Low-profile Patch Antenna Research Articles

A low profile patch antenna for Ku-band applications

ABSTRACT A low profile, small size and lightweight dual-band antenna prototype is presented for satellite application (Ku-band). The proposed design meets the spectrum necessity of region 3 specified by International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The proposed antenna achieves a frequency band of 11.69–13.24 GHz and 13.72–15.07 GHz for direct broadcast service (DBS) and fixed satellite service (FSS) in receive mode, and FSS in transmit mode, respectively. The antenna achieves the impedance bandwidth of 12.29%, and 9.37%, for first, and second band of frequency, respectively. In addition, the axial ratio of 160 MHz (12.30–12.46 GHz) is achieved by the design. The proposed design is fabricated and measured for various parameters such as reflection coefficient, bandwidth, gain and radiation pattern. Moreover, the complexity in realising the design is less due to its single patch and a single layer.

DESIGN OF A SMALL PATCH ANTENNA AT 3.5 GHZ FOR 5G APPLICATION

In this paper a low profile patch antenna has been designed for 5G communication application. The resonating frequency has been chosen as 3.5 GHz for 5G application. FR4 epoxy material with permittivity of 4.3 has been chosen for the substrate material which has fire redundant property. The size of the substrate is 25.2×48 mm2. The main radiating patch is in a shape of ellipse and the line feed technique is used. The simulation is done by CST microwave studio software. Different parameters like S-Parameter, Antenna Gain, Directivity, Efficiency has been observed. The antenna has a gain of more than 5 dB which is very useful for communication applications. The antenna is designed for 5G communication applications.

Design of a miniaturised triple-band metamaterial antenna loaded with complementary split ring resonator and partially defected ground structure for wireless applications

A novel low-profile, compact and inexpensive three-band microstrip patch antenna made by CSRR is proposed. This compact triple-band antenna is fed by a co-axial cable and placed over a Partially Defected Ground Structure (PDGS). It is concurrently satisfying WLAN, WiMAX and X-band communication link application requirement, providing a significantly wide impedance bandwidth (S11 < ‒10 dB) in the WLAN, upper WiMAX frequency and X-band communication link regions. The proposed antenna also has high gain and efficiency in the three bands of operations. A prototype of antenna has been fabricated and measured.

A Twelve-Beam Steering Low-Profile Patch Antenna With Shorting Vias for Vehicular Applications

A low-profile twelve-beam printed patch antenna is presented for pattern reconfigurable applications. The patch is fed at the four sides using coaxial feeds. Diagonal lines of vias are inserted on the patch surface to restrict currents to the edges. While majority of patch antennas have only axial beam pattern, the proposed antenna produces twelve different beams. When one of its four feeds on the sides is excited and the remaining feeds are open circuited, the antenna generates a linearly polarized tilted beam (6.1 dBi, $\theta _{\mathrm {max}}= 30^{\circ }$ ). This beam is directed away from feeding patch corner. Therefore, the antenna can steer its tilted beam in four different space quadrants in front of the antenna by exciting one feed at a time. The antenna is also capable of generating eight other beams using multiple feed excitations. They are four additional titled beams (6.1 dBi, $\theta _{\mathrm {{max}}}= 30^{\circ }$ ), two tilted-twin beam (5.8 dBi, $\theta _{\mathrm {{max}}}= \pm 36^{\circ }$ ), one semi-doughnut beam (5.8 dBi), and one axial beam (8.2 dBi). The antenna is designed to operate at the test frequency of 2.4 GHz and has a height = 1.5 mm ( $\lambda _{\mathrm {{0}}}$ /83). The impedance matching to $50~\Omega $ is achieved using right-angle slots etched on the patch antenna.

Low-Profile Dual-Band Pattern Diversity Patch Antenna Based on Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Line

A low-profile patch antenna with pattern diversity is proposed. The topology combines an annular ring together with a center-fed circular patch. The composite right/left-handed transmission line is loaded on both the annular ring and the circular patch, to realize the 2.4/3.5-GHz dual-band operation. The outer annular ring works at its first pair of symmetric modes, which results in broadside radiation patterns, while the inner circular patch provides omnidirectional patterns in the horizontal plane, as a consequence of its physical circular symmetry. The field distribution is analyzed to verify the operational principle. By optimizing the feeding network, the antenna reaches a good impedance matching in both bands. A prototype is fabricated, and the measured results agree well with the simulated ones. The measured correlation coefficient is lower than 0.04 and 0.05 in the lower and upper band, respectively.

