Low-quality Wood Research Articles

Economic sustainability of pellet production in Latvia

The paper uses system dynamics modelling to analyse the development of bioenergy; economic system that uses biotechnology instead of conventional technology. The research is directed towards the use of biomass in the production of higher added value bioproducts in the forestry and agricultural sectors.This paper emphasizes and evaluates the energy sector, which uses low quality wood. The main aim for this research study was to build a framework to analyse the development options for wood pellet production. A system dynamics model was created of energy wood supply, processing and consumption. Production capacity, energy consumption, technology efficiency, required labour, the price of wood, energy and labour are all taken into account. Validation and verification tests with available data and information have been carried out. These indicate that the model constitutes a viable dynamic hypothesis.

Re-homogenization of phase separated forest residue pyrolysis oil by blending

The forest industry sector generates a large amount of low quality wood fractions, known as forest residues, which represent a significant potential resource for cheap bioenergy production. A feasible thermochemical route for valorisation of forest residues is fast pyrolysis. Phase separation is one of the main disadvantages of fast pyrolysis liquids as compared to conventional fossil fuels.In this work it is demonstrated that it is possible to homogenize even naturally aged phase-separated forest residue pyrolysis oil by blending with alcohol (methanol or 1-butanol), obtaining a single-phase fuel suitable for heating and power applications.Differences in homogenization mechanism have been found depending on which alcohol is used. Water content analysis and light microscopy were found to be useful techniques for detailed assessment of homogeneity and storage stability of pyrolysis oil/alcohol blends. Light microscopy is a rigorous and time consuming technique but it allows detection of in-homogeneities in a sample which water content analysis may miss.

The Hungarian Wood-Based Panel Industry and its Impact on the Environment

Abstract It is well known that worldwide deforestation has a negative impact on the global environment. Forests play an important role in producing oxygen as well as retaining gases that create the greenhouse effect. Forests primarily absorb carbon dioxide, the major air pollutant released by the industrial activities. Energy production is the major source of environmental contamination. In addition to reducing CO2 emissions, another issue this industrial sector must tackle is to decrease the use of fossil fuels by substituting them with renewable, environmentally friendly energy sources. One of the answers to these challenges is the utilization of biomass as energy sources. However, biomass-based fuels include short bolts, split round-wood, pulpwood, bark and by-products of sawmilling, which are the raw materials for the wood-based panel industry as well.Wood utilization of the forest products industry has a major impact on the delayed release of carbon dioxide stored in the wood. All over the world, just as in Hungary, the wood-based panel industry mainly uses low quality wood resources and turns them into value added products. The elongation of the life cycle of low quality wood materials decreases CO2 emissions, thus significantly contributing to environmental protection. Furthermore, it is assumed that raw material demand of the wood-based panel industry could be satisfied by focusing on sustainable forest management and well-planned reforestation. Additionally, special energy-plantations may provide extra wood resources, while waste and other non-usable parts of trees contribute to the effective and economic operation of biomass utilizing power-plants. This paper summarizes the current situation of the Hungarian wood-based panel industry and discusses the effects of the panel manufacturing processes on the environment. Also, it outlines the possible future of this important segment of the forest products industry.

Linking microbial community composition to C loss rates during wood decomposition

Although decaying wood plays an important role in global carbon (C) cycling, how changes in microbial community are related to wood C quality and then affect wood organic C loss during wood decomposition remains unclear. In this study, a chronosequence method was used to examine the relationships between wood C loss rates and microbial community compositions during Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) stump decomposition. Our results showed that microbial community shifted from fungi-dominated at early stages (0–15 years) to relatively more bacteria-dominated at later stages (15–35 years) of wood decomposition. Fungal phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) content primarily explained wood C loss rates at early stages of wood decomposition. Fungal biomass was positively correlated with proportions of relatively high-quality C (e.g., O-alkyl C), but bacterial biomass was positively correlated with low-quality C. In addition, fungi appeared to be the dominated community under low wood moisture (<20%) at early stages, but fungal biomass tended to decrease and bacterial biomass increased with increasing wood moisture at later stages. Our findings suggest that the fungal community is the dominant decomposer of wood at early stages and may be positively influenced by relatively high-quality wood C and low wood moisture. Bacterial community may benefited from low-quality wood C and high wood moisture at later stages. Enhanced understanding of microbial responses to wood quality and environment is important to improve predictions in wood decomposition models.

