Low-power Personal Area Networks Research Articles

6LoWPAN MAC layer parameters optimization using evolutionary algorithm based ANN topology in wireless body area networks

Since the IPv6 Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) can be utilized for information dissemination, this network gains significant attention in recent years. Proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is standard for mobility control based on network at entire IP wireless applications. But, group-based body area networks cannot respond effectively. A new improved group flexibility system decrease the number of control messages contain router requests as well as advertising messages when compared to the group-based PMIPv6 protocol, in order to minimize delay and signaling costs. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard for low-power personal area networks (6LoWPAN) complies through IPv6-compliant MAC and physical layers. If the default parameters, excessive collisions, packet loss, and great latency occur arbitrarily in high traffic by default MAC parameters while using a great number of 6LoWPAN nodes. The implemented Whale optimization algorithm is based on artificial neural network optimization, genetic algorithm or particle swarm optimization to choose and authenticate MAC parameters. This manuscript proposes a novel intelligent method for choosing optimally configured MAC 6LoWPAN layer set parameters. Results of simulations based on the metrics such as Average delay time (ADT), Average signaling cost, Delivery ratio, Energy consumption, Latency, Network Life time (Nlt), Packet Overhead (PO), Packet loss. The performance of the proposed method provides 19.08%, 25.87%, 31.98%, 26.98%, 31.98%, 26.98% and 23.89% lower Latency, 12.67%, 25.98%, 31.98%, 26.98%, 27.98%, 31.97% and 27.85% lower Packet Overhead and 19.78%, 27.96%, 37.98%, 18.09%, 28.97%, 27.98% and 56.04% higher Delivery ratio compared with the existing methods such as 6LoWPAN-NUM-OHCA-FFA, 6LoWPAN-GTCCF-PSO, 6LoWPAN- DODAG-ACO, 6LoWPAN- MAC-GA-PSO, 6LoWPAN-NCG-DTC-NGIPSA and 6LoWPAN-TDMA-GTS-SHJA algorithms respectively.

Neuro-Fuzzy-Based Routing Mechanism for Effective Communication in 6LoWPAN-Based IoT Infrastructure

IoT (Internet of Things) devices that are IEEE 802.15.4 compliant are used to build 6LoWPANs (IPv6-based Low Power Personal Area Networks). For most IoT applications' network systems, 6LoWPA is the wireless technology of choice. However, the various IoT systems produce diverse routing patterns in actual network implementation. An objective of such a strategy is to enhance connectivity while ensuring route stability throughout the network at all times.Neuro-Fuzzy Based Routing Mechanism for efficient routing in 6LoWPAN-based IoT infrastructure is proposed. Using neural networks, fuzzy systems can incorporate the computational properties of training the input data into their representations and gain the coherence and interpretation they need. This research finding shows that the suggested routing strategy provides improved communication effectiveness in regards to packet transmission (93%) and other parameters such as energy usage (2.33%) and latency (7.42%).

Aggregator based RPL for an IoT-fog based power distribution system with 6LoWPAN

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) forms an important part in Smart Grids. Routing the data effectively from smart meters to the Edge/Fog node requires an efficient routing protocol. Routing Protocol for Low Power Lossy Area Network (RPL) is a standard routing protocol for IPv6 over Low Power Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN). In a Power Distribution system all the smart meters together form 6LoWPAN network. They communicate with the fog router, which acts as the 6LoWPAN gateway. ContikiRPL was evaluated using Cooja Network simulator for a power distribution network topology. The nodes which were far away from the fog node gave low Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and large End to End delay. This paper proposes an aggregation RPL scheme by modifying the existing Contiki RPL. The smart meter nodes communicate to the aggregator, which communicates to the fog node. The results show that the aggregation scheme has 35.6% increase in PDR, lesser hop count and 13.24% decrease in End to End delay on an average compared to existing RPL.