Compact design of UHF RFID and NFC antennas for mobile phones

A small size and low-profile antenna has been developed in order to provide any mobile phone with ultra-high frequency (UHF) radiofrequency identification (RFID) reader functionality. For that purpose, a patch antenna topology has been chosen on account of the mobile phone battery, which exhibits an electromagnetic behaviour similar to a metal plane. The low-profile patch antenna has been designed to operate at the European UHF RFID band. To communicate the mobile phone with the RFID reader module, near-field communication (NFC) technology has been considered. Thus, an NFC antenna, based on square coils, operating at 13.56 MHz has been also designed. Such antenna has been etched on the opposite side of the patch antenna. Overall dimensions of the prototype are 60 mm × 100 mm, i.e. small enough to fit the dimensions of a mobile phone. As proof of concepts to evaluate the performance of the designed antennas, an UHF RFID reader module and an NFC reader module are tested. The measured read range reaches up to 1 m for some commercial tags.

Low-profile patch antennas for biomedical and wireless applications

Printed microstrip-fed antennas based on a slotted radiating patch are proposed herein. First, a basic rectangular antenna without any slots was designed, being suitable for wideband applications and showing impedance bandwidth of 2714 MHz for $$S_{11} < -10$$S11<-10 dB. Next, dual-band operation for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX, from 3.11 to 3.97 GHz) and wireless local-area network (WLAN, 4.97---5.71 GHz) was obtained by including slots only on the left side of the basic design. Then, using a structure with slots on the right side of the radiating patch, WLAN operation was obtained in the frequency range of 2.865---2.096 GHz. The fourth antenna, with slots on both sides of the patch, was characterized and realized for biomedical applications at 2.45 GHz ($$S_{11} <-10$$S11<-10 dB). The proposed antennas can be realized with small ground plane size and total antenna area of only $$27.5 \times 21\,\hbox {mm}^{2}$$27.5×21mm2. This reduction in total antenna area is achieved by using a truncated patch. All the simulations were carried out using Empire XCcel. The designs were characterized based on their radiation pattern, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, and current distribution. The simulated and measured results show good compatibility.

Microfluidically Frequency-Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna and Array

A microfluidically frequency-reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna and an array are proposed in this paper. The reconfiguration performance is realized to be frequency-hopping by inserting polypropylene tubes, which act as microfluidic controllers selectively filled with deionized (DI) water between the patch and ground plane. It is a low-cost and environment-friendly choice for frequency-reconfigurable microwave devices and low profile patch antennas. Remarkably, controllability of the frequency-hopping range, number of hopping frequencies and hopping states in the proposed design can be obtained by adjusting the locations and numbers of the tube. With this feature, the hopping range of the operating frequency can be effectively enlarged using as few tubes as possible through choosing appropriate positions for adding the tubes. To verify the proposed concepts, the experimental prototypes of a patch antenna and an array are designed, fabricated and measured, and the simulated and measured results are presented, showcasing good agreement.

Corrections to “Development of Low-Profile Patch and Semi-Circular SIW Cavity Hybrid Antennas” [Sep 14 4481-4488

It has come to our attention that Eq. (1) in [1] contains two small typos. In the denominator, a factor "2" has been omitted. In the numerator, "2.404" should read 2.405." The correct form is presented here.

Low‐profile wideband unidirectional patch antenna with improved feed structure

A low-profile wideband unidirectional patch antenna excited by a tapered staircase-shaped feed strip with a tuning patch is presented. A prototype with a height of 17 mm (0.156λ) was studied. The results show that an impedance bandwidth of 86.2% for |S11| < − 10 dB from 1.57 to 3.95 GHz was achieved. Stable and symmetric unidirectional radiation patterns, a low cross-polarisation level, low back radiation and an antenna gain ranging from 6.2 to 9.7 dBi was obtained over the operating band.

