Low Protein Ration Research Articles

Low Protein Rations for the Bobwhite Quail ,

NORRIS (1935) reported that the bobwhite quail needed a 27 percent protein ration for the most rapid growth to eight weeks of age. Stadelman et al. (1945) found that the best results were obtained with a mixture running slightly over 28 percent crude protein. Favorable results were also obtained with 24 and 25 percent crude protein mixtures. Nestler et al. (1942) studied protein levels varying from 22 to 32 percent and reported that the 28 percent level gave the best general results. The mortality was high, ranging from 40 to 56 percent for the first 10 weeks. In later experiments by Nestler et al. (1944) the mortality to ten weeks was reduced to approximately 20 percent. Baldini et al. (1950) found that optimum growth was obtained on a 28 percent protein corn-soybean oil meal ration supplemented with minerals, vitamins, and methionine and reported that mortality ranged from zero to 9 …

Effect of Aureomycin HCl on the Utilization of Inorganic Nitrogen by the Chick

Ackerson et al. (1940) and Bice and Dean (1942) reported that inorganic nitrogen supplied by urea was of no apparent value when added to low protein rations for chicks. Moreover, Slinger et al. (1952) recently have found that its value was not materially affected by the addition of procaine penicillin to chick rations. This paper presents results of a similar study with chicks fed supplemental nitrogen from various inorganic compounds.Two experiments were conducted with straight-run day-old New Hampshire chicks. In each experiment ten uniform groups of 20 chicks each were maintained in battery brooders with raised wire floors during a four-week period. The rations used are shown in Table 1. In Experiment 1, urea, ammonium citrate, and dibasic ammonium phosphate were added to the 17% protein basal ration as supplements. These compounds were added to a ration containing only 15 percent protein in Experiment 2. Urea and ammonium citrate …

The Supplementary Effects of Calcium Pantothenate and Aureomycin in a Low Protein Ration for Weaning Pigs

The Supplementary Effects of Calcium Pantothenate and Aureomycin in a Low Protein Ration for Weaning Pigs

Protein Requirements of Ewes during Breeding and Pregnancy

Two experiments designed to study the protein requirements of pregnant ewes are reported. Six lots of twenty ewes each were included in each experiment. In the first experiment rations which contained approximately 7, 10, and 13 percent total crude protein were compared and in the second rations containing 5, 8, and 11 percent protein. No statistically significant differences were found between the various rations in fleece weight, birth weight of lambs, or weight of lambs at thirty days of age. Some trends were noted, however, in that the ewes fed the lowest levels of nitrogen tended to shear lighter fleeces and their twin lambs weighed slightly less at thirty days. The death loss of ewes was somewhat higher on the low-protein rations. The low nitrogen intake may have been a predisposing factor in a number of these deaths. Nitrogen balance experiments showed no significant differences in nitrogen retention between the three levels of nitrogen intake during early and mid gestation. In late pregnancy the ewes fed the higher levels of nitrogen retained significantly larger amounts. A highly significant correlation (r=0.69) was found to exist between nitrogen retention and digestible dry matter intake. Covariance analysis showed that, at the levels fed in these investigations, the amount of nitrogen stored was influenced more by the amount of dry matter digested than by the amount of nitrogen fed. The results obtained indicate that present recommendations with respect to amounts of crude protein for pregnant ewes may be decreased when the rations fed are adequate in other nutrients.

The Influence of Various Carbohydrates on the Utilization of Low Protein Rations by the White Rat I. Comparison of Sucrose and Cornstarch in 9% Casein Rations

The Influence of Various Carbohydrates on the Utilization of Low Protein Rations by the White Rat I. Comparison of Sucrose and Cornstarch in 9% Casein Rations

The Fecal and Urinary Excretion of Certain B Vitamins by Sheep Fed Hay and Semi-Synthetic Rations

The apparent synthesis of riboflavin as measured by urinary and fecal excretion by sheep was not essentially affected by feeding a low-protein ration or by adding urea to the ration. Feeding a low-protein ration to sheep reduced the urinary excretion of niacin to about one-third of the amount excreted by sheep fed a ration containing 12.6 percent protein. This is probably due to the lower intake of tryptophan which can be converted to niacin by sheep. The total excretion of pantothenic acid exceeded by four to 6-fold the amount ingested when semi-synthetic rations were fed. Sheep fed a semi-synthetic ration adequate in protein excreted over 93 percent of the pantothenic acid in the urine and less than 7 percent in the feces. Sheep fed a low-protein ration excreted in the urine significantly less pantothenic acid than sheep fed a ration adequate in protein. Relatively large amounts of vitamin B12 are synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. The ratio of B12 ingested to the amount excreted in the feces by the sheep fed the semi-synthetic rations was in the order of 120 to 210. The microbial synthesis of B12 when a mixed hay ration was fed exceeded by about three times the synthesis when a semi-synthetic ration was fed. Approximately 99 percent of the excreted B12 was found in the feces.

