Low Salinity Tolerance Research Articles

The Effect of Freshwater Inflow on Meiofaunal and Macrofaunal Populations in the Guadalupe and Nueces Estuaries, Texas

Two estuaries with very different inflow characteristics were compared to test the hypothesis that benthic standing crops are enhanced by freshwater inflow. Assuming predation pressure is similar in both estuaries, this would imply that freshwater inflow enhances secondary production. The Guadalupe Estuary had 79 times more freshwater inflow than the Nueces Estuary, and a third of the salinity. The Guadalupe had higher macrofaunal densities and biomass than the Nueces, and both parameters increased with decreasing salinity within the Guadalupe Estuary. Macrofauna density increased with increasing salinity in the Nueces Estuary, due to invasion by marine species. However, meiofauna population size responds differently than macrofauna. Meiofaunal densities were higher in the low-inflow Nueces Estuary, and increased with increasing salinity in both estuaries. Macrofauna diversity increased with salinity, both within and between estuaries. The macrofauna response supports the hypothesis that increased freshwater inflow stimulates secondary production. A review of past benthic studies in these estuaries and the historical climatic patterns indicate that wet years with high inflow result in increased macrofaunal productivity. Since, macrofaunal diversity decreased with lower salinity both within and between the estuaries, the enhanced productivity is due to increases by freshwater and estuarine species that can tolerate low salinities. Increased macrofaunal densities are associated with decreasing meiofaunal densities. The latter result could be due to either increased macrofaunal competition with or predation on meiofauna, or a lack of low-salinity tolerance by meiofauna.

Experimental and observational studies of radiolarian physiological ecology: 5. Temperature and salinity tolerance of Dictyocoryne truncatum

The longevity and skeletal growth of Dictyocoryne truncatum, collected from surface waters near Barbados, were assessed in laboratory culture in relation to variations in temperature and salinity. The range of longevities for groups of organisms collected at different times, but maintained at 28°C and 35.0‰ salinity, exhibited a wide fluctuation (1–2 to 5–37 days). The amount of growth also showed a wide variation among the groups since it was generally proportional to the longevity. The causes of the variation in longevity and growth are not known, but we hypothesize that a combination of genetic variability and physical and biological factors intrinsic to the culture conditions produced the variability. D. truncatum showed a narrow temperature range for skeletal growth with an optimum in our culture conditions at about 28°C. Temperatures over 32°C or under 21°C suppressed skeletal growth. D. truncatum has a much wider temperature tolerance for survival than for growth. Longevity at temperatures as low as 15°C was comparable to that at 28°C. This indicates that D. truncatum can endure periods of relatively low temperatures. This may have survival advantage by conferring resistance to lower temperatures at great depths in the water column or during intrusion of colder water masses into warmer surface water regimes, but we have presently no evidence of their reproductive capacity at these lower temperatures. These results are consistent with a theory that D. truncatum is largely a surface-dwelling species surviving optimally in warmer water that supports optimum skeletal growth and maturation. The tolerance of cooler water, however, may also reflect biological adaptations related to variations in habitat during the reproductive cycle. Mature organisms may sink and release reproductive swarmers at greater depths in a water column, judging from the observation that mature individuals in culture withdrew their axopodia prior to swarmer release and settled to the bottom of culture vessels. The low temperature tolerance may also permit survival of juvenile organisms until they ascend into more warm surface water strata. Cultured D. truncatum has a wide growth and survival tolerance for variations in salinity. Mean growth and longevities were comparable at salinities of 27‰ and 35.0‰. A broad tolerance for variations in salinity can enhance survival at locations where wide variations in salinity occur regularly as happens near Barbados where the surface water is diluted by river outflows. The low salinity tolerance is also consistent with the interpretation that D. truncatum dwells in near-surface water in low latitude, open ocean locations.

Smolting Status of Downstream Migrating Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Parr

Significant numbers of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr have been observed to accompany seaward migrating smolts in some rivers. Downstream migrating parr in Freshwater River Newfoundland, have lower salinity tolerance and branchial Na+–K+ ATPase activity than smolts. However, moisture content in downstream migrating parr was similar to that of smolts; both groups had higher mean moisture content than nonmigratory parr. Mean plasma sodium concentration was significantly higher than in smolts, but somewhat lower than in nonmigratory parr. Elevated moisture levels and slightly depressed plasma sodium concentrations are consistent with the view that seaward movement is associated with osmoregulatory imbalance in both parr and smolts. Brackish water found in estuaries appears important for gradual development of salinity tolerance in these migrants.