A low-profile patch antenna for ultrawideband application

In this letter, a low profile stacked patch antenna is proposed for UWB operations. The antenna design is comprised of three patches; a 35° angularly folded patch feed (bottom patch), T-shaped patch (middle patch), and strip-loaded patch (top patch). The wide bandwidth is achieved with the integration of a 35° angularly folded patch feed with a T-shaped patch. The antenna's size is reduced by using the shorting wall technique. The existence of electromagnetic coupling between the T-shaped patch and strip-loaded patch further improves the impedance bandwidth. The design exhibits a compact electrical dimension of 0.12λ×0.14λ×0.08λ, where λ is the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency. The measured results showed that the antenna can achieve a bandwidth of 107.46% (3.1-10.3 GHz). Acceptable gain, stable radiation patterns, and low group delay variation in the operating band are achieved as well. These measured results signify the effectiveness of the proposed antenna configuration in the context of UWB application.

Development of Low-Profile Patch and Semi-Circular SIW Cavity Hybrid Antennas

Two low-profile hybrid antennas are presented. One of the structures provides linearly polarized (LP) wave and the other one produces circularly polarized (CP) radiated field. half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) technique is used to make a semi-circular cavity for reducing the antenna size. Using proximity effect, TM010 mode of a rectangular patch is excited by the HMSIW cavity. An inset microstrip line is used to excite the structure which leads to capability of planar circuit integration. The effects of the HMSIW cavity-backed antenna with and without patches are investigated. The simulated results show that adding the patch increases bandwidth and improves antenna gain. Both proposed hybrid antennas are made on a single-layer substrate using printed circuit board (PCB) process. Two prototypes of the proposed antennas are designed, simulated and fabricated. It is shown that broadband impedance bandwidth of 10% and maximum gain of 7.5 dBi is obtained for the LP antenna. In the case of CP antenna, axial ratio (AR) bandwidth is at least 1% with maximum gain of 6.8 dBi. The proposed hybrid antennas are low profile and offer attractive features such as high gain, low cross polarization level and high front-to-back ratio.

Low-profile dual-polarized patch antenna with HIS reflector for base station application

A coax-feed low-profile dual-polarized patch antenna with high impedance surface (HIS) reflector is presented. The proposed antenna contains two pairs of narrow slots along the diagonals and two pairs of T-shaped slots along the centerlines, which keep the cross-polarization under −38 dB. By introducing two short pins, the isolation between the two ports remains more than 36 dB in the whole bandwidth. Low profile and high front–back ratio characteristics are achieved by using the HIS reflector, which is also applied to enhance the performance of two-element array. The height of the antenna is less than λ/8 and the front–back ratio is better than 35 dB. The mutual coupling lower than −31 dB is obtained for the array design with the patches placed 0.8λ apart. The proposed antenna which covers a −10-dB reflection coefficient bandwidth of 2.28–2.75 GHz can be used as the low-profile base station antenna for WiMAX and LTE applications.

Multiband Printed Slot Meander Patch Antenna for MIMO Implementation in 4G Handheld Devices

This paper presents a Low-profile slot meander patch antennas. The antenna is a multiple communication bands for handheld devices and implements multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) technique. The proposed model covers LTE band-11 1.5 GHz Lower (1427.9 - 1452.9, 1475.9 - 1500.9), LTE band-2 PCS 1900 (1930 -1990, 1850 -1910), LTE band-7 2.6 GHz (2620-2690, 2500- 2570), and LTE band-22 3.5 GHz (3510-3590, 3410-3490) with dB matching criterion (VSWR 3:1). An isolation less than -15 dB has been obtained between two typical slot meander patch antennas. The isolation is achieved as a result of using CPW feeding mechanism and inserted CLL network isolator. This dual-feed (2-elements) planar antenna is fabricated and measured. The result of this small size structured MIMO antenna system shows a good radiation characteristics and small mutual coupling which is promising for MIMO applications in compact portable devices.