Value of Added Methionine in Low-Protein and Urea Rations for Lambs

Value of Added Methionine in Low-Protein and Urea Rations for Lambs

The influence of the amount of starch on the utilization of urea by sheep

A study was made of the effect on the wool production of Merino sheep following the addition of urea to a ration which was low in protein but contained varying amounts of dehydrated potatoes as a source of starch. The low-protein ration contained 7 to 9 g. nitrogen, the urea supplement was given at the rate of 15 g. daily, equivalent to approximately 7 g. N, and the potatoes were supplied at levels of 50, 100, 150, and 200 g. daily. With 100 g. or more of potatoes an increase occurred in the amount of wool produced which was proportional to the amount of potatoes in the ration. The increases were 7, 19, and 23 per cent. with 100, 150, and 200 g. potatoes respectively. In a second series in which a mixture of red palm oil and peanut oil was added to the diet in order to increase the calorific value of the lower rations, the increases in wool production were 9, 15, and 15 per cent. with 100, 150, and 200 g. potatoes respectively. No increase occurred in wool production when 50 g. potatoes were used, either with or without oil. The increases in total wool production were accompanied by increases in fibre diameter. The maximum increase in the latter was 6 per cent.; this was attained when 200 g. potatoes were fed.

The effect of the ingestion of urea on the rate of wool production by Merino sheep

Urea did not increase the wool production of mature sheep when added at the rate of 15 g. daily, equivalent to 7 g. nitrogen, to a low protein ration containing a high proportion of 'fibre'. An equivalent amount of nitrogen in the form of wheat gluten, when added to a similar basal diet, however, led to increases of 35 per cent. in total wool production and 11 per cent. in fibre diameter. The addition of 15 g. urea to a low protein ration which contained a high proportion of a readily available carbohydrate (potato starch) brought about increases of 32 per cent. in total wool production and 9 per cent. in fibre diameter. An equivalent amount of nitrogen in the form of wheat gluten, when added to a similar basal diet, led to increases of 64 per cent. in total wool production and 17 per cent. in fibre diameter.

Further Studies of Pantothenic Acid Deficiency in Weanling Pigs

Pantothenic acid deficiency was produced experimentally by feeding a low-protein ration containing corn and soybean oil meal supplemented with thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and pyridoxine. When, however, the unsupplemented corn-soybean ration was fed, no symptoms of locomotor incoordination were produced in the ten-week experimental period. The growth rates of the pigs in the unsupplemented lot, however, were very poor. The reasons for these differences are discussed. The basal ration used to produce pantothenic acid deficiency contained by analysis, 4.31 mg. of this vitamin per pound. The addition of calcium pantothenate to the corn-soybean basal ration resulted in significantly greater gains than made by the pigs fed the unsupplemented basal ration. Two pigs in the pantothenic acid deficient lot were completely paralyzed in the hind quarters. Blood levels of pantothenic acid in pigs showing symptoms of deficiency were approximately two fifths of those in the normal control group.

Properties of the Colostrum of the Dairy Cow. II. Effect of Prepartal Rations upon the Nitrogenous Constituents

