Low-rise Housing Research Articles

Industrialization of housing construction as a tool for sustainable settlement and rural areas development

The development of the construction industry, conducting construction in accordance with standard projects, and transforming the construction materials industry in hard-to-reach and sparsely populated areas will make significant progress in solving the housing problem. Industrialization of housing construction is a catalyst for strong growth of the region’s economy and the quality of life of citizens. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for assessing the level of industrialization of the territory’s construction complex and its development potential for increasing the volume of low-rise housing stock. Research tasks: 1) assessment of the need to develop housing construction, including low-rise housing, on a particular territory; 2) development of a methodology for calculating the level of industrialization of construction in the area under consideration to determine the possibility of developing low-rise housing construction in this area in the proposed way; 3) approbation of the method using the example of rural areas of the Arkhangelsk region. It was revealed that the districts of the Arkhangelsk region have medium and low levels of industrialization. The districts that are most in need of an increase in the rate of housing construction have been identified. Recommendations for the development of the construction industry in certain areas have been developed.

Seismic Performance Evaluation of Improved Jet Grouted Grid Form with Horizontal Slab in Liquefaction Mitigation

A chain event of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes caused considerable geotechnical damage related to liquefaction in many places around Kumamoto plain. Many low-rise houses and traditional Japanese style houses, which were constructed on shallow foundation, suffered differential settlement and tilting due to liquefaction. To mitigate the building damages due to the liquefaction, a new countermeasure method of jet grout grid form with a horizontal slab is introduced in this study. The effectiveness of the proposed technique was evaluated through physical modelling and numerical modelling. As a part of the physical modelling, a set of 1 g shaking table tests for unimproved case and improved case were performed, in which the mitigation effects of the grid form with a horizontal reinforcing slab were examined based on the acceleration, excess pore water pressure ratio as well as ground settlement. Numerical simulation was also performed for assessing the effect of improved method on soil-structure interaction and building settlement during the earthquake. The physical and numerical results confirmed that the grid form with horizontal slab reinforced method is effective in settlement control and offers favorable contribution in liquefaction mitigation.

MicroCHP Based on the Brayton Microturbine with the Changed Order of Processes for the energy supply in low-rise housing

For autonomous power supply it’s suggested to use microCHP (micro combined heat and power plant) based on the Brayton microturbine with the changed order of processes (reversed Brighton cycle). The paper presents the characteristic ranges of thermal and electric power of autonomous consumers in various climate zones and thermodynamic calculations for the two types of microturbine. In the first case, the parameters of the turbine unit are set according to the characteristics of modern vehicles turbochargers, in the second based on the parameters of modern gas microturbines. The work of microCHP based on the microturbine with the changed order of processes was considered for both traditional and low-temperature heating systems. The electric power of microCHP ranges from 2 to 15 kW, thermal power - from 45 to 160 kW. The peculiarity of MicroCHP is combustion of fuel at atmospheric pressure, which allows the use of natural gas from low-pressure networks, solid fuel, and garbage. It is concluded that this turbine unit is able to solve the problem of electricity and heat supply to most isolated consumers in various climate zones.

BENPAN — Innovation Technology of Prefabricated Low-Rise Housing Construction

BENPAN — Innovation Technology of Prefabricated Low-Rise Housing Construction

Сучасний розвиток індустріальних методів зведення малоповерхового житла різних категорій

Сучасний розвиток індустріальних методів зведення малоповерхового житла різних категорій

Шляхи зменшення енергетичної та екологічної складової у виробництві автоклавного газобетону

The state policy of energy efficiency in the construction sector of Ukraine is investigated. The environmental effects of greenhouse gas emissions from the production of major energy-intensive building materials are shown. Also, the problem of energy resources reduction for hooting houses is analyzed. One of the most energy effective building materials is autoclaved aerated concrete. This material has the current trends of reduction of Ukraine’s energy dependency and environmental restrictions related to greenhouse gas emissions. In Ukraine, the share of low-rise housing by analogy with developed countries of the world is increased. This tendency requires more quantity of wall materials, which are characteristics of higher indicators of energy efficiency. The dynamics of autoclave aerated concrete production, as a modern energy efficient wall material in Ukraine, Belarus and the Russian Federation are presented. The basic tendencies of quality improvement and operational characteristics improvement of autoclaved aerated concrete are revealed (example of LLC “Aerok”). The main approaches and recommendations for reducing the energy component in the production of autoclaved aerated concrete and cement are identified. The data on the necessity of adaptation of the normative base of construction to the requirements of EU countries are given.