Design Of Intrusion Detection System For Dos Attack In 6lowpan And RPL Based IoT Network

Internet of Things (IoT) is a network spread globally and accommodates maximum things under it. All these things are connected globally using IPv6 protocol which satisfies the need of connecting maximum devices by supporting 2^128 addresses. Because of heavy-weight nature of IPv6 protocol, a compressed version of it known as IPv6 Low Power Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) protocol is used for a resource-constrained network that communicates over low power and lossy links. In IoT, devices are resource-constrained in terms of low battery power, less processing power, less transceiver power, etc. Also these devices are directly connected to insecure internet hence it is very challenging to maintain security in IoT network. In this paper, we have discussed various attacks on 6LoWPAN and RPL network along with countermeasures to reduce the attacks. DoS attack is one of the severe attacks in IoT which has various patterns of execution. Out of various attacks we have designed Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for Denial of Service (DOS) attack detection using Contiki OS and Cooja simulator.

A New Intelligent Approach for Optimizing 6LoWPAN MAC Layer Parameters

Fairness, low latency, and high throughput with low energy consumption are desired attributes for medium access control (MAC) protocols. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines the MAC and physical layers standard for IPv6 over low power personal area network (6LoWPAN). When a non-appropriate parameter setting is used, the default MAC parameters generate excessive collisions, packet losses, and high latency under high traffic when a large number of 6LoWPAN nodes being deployed. A search of the literature revealed few studies that investigate the impact of optimizing these parameters to achieve high throughput with minimum latency. This paper proposes a new intelligent approach to selecting the optimal 6LoWPAN MAC layer parameters set; the introduced mechanism depends on artificial neural networks, genetic algorithm, or particles swarm optimization to select and validate the optimized MAC parameters. The obtained simulation results showed that utilizing the optimal MAC parameters improved 6LoWPAN network throughput by 52–63% and reduced the end-to-end delay by 54–65% in which the enhancement percentage depends on the number of deployed sensor nodes in the network.

Design and Implementation of Remote Wireless Monitoring and Control of Smart Power System Using Personal Area Network

The most essential requirement of empowerment is energy. Smart grid technology is a significant leap towards reliable and consistent electricity. Integration of information and communication technologies is a vital part of smart grid progress. Smart grid communication infrastructure is a hierarchical network integrating heterogeneous set of communication standards and technologies. Microgrid plays an important role as a strategic component of smart grid as it enables the use of renewable energy resources. It can resolve the issues like unelectrified villages, electricity theft, depletion of fossil fuels, Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and greenhouse effect. Smart microgrid can operate on both is land as well as grid connected mode. It also contains various hierarchical communication networks for monitoring and control of complete system. This paper describes an experimental investigation of wireless monitoring and control of smart microgrid prototype using IEEE 802.15.1 based low power Personal Area Network.

Enabling End‐to‐End Communication Between Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet Based on 6LoWPAN

In the paradigms of the Internet of things (IoT), sensor nodes could collect the data through the Wireless sensor network (WSN), and could be managed and accessed by human users through the Internet. There are many challenges remain. Taking advantage of IPv6, IPv6 over Low-power personal area networks (6LoWPANs) implemented on resource constrained devices makes the connection possible and easier. This paper is contributing on constructing architecture of the end-to-end communication system based on 6LoWPAN gateway, which enabled convergence of IPv6 network and low-power wireless networking, featuring encapsulating 6LoWPAN adapter layer in a Network adapter driver (NAD) of personal computer. Using real commercial deployment, the result of application test bed shows that the IPv6 hosts could be interactive with IP-based sensor nodes through 6LoWPAN gateway with acceptable latency and packet loss.

A NEMO-HWSN solution to support 6LoWPAN network mobility in hospital wireless sensor network

IPv6 Low-power Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs) have recently found renewed interest because of the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT). Mobility support in 6LoWPANs for large-scale IP-based sensor technology in future IoT is still in its infancy. The hospital wireless network is one important 6LoWPAN application of the IoT, it keeps continuous monitoring of vital signs of moveing patients. Proper mobility management is needed to maintain connectivity between patient nodes and the hospital network. In this paper, first we survey IPv6 mobility protocols and propose a solution for a hospital architecture based on 6LoWPAN technology. Moreover, we discuss an important metric like signaling overload to optimize the power consumption and how it can be optimized through the mobility management. This metric is more effective on the mobile router as a coordinator in network mobility since a mobile router normally constitutes a bottleneck in such a system. Finally, we present our initial results on a reduction of the mobility signaling cost and the tunneling traffic on the mobile PAN.