PREMIUM PRICE PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA HUTAN PRODUKSI BERSERTIFIKASI

Forest certification is a key issue in relation to the forest products industry. It's also a new trend market of forest products. Forest certification is a guarantee that the products resulting from the forest management process in accordance with the standard of sustainable forest resources management. Certification will be increasing the cost of management as an impact of fulfilling requirement on the criteria of the certified forest. The fundamental question whether the award of certified products has been accompanied by an increase in premium price for forest estate or only becoming as the cost that reducing profit for the forest estate. The aims of this research are: 1) to know the difference between the sales price of certified and non-certified wood, 2) to know the premium price on certified forests, 3) to identify the factors that influence the amount of premium price of the certified forest. Data collection were used by searching the document and literature reference on forest certification. The results showed that the premium price received from the certified timber is higher than non-certified timber. Certified wood with high quality has a premium price that is greater than the low-quality wood. The percentage of premium price received varied forest estate. Premium price sometimes unsignificantly received by small-scale of timber estate. The revenue of premium price of certifies forest is influenced by the following factors: 1) The forest area to be certified, 2) Organizations that perform assessments, 3) Company / bodies / organizations that filed the certification, 4) he The country as a buyer of certified timber product 5) the facilitator in the market activities, 6) post-certification fee, and 7) the sales price.

Determinants of Wood Prices: Analysis of Wood Retailers in Kumasi

This paper investigates the determinants of wood pricing in Ghana. The purpose of this study is to assess the factors that influence the prices of wood product at the various wood markets and retailers in Kumasi which have large variety of wood and different categories of retailers in the industry. The study employs a survey design where respondents are conveniently selected. A semistructured questionnaire was designed to gather data from the respondents. STATA version 12.0 software and several sets of statistical analyses such as frequency tables, percentages, and mean point values were performed. Linear regression was employed to estimate the determinants of wood product prices in the wood markets and retail outlets in Kumasi metropolis. The findings of this study suggest that, most of the price determining factors have a positive relationship with the price of wood sold whilst others such as quantity of wood sold and low quality wood products have a negative relationship with the price of wood product sold. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers recommend to future researchers to concentrate further studies on how government policies affect wood prices and also types of wood and their influences on prices.

Экономическая доступность лесных ресурсов: факторы ее определяющие и достоверность оценки

The current low levels of allowable amounts of wood removals (annual allowable cut) are largely predetermined by economic inaccessibility of forest resources. Achievement of the target value of the indicator of the state program of the Russian Federation &amp;#34;Development of Forestry&amp;#34; for 2013-2020 years in terms of forestry is impossible to ensure without the formation of favorable economic conditions for the implementation of logging activities. Economic incentive for development of forest resources is a positive criterion of economic accessibility of forest resources, which is defined by the value or exceeding the value of forest rent standard cost of reproduction, and protection of forests. The affordability of forest resources is affected by the totality of the various factors (resource, logistics, general economic, commercial, institutional) determining the level of prices, costs of production and reproduction of timber forest resources, as well as possible legal restrictions on the development of forests. Based on the results of calculations on cutting area fund of Vilegodsky forest, located in the southeastern part of the Arkhangelsk region, analysis of the impact of such factors as the use of low-quality wood, the level of prices and wages to economic accessibility of forest resources was made. In the absence of processing low-quality wood, proportion of economically inaccessible forests was more than 30 %, at the same time in the organization of pellet production volume of economically inaccessible forests decreased by 44.7 %, while the estimate of economically accessible forest resources increased by 45.3 %. Increase in the price of forest products by 10% leads to a decrease in cost of inaccessible forest resources of Vilegodsky forest for about 50-65 %, reflecting the importance of this factor. The level of wages is also a determining factor for the assessment of the economic accessibility of forest resources. With the growth of the average wage in the lumber from 35 thousand up to 40 thousand rubles per month, assessment of economically accessible forest resources is reduced by more than a third, and the volume and the number of plots of economically accessible forest resources – for more than a quarter.

Переработка низкокачественной древесины в уголь на установке «ПУ-10»

Переработка низкокачественной древесины в уголь на установке «ПУ-10»

Wood Veneer Dyeing Enhancement by Ultrasonic-assisted Treatment

To extend the potential application of ultrasonic treatment in dyeing low-quality wood to improve decorative value, wood veneers were dyed with an ultrasonic assisted dyeing system. The effects of ultrasonic power, dye concentration, dyeing time, and temperature of ultrasonic-assisted treatment on dye-uptake, chromatic value, crystallinity, thermal stability, chemical structure, and microstructure for dyed wood veneer were investigated. The dye-uptake, chromatic value, and dyeing rate were improved by ultrasonic-assisted treatment. The effect was strengthened with an increase in ultrasonic power, dye concentration, and dyeing time and temperature. After ultrasonic treatment, the dyed wood properties such as lignin degradation, crystallization and thermal stability decreased slightly, and part of the wood microstructure such as the pit membrane and parenchyma cells was mechanically damaged. Ultrasonic-assisted treatment enhanced the permeability of wood by creating new fluid channels and sorption sites, and it is believed to be an energy-efficient and environmental wood dyeing technique.