Environmental Aspects of the Housing Renovation Program in Moscow under Sharing and Circular Economy Conditions

Since 2017, a housing renovation program has been implemented in Moscow, which is a unique program aimed at settling and demolishing shabby low-rise housing stock and new construction on the vacated territory. The renovation program raises a fundamental issue of construction waste disposal. Many current technologies of building mass demolition imply dusting of adjacent territories, have low efficiency in transporting construction waste generated in this process and lead to environmental problems resulting from its disposal, so the rational use of construction waste becomes one of the environmental protection's main points. In this research, we address the question: how the principle "Green Digital Technologies," reflected in the Moscow development concept "Smart City," which is a part of the housing renovation program in Moscow, is currently implemented. Three implementation ways of this principle have been revealed: contraction of "smart houses" under the renovation program according to smart 1.0 standard; use of BIM-technologies in the program; use of "smart demolition" technology. It is proposed to consider the process of recycling construction waste after demolishing old houses under the renovation program according to the principles of sharing and circular economy to increase the program's environmental friendliness and reduce environmental risks for the Moscow population.

Empirical Model Including the Statistics of Location Variability for the Over-Rooftop Path in the 32 GHz Band

This paper proposes a propagation prediction model including the statistics of location variability for over-rooftop path in millimeter-wave suburban environments. The predictive model derived from the measurement was developed to analyze the propagation characteristic of the signal according to the distance within the area of a millimeter-wave band or future fifth-generation service band. The measurement was carried out using a radio wave characteristic measurement system called the channel sounder, and the signal transmitted to the air was captured to make the received signal level data. The measurement system was constructed to predict spatial propagation characteristics by transmitting and receiving a signal with a 500 MHz bandwidth, and this system was capable of predicting characteristics of a signal that varied with space and time by capturing wideband multipath signals. Measurements were performed in a small town covered with low-rise commercial restaurants or houses. The transmission signal propagated through the rooftops of low-rise houses on average 10 meters high. Their multipath signal arrived at a receiving station located under the roof of the house through reflection, diffraction, and scattering mechanisms. The change in the signals due to the variation in location was measured up to a distance of about 500 meters from the transmitter. The basic transmission loss prediction model with a probability density distribution was analyzed and interpreted based on these measurements. In practice, it was necessary to statistically model for path loss according to the characteristics of the location due to the various environment changes, such as buildings and roads. The proposed prediction model derived from the measurement data reflects the propagation impact on over-rooftop paths in a small town and includes the statistics of location variability in line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight regions.

What Factors Can Increase the Supply of Missing Middle Housing Types in Walkable Urban Core Neighborhoods? A Qualitative Study

There is a need for a variety of low-rise housing types in walkable urban core neighborhoods. These housing types once existed in the urban core but are now missing. Daniel Parolek (CNU, 2018) proposed bringing back the Missing Middle Housing (MMH) types as one way to increase the supply. However, the risks of regulations, neighborhood opposition to increased densities, and apparent under-capitalization due to financing restrictions deter suppliers (developers) from helping to increase the supply. This qualitative study utilizing a grounded theory approach examines experts and industry leaders in the field supporting the claim that MMH types are “missing.” A risk, risk reduction and capital flow mapping that influence supply emerged at the thematic portion of the research. This research suggests there is a willingness to solve the MMH types issues by mitigating the risks of all three factors of neighborhood opposition to density, lack of developer, and lender interests due to regulation and costs which inhibit supply. Further research is necessary for mitigating the risks and infusing capital with the power brokers, the capital investors, and the suppliers.

Implementation of low-rise construction projects as factor of improving level and quality of life in depressed territories

The conducted research was devoted to the development and validation of criteria for low-rise housing construction in small towns and rural areas remote from major cities. The purpose of the research is to develop fundamental criteria that allow achieving a synergistic effect based on integrated development of a territory, together with improvement of standard of living and creation of comfortable conditions for the population. This research can be applied in design of programs for development of construction industry, including low-rise construction. Scientific merit of the article lies in the fact that the developed criteria make it possible to identify the main features of efficient low-rise housing construction: comfort, safety, energy efficiency, modernity of engineering equipment. These features are able to ensure construction of such energy-efficient low-rise comfortable and affordable housing, which will contribute to sustainable development of a region and make small towns and villages attractive for young professionals and young families.