OSMOREGULATORY PATTERNS OF ADAPTATION TO INLAND ASTATIC WATERS BY TWO SPECIES OF FAIRY SHRIMPS, BRANCHINECTA GIGAS LYNCH AND BRANCHINECTA MACKINI DEXTER

ABSTRACT The fairy shrimps Branchinecta gigas Lynch and Branchinecta mackini Dexter were found in association in four lakes in central Washington State and in one lake in British Columbia. Sodium and carbonate were the dominant ions in three lakes analyzed. In two of the lakes, they made up in mequivalence 90% of the total principal ions; and in one lake 75%. Sodium alone accounted for 44-47% mequiv. Individual lakes exhibited marked differences in osmolarities during the life-span of both congeneric species. The higher saline lake ranged from 130-461 mOsm/1 during the life-span of B. gigas and from 130-645 mOsm/1 for B. mackini. The lower salinity lake ranged from 6― 30 mOsm/1. Moreover, the lakes underwent marked differences in salinity levels from year to year. In the higher salinity lake during 1966 the salinity ranged from 130-624 mOsm/1, whereas in 1969 it never exceeded 150 mOsm/1, and in 1967 it never went below 340 mOsm/1. Therefore, an important environmental factor in astatic saline lake ecology is the magnitude of the osmotic changes from year to year as well as the seasonal osmotic changes. In waters less than 225 mOsm/1, B. gigas hyperosmoregulates, while at higher osmolarities it osmoconforms. Branchinecta mackini has a similar mode of osmoregulation, although it is a weaker hyperosmoregulator and can tolerate lower internal osmolarities. In addition, the tolerance to salinity of B. mackini appears to be higher than that of B. gigas. Branchinecta mackini was observed in waters as high as 645 mOsm/1 in nature, whereas the maximum observed for B. gigas was 485 mOsm/1. Therefore, the osmotic adaptation of B. gigas and B. mackini to saline astatic waters consists of hyperosmoregulation during the low salinity phase and tolerance by conforming during the higher salinity phase. This differs markedly from the pattern in Artemia and Parartemia, but is similar to Branchinecta campestris. Differences in adaptation of species of Branchinectidae to astatic waters appear to be in degree of tolerance to osmolarity and in differential adaptation to varying ionic compositions.

Temperature, salinity tolerance, and buoyancy during early development and starvation of Clyde and North Sea herring, cod, and flounder larvae

Tolerance limits, at which 50% of larvae could survive high temperature and low salinity for 24 h, were determined for the yolk-sac larvae of Clyde and North Sea herring ( Clupea harengus L.), cod ( Gadus morhua L.) and flounder ( Platichthys flesus L.) during early development and starvation. Clyde and North Sea herring, cod and flounder from hatching to the end of the yolk-sac stage, could withstand 21–23.5 °C, 20.5–23 °C, 15.5–18 °C and 21.5–24°C, respectively. The temperature tolerance was reduced by about 3.5–4 °C for Clyde herring and cod, 4–4.5 °C for North Sea herring and 8–8.5 °C for flounder when the larvae reached the point-of-no-return (PNR, when 50% of larvae, although still alive, are no longer strong enough to feed). The lowest salinity tolerance between hatching and the end of yolk-sac stage was 1–1.5‰ for Clyde and North Sea herring, 2–3‰ for cod and 0–1‰ for flounder. In no instance was there a loss of tolerance to low salinity during starvation. In fact, tolerance improved somewhat until the larvae became moribund. At hatching Clyde and North Sea herring larvae were negatively buoyant with a sinking rate of 0.35–0.4cm · s −1 which steadily decreased until the larvae became moribund. Cod and flounder larvae, however, were positively buoyant at hatching but became progressively less buoyant and, by the end of the yolk-sac stage they were negatively buoyant with a sinking rate of 0.06–0.07 cm · s −1. This sinking rate then decreased slightly until the PNR stage. The low salinity tolerance of all three species varied in a similar fashion to buoyancy.

