fouling of the membrane was observed after multiple runs and cleaning the membrane by circulation of deionized water or by osmotic backwash was sufficient to recover >95% of the original water flux. Little irreversible fouling was detected, assumed to be caused by carbonate calcium scaling from SEM-EDX analysis. This study suggests that forward osmosis with an ammonium bicarbonate solution could be integrated as a closed loop nutrient recycling technology for source separated urine with the prospect of clean water and draw solution recovery that could use waste heat from, for example, fecal sludge combustion.

Impact of a health educational interventional program on reducing the head lice infestation among pupils in an elementary school of a sub-tropical region: a quasi-experimental study

BackgroundPediculosis is an important social challenge that can be caused by human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis. This infestation is cosmopolitan, especially in countries with low hygiene and sanitation. Regular health education classes for students and their parents are required to reduce this infestation in schools and families. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a health education intervention program on reducing head lice among pupils of an elementary school.MethodsIn a quasi-experimental study, a total of 880 elementary school girls were screened for pediculosis in (2017–2018). The prevalence of pediculosis follow-up continued monthly until the end of the school year after a two months educational intervention course. Visual inspection was applied for initial diagnosis of infection. The suspected cases were confirmed by wood lamp and potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopic examination. Also eight questions about diagnostic, epidemiology, treatment and prevention were answered in a questionnaire by 50 volunteer parents before and after the training intervention course, to evaluate their general knowledge and measure the effectiveness of learning. All data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software (version 20.0, SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). McNemar’s test was also applied to investigate the prevalence rate before and after the intervention. A p -value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultsAt the beginning of study, pre-intervention prevalence of pediculosis among pupils was 8.4% (49/594). The mean age in all pupils was 9.86 ± 1.83 years old and the most infestation was shown in fourth-grade students with 10 years old. Analysis of statistics demonstrated a significant difference between having infestation and the number of members in the families. Post-intervention phase led to a decreased prevalence of pediculosis in pupils to 3% (8/594) (p-value < 0.05). Based on statistical analysis of questions before and after the training in the questionnaire, a significant increase of parental knowledge was observed on the prevention program of pediculosis (p-value < 0.001).ConclusionThe prevalence of pediculosis was significantly reduced following the educational interventions in the school. The applied interventions may be implemented in other residual centers to get rid of this important infestation.

Comparative assessment of water quality indices-a case study to evaluate water quality for drinking water supply and irrigation in Northern Mexico.

Water quality indices (WQIs) are numerical measures used by researchers and water managers to communicate water quality status to the public. This study analyzes the official databases from the CONAGUA monitoring network of the main tributary rivers in the middle basin of the San Pedro-Mezquital River in Durango, Mexico, for a 6-year period (2013-2018). We applied three WQIs to 432 data (18 sampling sites, four samples per year, 6years): Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) WQI, National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) WQI, and Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology (SEDUE) WQI. The Canadian index proved to be a flexible, appropriate, and rigorous methodology for assessing water quality based on its use. Results classify the water quality in the studied reservoirs as good, while river water was rated for public use, as marginal to very poor. No statistical significant differences in the quality of water between the rainy (June-October) and dry (November-May) seasons were found. However, tendency shows that in the rainy season the water quality was lower, mainly attributed to agricultural runoffs and bank erosion. The main contamination problem was the presence of fecal coliforms in high concentrations, which is associated to the high population density in the area, low sanitation efficiency, and multiple non-point discharges.

Upaya Pencegahan dan Penularan Scabies di Pondok Pesantren Ibrohimiyyah Demak melalui Edukasi Personal Hyegiene pada Santri

Ibrohimiyyah Islamic Boarding School (“Ponpes”) is located in Brumbung RT 05 RW 04 Mranggen Demak. The density of occupancy in each room at the Ponpes causes low personal hygiene and environmental sanitation at the place. Our community service activity (Pengabdian masyrakat/PkM) was aimed to solve the problem of (1)The lack of understanding of the students (“stantri”) about the importance of personal hygiene in preventing many diseases, especially the transmission of scabies, (2) The lack of knowledge of Ponpes administrators and santri about scabies and how to prevent transmission, (3) The number of students who currently suffer from scabies and have not been handled properly who can resulting in the transmission of this disease in the cottage environment so that it affects the rest time and productivity of students. Our PkM provided health education through counseling about scabies disease, its causes, ways to prevent transmission and how to treat wounds caused by scabies to santri and Ponpes administrators. Examination of the severity of scabies was done to determine the scabies. To prevent the spreading of the disease to others, the santri with scabies was also treated by topical scabicide, namely Permethrin cream 5% or ointment 2-4, or oral Ivermectin. Education, examination and treatment of scabies in santri was useful for increasing santri' knowledge so that they are able to understand personal hygiene in preventing many diseases, especially the transmission of scabies. Santri are able to understand about scabies and how to prevent its transmission.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Improvement of Open Defecation Free (ODF) behavior in Communities in Kerta Timur Village, Dasuk District, Sumenep Regency