Compressive performance of square and low-strength concrete columns retrofitted with externally-bonded CFRP

Strength and ductility of normal-strength concrete columns can be considerably improved through confinement using Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRP). Low-strength concrete may be found in structures where measured strength is lower than the nominal compressive strength of concrete, old or non-code conforming structures, and low-rise housing located in the countryside. This paper deals with the assessment of compressive behavior of 18 short, square and low-strength concrete columns confined with both externally-bonded CFRP and conventional transverse reinforcement. The studied parameters were steel ratio (2.8 % and 5.6 %) and configuration of transverse steel reinforcement, as well as carbon fiber volumetric ratio (0.3 % and 0.5 %). Test observations showed that confinement using CFRP notably reduced concrete cover spalling and delayed concrete core crushing. Tests results also showed that the mean value in concrete peak strength for the columns with greater volumetric carbon fiber ratio (0.5 %) was 17 % higher than those of columns with the smaller volumetric carbon fiber ratio (0.3 %), and 79 % higher than those of columns without carbon fiber reinforcement. Based on trends of experimental results, an analytical model was developed and presented in this paper. Results of a statistical analysis demonstrated that the proposed model conservatively predicts compressive strength, therefore it is well suited for design purposes.

Promising technologies of dry low-rise housing

The technologies of low-rise housing construction with the use of small blocks of a special type, which make it possible to build the above-ground part of a building without using “wet” processes are described. It is shown that the presence of labyrinth grooves in the walls provides protection against blowing and makes it possible to ventilate the internal cavities.

Improving the quality of low-rise housing construction projects

The main priority of the social and economic policy in Russian Federation is to solve the housing problem. The national project “Affordable and Comfortable Housing for the Citizens of Russia” is an important form of implementation the modern housing policy. The expansion of low-rise buildings is influenced by the housing policy. Existing methods for assessing the quality of low-rise building projects require further development. The issues of improving the quality of low-rise building projects require further system improvement of quality assessment indicators too. Quality assessment takes into account indicators of safety, comfort and resource saving. Mechanism for improving the quality of low-rise building projects is proposed in this paper.The basis of this mechanism is a system of indicators for assessing the projects quality at the predesign stage. Approbation of the proposed mechanism was made using the example of the construction of Izumrudny cottage complex in Gorny village, Yalta.

Trends in the low-rise housing development in the rural settlements’ projects in Southern Russia

One of the main tasks stipulated by the government federal target program “HOUSING” for 2015-2020 is to provide the population with comfortable housing. In the course of its implementation, the state housing policy legal and organizational frameworks were developed, its priority areas were identified and the implementation mechanisms were developed. The funds amount envisaged in the Russian Federation constituent entities budgets and local budgets to finance the sub-program activities has significantly increased.

Raising children in the inner city: still a mismatch between housing and households?

Recent research suggests that inner-city parents have become more loyal to urban living. If this is true, it is certainly good news for compact-city policies, which incorporate residential stability as part of the package. We investigate this issue with empirical evidence from Oslo, using longitudinal data for first-time parents with native and non-native background. Our first analysis tracks two parental cohorts, from 1995 and 2005, over 10 years, and shows that non-native parents have become less stable, whereas native parents have the same stability in both periods. A second observation is that native parents, and only this group, are more stable in areas with spacious dwellings. Finally, we also show that parents who leave the inner city, especially non-natives, increase their representation in low-rise houses. The results as a whole indicate that minority integration and compact-city policies may collide. They also indicate that Oslo, despite green city awards, has failed to create stable inner-city communities. We conclude with policy recommendations.

Minimizing Dust in Low Rise Housing Design Through Surface: A Literature Review

The existence of dust in a building environment can cause many problems for those who continually exposed, especially for residential housing which is located near the industrial area. There are so many kinds of dust included PM10 in which it can make upper respiratory tract infection. So, it needs a treatment process for reducing the dust intensity, one of the ways is through exploring the surface. In this paper highlighted about literature review for knowing the element surfaces that related to the way for reducing dust. Therefore, in this stage is needed for searching the surface elements that can be used in the next design process. The result of this review is the selection of building shape can help in controlling dust spread such as in courtyard typology. After that, it should consider with tilt angle of the surface in order to dust cannot be trapped and the position of surface from the direction of wind. The surface should have a minimum opening regarding to standard so that the view should face to the area where is not exposed by dust and air exchange can use shaft ventilation or hidden gap in the wall for helping to air flow.