Design and Development of a Compact Wideband C-Shaped Patch Antenna for UHF RFID Tag

A compact low profile patch antenna for Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag for metallic applications is presented in this research study. By employing two gap-coupled C-shaped patches, wide half-power impedance bandwidth (RL ≥3 dB) of 152 MHz is achieved for universal application UHF (860-960 MHz) RFID. Moreover, the proposed patch antenna exhibits planar profile which eliminates the need for cross and multi-layered construction thus resulting in ease of fabrication and reduced cost. The proposed antenna design is simulated using Finite Element Method based software. Reported simulations results demonstrate satisfactory performance when the antenna is mounted on various sizes of metal plate.

Microstrip Antenna for WLAN Application Using Probe Feed

Microstrip patch antennas have been widely used in a various useful applications, due to their low weight and low profile, conformability, easy and cheap realization. A low profile patch antenna for WLAN application is proposed in this paper. This proposed antenna is made by using the probe feeding and aperture coupled feeding methods. This antenna is designed in order to improve the impedance bandwidth and obtain the circular polarization without using truncated corners in patch. The impedance bandwidth will be increased by making slots onto the patch. This unequal parallel slots patch antenna is the modified structure of E patch antenna and U slot Patch antenna. This patch antenna provides a bandwidth of around 16.4% with 1.5 VSWR. The simulation process has been done through high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). The properties of antenna such as bandwidth , S parameter, VSWR have been investigated. This paper also aims at comparing between different feeding methods.

Frequency-Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna With Biasing Network Driven by a PIC Microcontroller

A low-profile microstrip patch antenna has been designed for tuning on a discrete set of instant frequencies. The frequency reconfigurability is obtained by resorting to electrically actuated switches operated via a software-controlled biasing network. A low-cost PIC microcontroller is employed to control the antenna operative condition among the available states. Measurements on a fabricated prototype show a good matching with simulations and prove the reliability of the proposed configuration.

A compact low-profile dual-band antenna for WLAN and WAVE applications

A compact and low-profile patch antenna with a simple structure is presented for the wireless local-area network (WLAN) and the wireless access in the vehicular environment (WAVE) applications. The proposed antenna with an overall size of only 23mm×25mm is fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW), and yields 10-dB impedance bandwidths of about 250MHz centered at 2.44GHz and of about 22% ranging from 5.13 to 6.38GHz suitable for the WLAN 2.4/5.2/5.8GHz and the WAVE 5.9GHz (IEEE 802.11p) applications. Also, good dipole-like patterns and high average antenna gain of ≥2.3dBi over the operating bands have been obtained. In this design, resonance can be effectively controlled by simply tuning the shaped slots on the patch. Mechanism of mode excitations and effect of the added slot's length on resonance for the proposed antenna are examined and discussed in detail. The experimental results have validated the proposed design as useful for modern mobile communication.

Compact Circularly-Polarized Patch Antenna Loaded With Metamaterial Structures

A metamaterial-inspired low-profile patch antenna is proposed and studied for circularly-polarized (CP) radiation. The present antenna, which has a single-fed configuration, is loaded with the composite right/left-handed (CRLH) mushroom-like structures and a reactive impedance surface (RIS) for miniaturization purpose. The CP radiation is realized by exciting two orthogonally-polarized modes simultaneously which are located in the left-handed (LH) region. The detailed antenna radiation characteristics are examined and illustrated with both simulated and experimental results. The CP performance can be controlled in several different ways. This antenna exhibits an overall size of 0.177λ0 × 0.181λ0 × 0.025λ0 at 2.58 GHz and a radiation efficiency around 72%. Finally, based on the proposed CP patch antenna, a compact dual-band dual linearly-polarized patch antenna has also been designed and fabricated. Promising experimental results are observed.

A Broadband Low Profile Patch Antenna of Compact Size With Three Resonances

An E-shaped patch antenna fed by a folded L-shaped probe is proposed. The shorted wall loading is employed to make the antenna compact, and the lateral size is only 0.196 lambdaL times 0.221 lambdaL, where lambdaL is wavelength at the lower cutoff frequency of the measured operating bandwidth in the free space. Three adjacent resonances are utilized to achieve a broad band while keeping the antenna very low profile. The air substrate is only 4 mm (i.e., 0.029 lambdaL) thick, and the measured impedance bandwidth is about 19.8% (with a central frequency of 2.378 GHz). The procedure of optimal design is also described.