Новое ленточнопильное оборудование для малых предприятий сельского и лесного хозяйства

New design of energy-efficient, high-speed compact band saw machine for small businesses of agriculture and forestry of forest-deficient steppe and steppe zones of Russia is proposed and justified, providing an increase in the quality and output of business sawn timber for cutting low-quality wood. From domestic and foreign counterparts’ machine differs by simplistic and reliable cutting unit, low power of technological process, capablity of providing high-speed cutting mode, lack of complex electronic circuits, complicating repair and increasing its value.

Изготовление технологической щепы из низкокачественной древесины

Изготовление технологической щепы из низкокачественной древесины

Poplar Wood Stain Research

With the high quality natural forest resources dwindling , since some species of wood with natural colors, such as pumping wood , ebony, rosewood , etc., not only material of high value , but also very expensive wood color . However, these are expensive and precious wood in short supply and will therefore valuable timber and wood stain to meet the market demand is similar . Low-quality hardwood stained only bright color, texture clear , three-dimensional sense of strong, but without losing the characteristics of natural wood , and organize production according to market demand the formation of industrialized products in order to improve the utilization of low-quality wood , decorative building materials to increase the existing varieties purposes. Therefore, the use of poplar simulate the market needed precious wood has important practical significance . In addition, light color white poplar wood , in the natural growth process still exists heartwood and sapwood and sooner or later material defects such as chromatic aberration , especially wood treatment is not promptly will result in discoloration, the direct use of the logs are often unable to meet the requirements of decoration . Therefore . The thicker sheet dyed precious poplar wood color , and then prepared to meet the customer poplar wood timber strength and decorative requirements, improve the added value of the use of wood , particularly after dyeing material available performance has been greatly improved.

Анализ территориального распределения запасов низкокачественной древесины из арендованных участков лесного комплекса

Анализ территориального распределения запасов низкокачественной древесины из арендованных участков лесного комплекса

Рациональное использование низкокачественной древесины дуба

Рациональное использование низкокачественной древесины дуба

Entwicklungstrends der Holzenergie und ihre Rolle in der Energiestrategie 2050

Perspectives of biomass combustion and its role in the energy strategy 2050 Wood energy contributes 4% to the total energy demand in Switzerland and is expected to reach 6% by 2020. As a directly storable fuel, energy wood is highly valuable to complement temporarily available solar and wind energy. Since the potential of wood is limited, highly effective applications to substitute fossil fuels need to be prioritised. For this, the energy yield factor is introduced, which reveals that heat and power from wood achieve a high substitution efficiency enabling a reduction of fossil CO2 of up to 90%. Consequently, the unused potential of energy wood should be mobilised for heating, disctrict heat, and combined heat and power (CHP). For these applications, the following developments need to be carried on: small-scale devices with low pollutant emissions by two-stage combustion, stringent execution of air pollution control to avoid inappropriate operation, improvements of grate boilers by aerodynamic optimisation, sectoral fuel conversion, and reduction of fuel NOX emissions by advanced staged combustion. With respect to power from wood, technologies with reduced cost for applications smaller than 1 MWe must be developed, while for low-quality wood fuels, a limited number of highly efficient plants based on Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is most promising. The findings reveal that the assumptions for the Swiss energy strategy 2050 with a decline of energy wood for heat by 60% and a shift to biofuels are not justified, since wood for heat, power, and CHP achieves higher energy yields with technologies which are available or ready to implementation (IGCC) and economically viable.

PROSPEK KAYU KUALITAS RENDAH DAN KURANG DIKENAL SEBAGAI SUBSTITUSI KAYU KOMERSIAL

At this time the wood with a high quality hard to find and expensive. There for, construction of residential buildings began to use other types of low-quality wood strong. The use of raw materials to make buildings less good quality. It causes no long lasting building, susceptible organisms such as termites and other destructive. In order to bequalified building efforts are needed to improve the quality of the raw material of low quality wood strong, with a variety of technical. Strong improvement in the quality of low quality wood can be done in many ways, including preservation using chemicals such as by way of soaking and boiling in a solution of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), CCB, CCF and itc. Performed with the compression heat. Strong low quality wood species used is lua timber, lumber and wood tarap flowers, pressure felts give better results than treatment at others. Three types of wood used is solid wood class III - V increased the flower timber strength class III, wood tarap class V, wood durin class III, solid wood lua IV and wood kelampayan IV while the wood all is showed no improvement. Keywords : wood non commercial, physical, mechanical, preservation