6LoWPAN Local Repair Using Bio Inspired Artificial Bee Colony Routing Protocol

Abstract Due to recent advances of heterogeneous network and the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor network (WSN) are assumed to be part of huge heterogeneous network.The IEEE 802.15.4 standard introduces WSN from personal area network (PAN) into low power personal area network (LoWPAN). This standard is a low cost, low rate, low power wireless personal area network technology. Hence, 6LoWPAN is defined by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as Internet Protocol (IP) applied into IEEE 802.15.4 devices. 6LoWPAN Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (LOAD) and 6LoWPAN Ad Hoc On- Demand Distance Vector Routing with Multipath Scheme (MLOAD) are based on Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and simplify the routing protocol for 6LoWPAN mesh network. The AODV, LOAD and MLOAD for 6LoWPAN mesh network to broadcast route request (RREQ) message of route discovery is devoid of load the whole network overhead. In this paper, we proposed the 6LoWPAN Local Repair Using Bio Inspired Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) to find a route to the destination that reduce network overhead of route discovery.

에너지 효율성 향상을 위하여 방향성 메시징을 사용하는 수정된 지그비의 설계 및 구현

ZigBee is the low power, low cost and low data rate wireless personal area network(LR-WPAN) standard. The Directed-Messaging is the protocol which improves the energy efficiency through reducing the redundant message transmission by transmitting messages with directional information toward the specified sub-network area in wireless sensor network using broadcasting. In this paper, we design and implement the experimental grid sensor network using ZigBee modified by the Directed-Messaging for the energy efficiency improvement. The experimental sensor network in this paper is configured with Nano24 supporting the ADV message and the routing management module modified to use the directional information. The energy efficiency improvement of the experimental sensor-network by evaluating the experimental results according to transmitting ADV message.

Routing in IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN): A Survey

6LoWPANs (IPv6-based Low-Power Personal Area Networks) are formulated by devices that are compatible with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. To moderate the effects of network mobility, the Internet Protocol (IP) does not calculate routes; it is left to a routing protocol, which maintains routing tables in the routers. 6LowPAN uses an adaptation layer between the network (IPv6) and data link layer (IEEE802.15.4 MAC) to fragment and reassemble IPv6 packets. The routing in 6LoWPAN is primarily divided on the basis of routing decision taken on adaptation or network layer. The objective of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art survey of existing routing protocols: LOAD, M-LOAD, DYMO-Low, Hi-Low, Extended Hi-Low, and S-AODV. These routing protocols have compared on the basis of different metric like energy consumption, memory uses, mobility, scalability, routing delay, an RERR message, a Hello message, and local repair. We have also presented the taxonomy of routing requirement; parameter for evaluating routing algorithm, and it was found that the routing protocol has its own advantages depending upon the application where it is used.

Mobile IP-Based Protocol for Wireless Personal Area Networks in Critical Environments

Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks (LoWPANs) are still in their early stage of development, but the range of conceivable usage scenarios and applications is tremendous. That range is extended by its inclusion in Internet with IPv6 Low-Power Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs). This makes it obvious that multi-technology topologies, security and mobility support will be prevalent in 6LoWPAN. Mobility based communication increases the connectivity, and allows extending and adapting LoWPANs to changes in their location and environment infrastructure. However, the required mobility is heavily dependent on the individual service scenario and the LoWPAN architecture. In this context, an optimized solution is proposed for critical applications, such as military, fire rescue or healthcare, where people need to frequently change their position. Our scenario is health monitoring in an oil refinery where many obstacles have been found to the effective use of LoWPANs in these scenarios, mainly due to transmission medium features i.e. high losses, high latency and low reliability. Therefore, it is very difficult to provide continuous health monitoring with such stringent requirements on mobility. In this paper, a paradigm is proposed for mobility over 6LoWPAN for critical environments. On the one hand the intra-mobility is supported by GinMAC, which is an extension of IEEE 802.15.4 to support a topology control algorithm, which offers intra-mobility transparently, and Movement Direction Determination (MDD) of the Mobile Node (MN). On the other hand, the inter-mobility is based on pre-set-up of the network parameters in the visited networks, such as Care of Address and channel, to reach a fast and smooth handoff. Pre-set-up is reached since MDD allows discovering the next 6LoWPAN network towards which MN is moving. The proposed approach has been simulated, prototyped, evaluated, and is being studied in a scenario of wearable physiological monitoring in hazardous industrial areas, specifically oil refineries, in the scope of the GinSeng European project.