Summary Twenty pregnant heifers and cows were paired according to breed and to number and stage of gestation. For 7 weeks (average) before parturition, one group received a high-protein ration and the other a low-protein ration. The rations did not effect a significant difference in the levels of total protein, of casein, and of albumin-globulin fractions of colostrum and early milk from the foregoing groups. Non-protein nitrogen levels were higher in colostrum and early milk from cows of the high-protein group, but the differences were significant only in samples after the first three collections postpartum. The decrease in concentrations of the protein fractions of mammary secretions during the transition period tended to follow a logarithmic curve for the first four to six milkings, after which the rate of decline was less rapid. Changes in non-protein nitrogen seemed to continue at approximately the same logarithmic rate in samples representing the second through the sixteenth milkings. Rates of change of the nitrogenous constituents were similar in colostrum and in milk from cows receiving either the high- or the low-protein rations. Analysis of intra-group data indicated that colostrum from first-lactation cows receiving the high-protein ration contained higher levels of albumin-globulin nitrogen than did second-lactation cows receiving the same ration. Only small differences were observed after the first four milkings. Similar differences between heifers and cows fed the low-protein ration were not evident; the values for both of these lactation groups were between those of the heifers and cows receiving the high-protein ration. Deviations from the mean of values for nitrogen fractions for individual cows within the various groups were considerably greater during the early colostral period than later, as the composition of milk approached normal. Total protein and albumin-globulin contents of early colostrum were related to degree of mammary edema only to the extent that the averages of each of these protein fractions were higher from the ten cows judged to have the more severe edema than from the ten cows with the less severe edema. The rate of decline of total protein and of albumin-globulin contents of mammary secretions during the transition period was not related to the degree of mammary edema.

The value of urea as a substitute for protein in the rations of dairy cattle: I. Field trials with dairy cows

1. A large-scale experiment with 274 dairy cows has been carried out to determine whether urea can be a substitute for part of the protein requirement of the lactating. dairy cow.2. It has been emphasized that any proteinsparing effect of urea or other sources of non-protein nitrogen can only be determined in the proteindeficient animal and one of the experimental treatments was therefore designed to supply well below that minimum requirement of protein compatible with milk production.3. The addition of protein to such a ration increasing the percentage of crude protein in the production rations from 12·9 to 17·9 and the protein equivalent from 9·5 to 14·5 resulted in a significant increase in milk production. This gave ample confirmation of the protein deficiency of the low protein ration.

The Relationship of the Protein-Reserves to Antibody-Production

Summary and Conclusions The ability of protein-deficient adult white rats to fabricate anti-sheep cell hemolysin was compared with that of similar animals which had been supplied with high-quality dietary protein or a protein derivative (Amigen) for a few days prior to injection of antigen. The purpose of the experiments was to accomplish repletion of the depleted protein stores in order to enhance the capacity of the antibody-producing cells to synthesize antibody globulin. Hemolysin titers were determined at intervals after injection of antigen and were compared with those obtained in well-nourished control animals simultaneously injected with antigen. The results were as follows: Protein-repletion of protein-depleted rats by the feeding of high-quality protein, or a hydrolysate of a high quality protein led to a markedly increased output of hemolysin, evident as early as after two days of repletion and pronounced within seven days.The antibody-producing mechanism of rats is not permanently damaged even after feeding a low-protein ration for 191 days, and may be restored to nearly normal levels by the ingestion of adequate amounts of high-quality protein.Protein-repletion of protein-depleted rats may give a temporary increase in the rate of protein anabolism, even exceeding the normal rate in rats which have never undergone depletion.The daily ingestion of 5 mg of ascorbic acid by hypoproteinemic rats exerted no effect upon the output of hemolysin. Experiments are in progress to determine the effect of other vitamins upon production of antibody.

Growth-Retarding Effect of Corn in Nicotinic Acid-Low Rations and Its Counteraction by Tryptophane

Either 50 mg 1(-)tryptophane or 1.0 mg nicotinic acid per 100 gms of ration completely counteracts the growth retardation caused by the inclusion of 40 per cent. corn grits in a low protein ration. A possible explanation of this observation is discussed.

Influence of Protein and Thiamine Intake on Pathologic and Weight Changes Produced by Atabrine.

SummaryThe hepatic damage resulting from continued atabrine administration was more severe in rats maintained on a low protein diet than in those on a high protein diet. On the other hand, the incidence and degree of myocardial damage were slightly greater in the rats fed the high protein diet. Thiamine deficiency had no effect upon the hepatic and myocardial damage produced by atabrine. The daily administration of atabrine to rats maintained on high and low protein rations resulted in a retardation of growth beyond that observed in their isocaloric controls which did not receive atabrine.