Development of salinity tolerance in the marine pulmonate Amphibola crenata (Gmelin)

Growth and survival of veligers of Amphibola crenata (Gmelin) were followed in a range of salinities from 4 to 35%. In salinities of 18%. and below, growth was slowed and a large proportion of veligers died. In 4 to 12%., no larvae survived to metamorphosis, but these low salinities were tolerated for short periods. Newly post-metamorphic snails and juveniles collected from the field survived well even at 4%., showing that greater tolerance of low external salinities developed at metamorphosis. Examination of the physiology of adult snails suggested that this may be due to the development of osmoregulating mechanisms, because the adults maintain the blood hyperosmotic to the medium in 4 and 9%. The kidney, however, does not seem to be involved in this regulation because urine is isosmotic with the blood. An extra-renal mechanism of salt uptake is, therefore, postulated.

Tall Oil Pitch in Chemical Recovery

Abstract This paper describes a laboratory investigation of tall oil pitch as a potential alternative to petroleum sulfonate as a surfactant for chemical recovery. Tall oil pitch is a bottom product of tall oil fractionation that is based on a major by-product of the paper industry. It is inexpensive, substantially available, and derived from a renewable resource. It is a complex solid consisting of fatty acids, rosin acids, and unsaponifiables. Oil recovery in Berea sandstone cores has shown that final residual oil can be lowered to several percent by injecting properly formulated tall oil pitch solutions in high-salinity field water at 158 and 195°F (70 and 90°C). Tall oil pitch must be neutralized to achieve interfacial activity. Usual neutralization of tall oil pitch with sufficient alkali to balance the acid equivalence results in surfactant solutions unfavorable for chemical flooding. Alternative neutralization methods are shown to produce solutions that give better oil recovery and no plugging problem in core experiments. Tall oil pitch has low salinity tolerance, and the additionof NEODOL® 25-3S does not provide satisfactory interfacial activity, salinity tolerance, and temperature stability. Alternative methods of increasing field water compatibility of tall oil pitch slugs have been investigated. Good oil recovery has been obtained with slugs containing as much as 26,280 ppm total dissolved solid. Five different sources of tall oil pitch were studied. Oil recovery efficiency was shown to be parallel with the fatty-acid dimer content of the sample as determined by gel permeation chromatograph. Heat treatment of the pitch to increase the fatty-acid dimer content improves recovery performance. This finding is important not only in controlling the activity of tall oil pitch but also in providing new leads to what makes certain surfactant materials active.

A correlation between the activity of divalent cation activated adenosine triphosphatase in the cell membrane and low salinity tolerance of the ribbed mussel, Modiolus demissus demissus

AbstractA comparison was made between the bound divalent cation stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of the cell membrane and the regulation of free amino‐acid (FAA) permeability in the myocardium of the bivalve (Modiolus demissus) during isosmotic and hypoosmotic stress. The FAA efflux induced by isosmotic, divalent cation free, artificial sea water (ASW) was reduced by Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+ and Co2+ at concentrations non‐lethal to the intact heart. However, the order of effectiveness in reducing the efflux was not the same as the effectiveness of the divalent cations on the stimulation of ATPase activity. In addition, ATPase activity with the concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in full strength ASW or in 50% ASW was inhibited by Co2+ and stimulated by Mn2+ Under isosmotic conditions, modification of ATPase activity by Co2+ or Mn2+ did not alter FAA permeability. However, during hypoosmotic stress, the recovery of normal FAA permeability correlated with divalent cation activated ATPase activity; increased enzyme activity in the presence of Mn2+ was coincident with a decreased FAA efflux and decreased enzyme activity in the presence of Co2+ accompanied an increased FAA efflux.Therefore, the recovery of normal FAA permeability during a hypoosmotic stress is correlated with divalent ATPase activity. During isosmotic conditions, FAA permeability may be controlled by divalent cation binding.