A 2 Gb/s 5.6 mW Digital LOS/NLOS Equalizer for the 60 GHz Band

The wide unlicensed bandwidth of a 60 GHz channel presents an attractive opportunity for high data rate and low power personal area networks (PANs). The use of single-carrier modulation can yield energy-efficient transmitter and receiver implementation, but equalization of the long channel response in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions presents a significant challenge. A digital equalizer for 60 GHz channels has been designed for both line of sight (LOS) and NLOS channel conditions to meet the IEEE WPAN standard. Power consumption is minimized by using a parallelized distributed arithmetic (DA) architecture. A 2 mm × 2 mm test chip in 65nm CMOS implements a 6 tap feedforward and 32 tap feedback equalizer that can be configured to cancel the response of up to 72 symbols, and consumes 5.6 mW at 2 Gb/s throughput. The chip also includes a channel estimator based on a Golay correlator for setting the equalizer coefficients and estimating frequency and timing error.

SET: Session Layer-Assisted Efficient TCP Management Architecture for 6LoWPAN with Multiple Gateways

6LoWPAN (IPv6 based Low-Power Personal Area Network) is a protocol specification that facilitates communication of IPv6 packets on top of IEEE 802.15.4 so that Internet and wireless sensor networks can be inter-connected. This interconnection is especially required in commercial and enterprise applications of sensor networks where reliable and timely data transfers such as multiple code updates are needed from Internet nodes to sensor nodes. For this type of inbound traffic which is mostly bulk, TCP as transport layer protocol is essential, resulting in end-to-end TCP session through a default gateway. In this scenario, a single gateway tends to become the bottleneck because of non-uniform connectivity to all the sensor nodes besides being vulnerable to buffer overflow. We propose SET; a management architecture for multiple split-TCP sessions across a number of serving gateways. SET implements striping and multiple TCP session management through a shim at session layer. Through analytical modeling and ns2 simulations, we show that our proposed architecture optimizes communication for ingress bulk data transfer while providing associated load balancing services. We conclude that multiple split-TCP sessions managed in parallel across a number of gateways result in reduced latency for bulk data transfer and provide robustness against gateway failures.

LoWMob: Intra-PAN Mobility Support Schemes for 6LoWPAN

Mobility in 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Personal Area Networks) is being utilized in realizing many applications where sensor nodes, while moving, sense and transmit the gathered data to a monitoring server. By employing IEEE802.15.4 as a baseline for the link layer technology, 6LoWPAN implies low data rate and low power consumption with periodic sleep and wakeups for sensor nodes, without requiring them to incorporate complex hardware. Also enabling sensor nodes with IPv6 ensures that the sensor data can be accessed anytime and anywhere from the world. Several existing mobility-related schemes like HMIPv6, MIPv6, HAWAII, and Cellular IP require active participation of mobile nodes in the mobility signaling, thus leading to the mobility-related changes in the protocol stack of mobile nodes. In this paper, we present LoWMob, which is a network-based mobility scheme for mobile 6LoWPAN nodes in which the mobility of 6LoWPAN nodes is handled at the network-side. LoWMob ensures multi-hop communication between gateways and mobile nodes with the help of the static nodes within a 6LoWPAN. In order to reduce the signaling overhead of static nodes for supporting mobile nodes, LoWMob proposes a mobility support packet format at the adaptation layer of 6LoWPAN. Also we present a distributed version of LoWMob, named as DLoWMob (or Distributed LoWMob), which employs Mobility Support Points (MSPs) to distribute the traffic concentration at the gateways and to optimize the multi-hop routing path between source and destination nodes in a 6LoWPAN. Moreover, we have also discussed the security considerations for our proposed mobility schemes. The performance of our proposed schemes is evaluated in terms of mobility signaling costs, end-to-end delay, and packet success ratio.