Steam pretreatment of spruce forest residues: Optimal conditions for biogas production and enzymatic hydrolysis

Steam refining of non-debarked spruce forest residues was investigated as pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis as well as for biogas production. Pretreatment conditions were varied in the range of 190–220°C, 5–10min and 0–3.7% SO2 according to a statistical design. For both applications highest product yields were predicted at 220°C and 2.4% SO2, whereas the reaction time had only a minor influence. The conformity of the model results allows the conclusion that enzymatic hydrolysis is a suitable test method to evaluate the degradability of lignocellulosic biomass in the biogas process. In control experiments under optimal conditions the results of the model were verified. The yield of total monomeric carbohydrates after enzymatic hydrolysis was equivalent to 55% of all theoretically available polysaccharides. The corresponding biogas yield from the pretreated wood amounted to 304mL/gODM. Furthermore, furans produced under optimal process conditions showed no inhibitory effect on biogas production.It can be concluded that steam refining opens the structure of wood, thus improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of the polysaccharides to fermentable monomeric sugars and subsequently enabling a higher and faster production of biogas. Anaerobic fermentation of pretreated wood is a serious alternative to alcoholic fermentation especially when low quality wood grades and residues are used. Anaerobic digestion should be further investigated in order to diversify the biorefinery options for lignocellulosic materials.

ОЦЕНКА ПЕРСПЕКТИВ НАУЧНОГО И ПРАКТИЧЕСКОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА КОМПЛЕКСНОЙ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ ЖИВЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ДЕРЕВА ДЛЯ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИИ ЛЕСОПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА

The analysis of national and applied research to study and use of living elements of wood, some biotechnologies, including the development of the authors. It was assessed prospects of development for innovation resin industries, pulp and paper industry. Discussed a new promising directions of biorefinery with using of biologically active compounds, which were produced from low-quality wood and living trees of elements, as synthons. Discussed biotechnologies processing of large solid waste and cleaning pulp and paper industry, that can solve the problem of disposal of certain wastes, reduce the ecological damage caused by this industry. It was noted, that a modern logging waste production can be a source of produce costly, high-performance products that there are in great demand in the market.

Determining the transition from juvenile to mature wood microfibril angle in lodgepole pine: a comparison of six different two-segment models

The transition of microfibril angle (MFA) values from juvenile to mature wood marks the change from variable, low-quality wood to stronger and more consistent wood that can produce higher value products. We evaluate the utility of different statistical models that predict how much of a log is higher quality mature wood based on MFA. MFA was measured from pith to bark at breast height in six lodgepole pine stands in western Canada. Six different forms of two-segment regression models were assessed to determine the point of transition (TP) in MFA from juvenile to mature wood. All six models provided useful and significant TP estimates. In the first segment (juvenile phase), the quadratic form produced the most conservative TPs, the linear form the least conservative, and the exponential form was intermediate. A linear second segment (mature phase) was only a minor improvement over a constant. There were significant differences in MFA TP among some sites. Analyses of the relationships between TP and tree variables, e.g., DBH, height, were inconclusive. Any of the six two-segment models can be used objectively to estimate MFA transition points; the choice of model will allow mill managers to manage risk in product out-turn.

Analysis on the Trend of the Utilization of Woody Biomass - Production, supply, and practical use of woody biomass -

Wood biomass including forest residues, waste wood, and construction residuals has been widely generated in Korea, but forest biomass from the National Forest Management Operation Project plays a big role in generating wood biomass. Unfortunately the promotion policy of woody energy organized by the Forest Service in Korea concentrates more on demand creation rather than on supply expansion. Therefore, in order to utilize insufficient wood resources effectively, it is greatly required to develop uses for maximizing their added value. In particular, more attention to the use of the second generation biomass has been paid in foreign countries because there is a threshold that the first generation biomass cannot produce enough biofuel without threatening food supplies and biodiversity. In Korea, wood pellets are regarded as the alternative clean fuels to oils and coals that emit green house gases into the atmosphere. However, using wood as pellet raw materials can not be an economic way because the value of wood disappears right after burning in the boiler in spite of its contribution to the decrease of carbon emission. Differently from wood pellets, kraft pulping process using woody biomass produces black liquor as a by-product which can be used to generate electricity, bioenergy and biochemicals through gasification. Thus, it can be more economical to make a torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass such as low-quality wood and agricultural leftovers as raw materials of pellets.