Technology of Manufacturing Connections on Steel Rods Glued into Wood

In modern construction, glued wood is used mainly by Scandinavian countries, Canada, the USA and Russia. It is rational to use glued wood not only in low-rise housing construction, but also as supporting and protecting structures of large-span public buildings. Large-span glued wooden structures have become popular in modern construction and are widely used for public buildings with spans of 18 meters or more. In the practice of building Western countries with significant reserves of wood, sports facilities, exhibition halls, cinemas and other entertainment buildings are being built from glued wood. According to the condition of transportation, a lengthy beam, frame or truss must be made of two or three elements, and then connected at the construction site into a single structure. The use of mechanical fasteners in the form of bolts is not always possible due to significant compliance, including due to thermal expansion of the metal in a harshly continental climate, for example, in Kazakhstan and under fire safety conditions, when metal parts quickly lose their bearing capacity. Significant deformations occurring in the nodes can cause a redistribution of forces in the elements and as a result lead to the destruction of the structure. To create a durable rigid joint of glued wood constructions, the joints on the reinforcing rods glued under the inclinations to the fibers are used, which, as practice shows, ensure high reliability, durability and low compliance. This article discusses the technology of gluing reinforcing rods into wood to solve large-span structures and their welding. On the basis of experimental scientific studies, the sequence of the necessary technological processes for obtaining a durable, reliable and high-quality glue joint between the rod and wood and the possibility of welding the reinforcing rods glued to the wood with a connecting piece are shown. In this study, various variants of the joints of maple structures, where it is possible to use the welding of its elements, are carried out.

Accounting For Residential Real Estate In Urban Planning

Issues of conformity of the terminology used by realtors for classification of residential objects to the current legislation are considered. The potential risks and features of accounting in urban planning of non-residential objects (lofts and apartments) for permanent residence of the population are given, the features of their placement are revealed. The distribution of apartment buildings in the administrative okrugs of Moscow, a significant part of which is located within the boundaries of the Central Administrative Okrug, is shown. At the same time, apartments in the center of the capital are represented mainly by low-rise premium class houses, as moving away from the center, the number of stories and the number of premises in the buildings increase. Information about the population living in the apartments is also provided. It is established that in order to ensure the sustainable and harmonious urban development, it is necessary to monitor the real estate market and timely update the official terminology for unhindered communication with market participants.

Производство пиломатериалов для строительства из круглых лесоматериалов с ядровой гнилью

Coniferous lumber is popular in low-rise wooden house construction. However, the condition of round timber for lumber production has been going down in recent years. Timber with heart rot is very common nowadays. As a rule, the heart rot removal occurs in harvesting of round timber. At the same time, disease-free sap wood is removed together with the wood affected by the rot in timber cutting. Therefore, a large amount of sound timber remains in forest. Cutting of timber with rot reduces the yield of lumber for construction, as far as rot’s presence in building structures is not allowed. A method of cutting round timber with heart rot is proposed for the purposes of production I-beams from solid wood. It is necessary to know the form and sizes of rot for high-quality rough ripping of round timber with heart rot. The relationship between the cross-sectional dimensions of round timber and heart rot along the length of assortments is quite accurately described by the equations of correlative (allometric) growth. The schemes of cutting round timber with heart rot have been developed taking into account these dependencies. Cutting was carried out by split-pith sawing scheme. Firstly, two four-side edged cants with heart rot in the central part of one of the cross-section layers were produced. Then the beams were longitudinally divided into two parts. Rot was removed from these parts by milling. Angle bars for I-beams production were obtained as a result of conditional cutting of pine round timber. The studies of the I-beam made of angle bars were carried out. The calculated stresses of beam bending do not exceed the accepted values. The useful output of such bars made of round timber with heart rot is calculated. It has been found that the method of manufacturing elements of building constructions from round timber with heart rot will allow to use them in low-rise wooden house construction. This will expand the wood resources for construction.For citation: Toropov A.S., Byzov V.E., Toropov S.A. Lumber Production for Construction from Round Timber with Heart Rot. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Forestry Journal], 2019, no. 4, pp. 133–145. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.4.133

MODERN ARCHITECTURE AND TYPOLOGY OF SUMMER COTTAGES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ROSTOV-ON-DON)

The proposed classification of houses in the territories of cottages and gardening allow to systematize the spatial and architectural and planning for the further search for optimum house models. The purpose of the work is to develop the architectural and typological classification of summer cottages within the city on the example of Rostov-on-Don; identify typological characteristics at the following spatial levels: gardening, plot, house; to identify the modern architectural trends of low-rise housing in the territories of gardening. Methodological approach is a systems approach that makes it possible to comprehend the character, evolution, and development prospects of the typological structure of buildings. Research methodology includes: systematization of regulatory and scientific literature in the field; field surveys of dacha architecture in different seasons, with photographs of existing, reconstructed and new buildings under construction in the Rostov-on-Don city borders; interviewing dacha owners; graph-analytic study of archival, design, cadastral and cartographic data using Yandex, Google and Wikimapia Internet search systems at the boundaries, areas, quantities and aerial surveys of the objects of study; construction of diagrams, planning schemes and spatial images performed in Excel, ArchiCAD, SketchUP. Results and novelty: based on the analysis and factual data, classifications of the house types are carried out, the dynamics of transformation of the architectural and typological structure of dachas in Rostov-on-Don are reflected, trends in design, construction and the quality criteria for the living environment.