Various problems experienced by the community related to not maintaining environmental hygiene, basically related to low hygiene and sanitation of water used for daily needs, human waste/feces, waste water, garbage, and public places.. The purpose of this study is to analyzethe influence of attitude, support from health workers and social support on increasing Open Defecation Free (ODF) behavior in the community in Kerta Timur Village, Dasuk District, Sumenep Regency. The design of this research is an observational quantitative research with a cross sectional approach with the focus of the research being directed at analyzingthe influence of attitude, support from health workers and social support to increase Open Defecation Free (ODF) behavior in the community in Kerta Timur Village, Dasuk District, Sumenep Regency. The total population is 173 respondents and a sample of 121 respondents is taken by using Simple Random Sampling technique. In the study, it was found that almost half of the respondents had a sufficient category attitude as many as 55 respondents (45%). Almost half of the respondents have sufficient support from officers in the category of 43 respondents (36%). Almost half of the respondents have social support in the sufficient category as many as 52 respondents (43%). Most of the respondents have behavior in the sufficient category as many as 51 respondents (42%).Based on the results of Multiple Linear Regression analysis shows that with a p-value of 0.000 &lt;0.05 then H1 is accepted so it can be concluded that simultaneously there is the influence of attitude, support from officers and social support to increase Open Defecation Free (ODF) behavior in the community in Kerta Timur Village, Dasuk District, Sumensep Regency with an influence magnitude of 89.1%. Respondents are expected to defecate in latrines in order to minimize disease transmission due to fecal contamination. To create a clean and healthy environment from all kinds of dirt and disease.

Development of a multidimensional housing and environmental quality index (HEQI): application to the American Housing Survey

BackgroundSubstandard housing conditions and hazardous indoor environmental exposures contribute to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Housing indices that capture the multiple dimensions of healthy housing are important for tracking conditions and identifying vulnerable households. However, most indices focus on physical deficiencies and repair costs and omit indoor environmental exposures, as few national data sources routinely collect this information.MethodsWe developed a multidimensional Housing and Environmental Quality Index (HEQI) based on the World Health Organization’s Housing and Health Guidelines and applied it to the 2019 American Housing Survey (AHS). The HEQI consisted of ten domains associated with poor health: household fuel combustion, dampness and mold, pests and allergens, lead paint risk, high indoor temperatures, low indoor temperatures, household crowding, injury hazards, inadequate water and sanitation, and ventilation. We evaluated the validity and performance of the HEQI against three housing characteristics (i.e., year built, monthly rent costs, unit satisfaction rating) and two established indices (i.e., Adequacy Index, Poor Quality Index).ResultsApproximately 79% (92 million) of U.S. households reported at least one HEQI domain associated with poor health (mean per household: 1.3; range: 0,8). Prevalent domains included household fuel combustion (61.4%), dampness and mold (15.9%), inadequate water and sanitation (14.3%), and injury hazards (11.9%). Pests and allergens, low indoor temperatures, and injury hazards were consistently associated with older homes, lower rent costs, and lower unit satisfaction. Compared to established housing indices, the HEQI captured four new environmental domains which enabled the identification of 57.7 million (63%) more households with environmental risk factors like mold, cockroaches, crowding, household fuel combustion, and higher building leakage.ConclusionsIndoor environmental exposures are prevalent in U.S. households and not well-captured by existing housing indices. The HEQI is a multidimensional tool that can be used to monitor indoor environmental exposures and housing quality trends in the U.S. Some domains, including radon, pesticides, asbestos, noise, and housing accessibility could not be assessed due to the lack of available data in the AHS. The mounting evidence linking residential environmental exposures with adverse health outcomes underscore the need for this data in the AHS and other national surveys.