CATARACT IN RATS FED A LOW PROTEIN DIET

Galactose cataract in rats was first reported by Mitchell 1 and confirmed by Yudkin and Arnold 2 and Day. 3 The problem was studied from several points of view by Mitchell and Cook. 4 They recorded that galactose cataract develops most easily in young rats. The susceptibility of different strains was analyzed. The sugar content of the blood and of the urine, the influence of protein factors in the diet, changes in other factors and the stages in development and regression of the cataract were problems particularly considered. According to Mitchell and Cook a low protein ration shortened the time of development of the opacity in the lens. On the other hand, a high protein ration tended to retard this pathologic change. Bellows 5 pointed out the inhibitory effect of 0.3 per cent cystine added to a low protein diet containing 35 per cent of galactose. Only slight protection of

256. The protein requirements for milk production

1. In a large-scale experiment, using about 500 cows, half the cows were fed a production ration consisting of decorticated ground-nut cake, maize meal, wheat offals and molasses supplying about 0.6 lb. protein equivalent per 10 lb. milk produced, and the remaining half were fed a production ration containing the same constituent foods in different proportions supplying a similar starch equivalent, but only two-thirds the amount of protein. No measurable difference was observed in the fatness, handling properties of the skin, hair on the body and percentage of fat and solids-not-fat in the milk.The milk yields showed no difference during the winter feeding period of about 20 weeks, but during the succeeding period when all the cows were allowed ample grass the milk yield response of the cows previously given the low-protein ration was significantly greater than that of the corresponding cows previously given the high-protein ration.The experiment was repeated the following winter, using about 600 cows, and confirmatory results were obtained.2. Another experiment similarly planned, using 300 cows, compared highwith low-protein production rations consisting of the constituents noted above together with soya-bean meal and rice bran. No significant differences were observed between the effect of the two rations on milk yield or composition, fatness of the cows, etc. There was, however, an indication (not statistically significant) that the low-protein ration which contained a relatively high proportion of rice bran depressed the milkfat percentage.3. A small but more completely controlled experiment confirmed the findings of the large-scale experiments.

Response of High Protein Diets and Unilateral Nephrectomy During Reproduction in the Rat.

This study was undertaken to determine the extent to which the task of excretion of nitrogenous katabolites could be intensified in the organism by simultaneous reduction of kidney tissue, reproduction with lactation and high protein intake and to observe the physiological adjustments made to these conditions. Unilateral nephrectomy was performed on adult female rats which were placed immediately on the experimental rations and, as soon as the regular oestrous cycle was reestablished, were mated. The weight of the litters at birth and at weaning were compared and lactation closely observed during this time. Some of the mother rats were killed after the first litter was weaned and others were bred one or more times further, and then killed. Reproduction on the protein diets was fairly successful but lactation was definitely deficient until certain changes were made in the experimental food. In Table I is given a summary of the high protein rations and control low protein rations fed. Renal enlargement calculated on the basis of increase in weight of the remaining (left) kidney over the “normal” kidney weight corresponding to the actual heart weight ranged from 219 to 29% in the animals on the protein-rich rations and from 58 to 7% in those on the low-protein control food. The degree of renal enlargement appeared to be due largely to 2 factors, namely, to the concentration of dietary protein and to the extent to which the maternal organism was called upon to satisfy the nutritional demands of the suckling young. The length of time on the ration after nephrectomy, the age of the animal, and gestation unaccompanied by lactation, were comparatively negligible factors in the renal enlargement under the conditions of these experiments.

The Apparent Digestibility of Low Protein Rations by Dairy Cows

The Apparent Digestibility of Low Protein Rations by Dairy Cows

The Metabolism of Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus and Sulfur in Dairy Cows Fed High and Low Protein Rations

For a number of years this Station has been studying the effects of wide and narrow rations on dairy cows. In 1921 and 1922 for the purpose of obtaining a more intimate knowledge of the utilization of the rations, digestion trials were conducted on four of the cows used in this study. As these ,nimals had been restricted to winter rations all their lives, it seemed especially desirable that we should take advantage of the opportunity thus afforded and include in this work a deter~nSnation of the balances of at least four of the more important mineral elements. The results of which are here reported, together with the nitrogen balances. Forbes and associates (1) in an extensive series of metabolism experiments, have brought out the fact that the ability of the cow to utilize the inorganic constituents of the ration is much more limited than her ability to utilize the organic constituents. Their results particularly emphasize a limited ability of the liberally milking cow to utilize the calcium and phosphorus of the ration. The calci~m balances were always negative with a mil]~ production exceeding 10 pounds per day, while the phosphorus balances were usually so. Losses of these elements occurred regardless of an apparently sufficient supply of them in the rations, which included such roughages as clover and alfalfa hays. Larger losses of calcium were encountered during the feeding of timothy hay than during the feeding of clover and alfalfa hays.