Relation of Ca plus plus-activated ATPase to Ca plus plus-linked shrinkage of human red cell ghosts

ARTICLESRelation of Ca plus plus-activated ATPase to Ca plus plus-linked shrinkage of human red cell ghostsJ Palek, WA Curby, and FJ LionettiJ Palek, WA Curby, and FJ LionettiPublished Online:01 Apr 1971https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.220.4.1028MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByFunction and Structure of the Red Blood Cell CytoskeletonAssociation of calmodulin inhibition, erythrocyte membrane stabilization and pharmacological effects of drugsBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 692, No. 2Control mechanisms of amino acid-mediated cell volume regulation in salinity-stressed molluscsJournal of Experimental Zoology, Vol. 215, No. 3An interaction of extra- and intracellular osmoregulatory mechanisms in the bivalve mollusc Rangia cuneataMarine Biology, Vol. 61, No. 2-3Control, modulation, and regulation of cell calcium21 June 2005Evidence that calcium acts as an intracellular messenger for adrenergic responses in human erythrocytesBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 600, No. 2The Effects of Flunarizine, a New Calcium Antagonist, on Human Red Blood Cells in vitro2 July 2016 | Angiology, Vol. 31, No. 5Calmodulin, zinc, and calcium in cellular and membrane regulation: An interpretive reviewAmerican Journal of Hematology, Vol. 8, No. 2Active Cation Transport in Human Red CellsInhibition of energy-dependent Ca 2+ accumulation in fibroblasts by smooth muscle antibodies26 September 2008 | Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie, Vol. 87, No. 3A correlation between the activity of divalent cation activated adenosine triphosphatase in the cell membrane and low salinity tolerance of the ribbed mussel,Modiolus demissus demissusJournal of Experimental Zoology, Vol. 204, No. 1The effect of lysolecithin on contractile force of isolated gastric smooth muscleResearch in Experimental Medicine, Vol. 173, No. 1Phospholipid composition of human erythrocyte spectrinMolecular Biology Reports, Vol. 4, No. 1The Regulation of Intracellular CalciumEffect of ionophore A23187 upon membrane function and ion movement in human and toad erythrocytesThe Journal of Membrane Biology, Vol. 32, No. 1The effects of zinc on the morphology of sickle red blood cell ghosts as observed by scanning electron microscopyResearch in Experimental Medicine, Vol. 170, No. 2The change of erythrocyte shape following action of different substances altering Mg++-dependent ATPase activity (actomyosin-like protein)Blut, Vol. 34, No. 2RED CELL MEMBRANE INJURY IN SICKLE CELL ANAEMIABritish Journal of Haematology, Vol. 35, No. 1The relationship between changes in viscosity of human erythrocyte membrane suspensions and (Mg + Ca)-APtase activityBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol. 72, No. 2Spectrin: Current understanding of its physical, biochemical, and functional propertiesLife Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 1Inhibitory effects of mersalyl and of antibodies directed against smooth-muscle myosin on a calcium adenosine triphosphatase of the plasma membrane from mouse liver cellsArchives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol. 172, No. 2Plasma Membrane Calcium Transport and Membrane-Bound EnzymesInverse localization of Ca2+ and La3+ high affinity binding sites of the red cell membraneExperimentelle Pathologie, Vol. 12, No. 3-4Calcium binding to the erythrocyte membraneActa Histochemica, Vol. 55, No. 1Volume regulation and alanine transport. Response of isolated axons of callinectes sapidus rathbun to hypo-osmotic conditionsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 51, No. 1Calcium-promoted aggregation of erythrocyte membrane proteinsBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure, Vol. 379, No. 2Membrane Structure and its Relation to HaemolysisClinics in Haematology, Vol. 4, No. 1Calcium and magnesium ATPASES of the spectrin fraction of human erythrocytesJournal of Supramolecular Structure, Vol. 3, No. 5-6Active Calcium Transport and Ca2+-Activated ATPase in Human Red CellsEffects of calcium on potassium and water transport in human erythrocyte ghostsBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 363, No. 2Relative deficiency of Ca2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity of red cell membranes in hereditary spherocytosisBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol. 58, No. 2[28] Ca2+-Activated ATPase from renal tubular cellsComposition of Normal Human Red CellsMembrane coarctation by calcium as a regulator for bound enzymesBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 298, No. 4Non-osmotic swelling in purified bovine myelinBrain Research, Vol. 52Divalent Cation Content of Normal and ATP-Depleted Erythrocytes and Erythrocyte MembranesThe Structure of Normal and Pathologic ErythrocytesControl of cell size in the cryopreservation of mouse marrowCryobiology, Vol. 9, No. 6Calcium effects on erythrocyte membrane proteinsBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol. 49, No. 4The effect of ATP and Ca2+ on the cell volume in isolated kidney tubulesBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 274, No. 1Effect of pH on the water and electrolyte content of renal cellsBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 266, No. 2Cellular Transport of Water**This work was supported by USPHS Grant AM 12619.Acute Hemolytic Anemia with Rigid Red Cells in HypophosphatemiaNew England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 285, No. 26 More from this issue > Volume 220Issue 4April 1971Pages 1028-1032 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1971 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.220.4.1028PubMed4251630History Published online 1 April 1971 Published in print 1 April 1971 Metrics