Demystifying use of septic tanks for waste water treatment in developing countries

The narrative that septic tanks are agents of ground water pollution, has contributed to the false negative responses that are experienced any time an installation of these tanks is undertaken. To demystify this narrative, it was imperative to explore different perspectives from social-cultural environment to technological one. The study used qualitative multiple case study approach, to review available published literature, surveys and experimental studies on septic tanks. To resolve the challenge of low sanitation coverage that may risk achievement of SDG 6.2, focus should shift from conventional centralised systems to onsite in this case septic tanks. Within the context of septic tanks, dome shaped digesters should be preferred because of structural integrity when tested for deformations, bending moments and shear forces under different combinations of loads. The social perspectives of pollution, caused by septic tanks, should not stand if baseline data on variables such as space, soil formation and strength of material are conducted. To avoid environmental contamination, areas designated for septic tanks should be delineated as such. An inventory of all septic tanks should be kept. Consultants and developers involved in selection of waste water treatment options, should avoid false negative response and focus on empirical results, after delineation. The research findings have indicated that dome shaped digesters as opposed to traditional rectangular septic tanks, should be adopted if developing countries are to improve sanitation coverage.

Causes of Stunting in Toddlers: Literature Review

Stunting in children is the main indicator in assessing the quality of human capital in the future. Growth disorders are suffered by children early in life, in this case, stunting can cause permanent damage. The nutritional status of under-fives is the cause of 2.2 million of all causes of under-five mortality worldwide. The purpose of writing this literature review is to analyze what factors cause a child to suffer from stunting. The method used in collecting journals uses Science direct, Sci-hub, and Google Scholar published from 2010 to 2020. The results of this literature review are that stunting in children under five is caused by several factors including low birth weight (LBW), breastfeeding exclusive, maternal parenting, economic factors, maternal education, and environmental sanitation including clean water sources.

VILLAGE GROUPING BASED ON THE NUMBER OF HEALTH FACILITIES IN WEST JAVA USING K-MEANS CLUSTERING ALGORITHM

Health is very important for the welfare and development of the Indonesian nation because as a capital for the implementation of national development, it is essentially the development of all Indonesian people and the development of all Indonesian people. Due to the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus, many health facilities must be provided for patients. Of course, the government must pay attention to the health facilities that can be used in every district/city in West Java in the future. Therefore, to determine the level of availability of sanitation facilities in each district/city in West Java, we need a technology that can classify data correctly. One method of data processing in data mining is clustering. The application of clustering to this problem can use the K-Means algorithm method to group the most frequently used data. The purpose of this study is to classify sanitation data on the highest sanitation facilities, medium sanitation facilities, and low sanitation facilities, so that areas/cities that are included in the low cluster will receive more attention from the government to improve/provide sanitation facilities.

Assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene practices for prevention and control of COVID-19 in Kenya.

Safely managed water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services are an essential part of preventing and protecting human health during infectious disease outbreaks, including the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Additionally, adherence to COVID-19 measures, including washing hands using soap and proper waste disposal, no doubt can improve containment of the virus. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Kilifi and Mombasa Counties in Kenya. A total of 612 quantitative data were collected using a mobile data collection tool Open Data Kit. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used to examine factors associated with WASH practices and control of COVID-19 in Kenya. More than half of the respondents were from Kilifi, 431 (70.4%) were female and the mean age was 38.2±14.8y. Households in Kilifi were most likely not to have enough water, while Mombasa households were more likely to pay for water. Sanitation coverage was 47.6%, with more than half sharing sanitation facilities. Sharing of latrines was significantly associated with county and income level. Accessing soap was worse compared with the month prior to the survey, only 3.9% had their garbage collected by formal service providers and only 17% reported wearing any protective gear while handling waste at home. Water is disproportionately available in the two counties, with low sanitation coverage. There is low knowledge on hand washing and inadequate waste disposal services.

The relationship between personal hygiene and soil transmitted helminths in vegetable farmers in gianyar district

Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) are intestinal nematode worms that infect humans who ingest their eggs via the faecal-oral route. Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) infection is transmitted through eggs and larvae found in human feces which then contaminate the soil in environmental areas that have poor sanitation. The impact caused by worms includes malnutrition, growth and development disorders and cognitive disorders in children, and in adults it can reduce work productivity. The incidence of worms is found mainly in people living in rural areas, especially farmers. STH transmission to vegetable farmers occurs through water and sludge used in vegetable cultivation. STH prevalence is supported by suitable natural conditions, personal hygiene and low environmental sanitation, especially in the vegetable farming environment. This study aims to determine the relationship between personal hygiene and intestinal worm egg infection (Soil Transmitted Helmint) vegetable farmers in Gianyar Regency. The type of research used in this study is a descriptive correlative study with a cross sectional study approach which aims to determine the relationship between personal hygiene and intestinal worm infection (Soil Transmitted Helmint) in vegetable farmers in Gianyar Regency. The results showed that the personal hygiene condition of vegetable farmers in Gianyar Regency was poor (83.3%) and the incidence of worm infection in vegetable farmers in Gianyar Regency was 20%. There is no relationship between personal hygiene personal hygiene with intestinal worm egg infections (Soil Transmitted Helmint) in vegetable farmers in Gianyar Regency (p-value&gt; 0.05).

Does Fecal-Oral Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Due to Low Sanitation Conditions Contribute to Low Mortality Rates From COVID-19.

Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic generated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The primary infection site is mucosal surfaces, mainly the lungs and the intestine, where epithelial cells can be infected. COVID-19 has spread throughout the world, causing millions of deaths and hundreds of millions of confirmed infections. Despite the global spread of SARS-CoV-2, there are extreme differences between countries in mortality rates and confirmed infections.Methods: Pearson correlations and a t-test were performed on data from 137 countries in order to test the correlation between number of deaths from diarrheal diseases (pre-COVID-19 pandemic data) as a marker for countries’ sanitation level, and the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths per million.Results: It was found that countries’ prevalence of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths per million are statistically correlated with their sanitation level.Conclusions: The hypothesis proposed in this article is that the low mortality rates from COVID-19 in countries where the level of sanitation is low are due to fecal-oral infection of the population by SARS-CoV-2, rather than infection of the respiratory system. This hypothesis is supported by the protective effect of the low sanitation level presented in this work and the fact that lung infection by SARS-CoV-2 can cause severe pathology, while infection in the intestine generally causes minor or no symptoms.

Community-level impacts of sanitation coverage on maternal and neonatal health: a retrospective cohort of survey data

IntroductionAccess to sanitation facilities (toilets or latrines) greatly improves human health. Low community sanitation coverage may lead to increased exposure to pathogens for households both with and without a sanitation...

Leptospirosis at human-animal-environment interfaces in Latin-America: drivers, prevention, and control measures

Leptospirosis is one of the main re-emerging zoonotic diseases with a worldwide distribution, mainly in regions with hot or tropical climates. It is caused by the spirochetal bacteria of the genus Leptospira, which, in their pathogenic life forms, causes asymptomatic to severe infections in humans and animals. Animal-to-human transmission occurs most frequently in occupationally exposed groups and in travelers. However, leptospirosis also represents a disease associated with poverty and low sanitation environments, in rural and urban communities, in close contact with companion animals and livestock. A search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google scholar databases using query terms related to Leptospira/leptospirosis, reported during 1990-2020. This review focuses on the description of biologic and socioenvironmental drivers that influence the occurrence of the disease in humans. Leptospirosis is found at the human-animal-environment interfaces, and represents a challenge for public and animal health, and food production; hence, improving the strategies for prevention control and surveillance in Latin-American countries is critical, as one of the regions most affected by the disease.

Efficacy of delayed entry low branch sanitation pruning in preventing mortality of western white pine infected with white pine blister rust

White pine blister rust, caused by the fungus Cronartium ribicola J. C. Fisch., is a virulent mortality agent of five-needle pines like western white pine (Pinus monticola D. Don.). For decades, low branch pruning has been recommended as a control by removing cankers that can migrate from infected branches to the tree stem and kill the host. These recommendations are mainly based on studies done on eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), or on western white pine growing primarily in the Interior Pacific Northwest of the United States. It is not clear whether these recommendations are transferable to geographically and climatically dissimilar Pacific coastal areas, where pruning often shows little benefit in commercial forest plantations. We summarize over 30 years of post-treatment data from coastal and interior sites in British Columbia. Sanitation pruning was done on 12–22-year-old stands using one or two pruning lifts and infection and mortality were tracked over the subsequent decades. Our results show that while pruning had little negative effect on treated tree height or diameter growth, mortality was not significantly different between treated and untreated groups across all sites. Cumulative mortality after three decades was >80% for coastal sites, and nearly 60% for the interior site, indicating a lack of treatment efficacy. Our results differ from earlier shorter duration studies and those from other jurisdictions. It is clear that delaying pruning until trees are older and carrying many existing branch and stem infections results in ineffective control of rust in coastal white pine stands.

COVID-19 & Sociocultural Determinants of Global Sanitation: An Aide-Mémoire and Call to Decolonize Global Sanitation Research & Practice.

COVID-19 has highlighted and exacerbated many global health inequities. Emerging evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can spread through fecal aerosols, making sanitation a critical part of the COVID-19 mitigation strategy and providing an opportunity to reflect on current challenges and opportunities related to global sanitation at large. Global sanitation interventions continue to fall short of their target expectations, leading to millions of deaths and illnesses worldwide. Eurocentric approaches to sanitation fail to account for sociocultural determinants of sanitation behaviors and health, leading to low sanitation intervention uptake. Global public health needs to take a decolonial approach to our research and practice, and meaningfully involve local communities to progress towards global health equity.