Growth and the delay of metamorphosis of the larvae ofMytilus edulis(L.)

Abstract Techniques for the induction of spawning of Mytilus edulis, the delay of spawning and the rearing of the larvae are described. The rate of growth of Mytilus larvae increased with increased temperature from 10–18° C, but from 13–18° C the growth was relatively temperature-independent. At temperatures higher than 18° C larvae from a littoral area grew at a slightly increased rate, but larvae from a sub-littoral area showed decline of the growth rate. There was a decline in the rate of growth during the life of a larvae at all temperatures. Cleavage and early development occurred from 8–18° C and increased with increased temperature. Isochrysis galbana and Monochrysis lutheri were good foods for Mytilus larvae. Growth rate increased with mcreased cell concentration to 100 cells Isochrvsis/µ litre and 2.0 µ litre packed cell volume of Monochrysis/litre. A mixture of these 2 species supported more rapid growth than either species indivldually. Larvae fed with Nannochloris atomus and Chlorella sp. grew slowly. This was probably due to a substance secreted by the algae and present in greatest concentration during the stationary phase of growth of the algae. Larvae from an area of full salinity had a narrow salinity optimum for growth at 30–33 ‰. Larvae from an area of reduced salinity had a lower salinity optimum and greater tolerance of low salinity. The optimum salinity range varied with temperature. There was a large size-variation of larvae from the same parents and reared under similar conditions. The range of size-variation increased with increased growth rate. The rate of feeding increased with the age of the larvae and with increased temperature but did not differ in different food-cell concentrations. Full-grown larvae cleared cells from suspension at an average rate of 0.62 rnl/larva/day. The larvae first became capable of metamorphosis at the pediveliger stage. This stage was reached at a constant size of 260 fl regardless of very different conditions of culture. The behaviour of the larvae at the time of settlement is described. If suitable attachment substrates were withheld from the larvae metamorphosis was delayed. During the delay of metamorphosis the velum slowly degenerated and the foot grew in size. These changes were used to identify 3 stages of the delay of metamorphosis. These are described. During the delay of metamorphosis there was a decline in the feeding rate as the feeding currents on the velum became disrupted. Eventually the larvae became unable to feed. Attachment and metamorphosis could occur for the time for which the larvae could delay metamorphosis, from ca. 40 days at 10° C to only 2 days at 20° C. Differences in the quality or the quantity of the food did not effect the duration of the delay. Larvae were able to delay metamorphosis for longer times at optimum salinities. There was no correlation between the rate of growth to the pediveliger stage and the duration of the delay. During the delay of metamorphosis the rate of growth gradually declined to zero. Cessation of growth coincided with the degeneration of the velum. There was a correlation between maximum size and temperature, due to the longer time available for feeding and growth at the lower temperatures. A comparison of the pediveligers from two areas that differed in the availability of suitable natural substrates indicated that delay of metamorphosis can occur in the field. This delay was responsible for the different mean maximum sizes of the larvae from the two areas. The observations on the delay of metamorphosis are summarized and discussed. Delay of metamorphosis is the maintainance of a certain level of organization rather than a period of growth of new tissue. It is suggested that phenomena similar to those described may be widespread amongst marine lamellibranchs.