Lower Poverty Rates Research Articles

Do Remittances Promote Economic Growth and Reduce Poverty? Evidence from Latin American Countries

In this study, we explore the hypotheses that (a) workers’ remittances enhance economic growth in Latin American countries, and (b) workers’ remittances help reduce poverty in Latin American countries. In recent decades, workers’ remittances have become an important source of income for many developing countries and, as a global aggregate, workers’ remittances are the largest source of foreign financing after foreign direct investment. This paper analyzes the effects of workers’ remittances on economic growth and poverty in 21 Latin American countries. The study uses annual data covering all Latin American countries for the period 1980–2018. We employ panel least squares and panel fully-modified least squares (FMOLS) methods. In addition, we estimate the short-run and long-run effects of workers’ remittances on economic growth and poverty on individual countries with the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL-ECM) approach to co-integration analysis. The results reveal that workers’ remittances have a positive effect on long-run economic growth in the majority of the countries studied, but have mixed effects in the short-run. They also suggest that workers’ remittances tend to lower poverty rates in Latin America.

Advantages, Disadvantages and the Performance of Foreign Direct Investment in the Republic of Kosovo 2008-2019

Economic development is an aspiration for every country in the world including Kosovo. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a very important role in the economic development of Kosovo which is in the process of transition. For Kosovo, it is essential to have an accelerated pace of economic growth, lower unemployment, higher quality of life, lower demographic migration and lower poverty rates, thus attracting FDI has a direct and very important role to play. Although Kosovo has a large number of advantages for attracting foreign investment, there are also a number of challenges or disadvantages that are very evident which negatively impact on current and potential investors in the future. Based on the data analysis, the overall trend of FDI has declined in recent years, therefore it is very important for Kosovo to develop further steps to improve the business climate in Kosovo and attract foreign investments.
 The purpose of this paper is to analyze the performance of FDI in Kosovo 2008-2019, to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of doing business in Kosovo, to identify where Kosovo stands in terms of doing business and what is new for Kosovo in a way that improve the business environment and attract foreign investment. To achieve this goal of comparative analysis and identification, the integrative review method was used. 
 Key words: Republic of Kosovo, Direct Foreign investments, Business environment, Economic Development, Doing Business.

Do Households Prioritise Children? Intra-Household Deprivation a Case Study of the South Pacific

There is increasing evidence of unequal access to resources within the household between children and adults. The literature suggests that patterns of intra-household inequality are context specific: while some find that households prioritise children (Main and Bradshaw 2016), others find that children are more likely to experience the consequences of poverty (Brown et al. 2018a). In Tonga, the high value of children, role of women in decision making and low extreme poverty rates suggest that households will prioritise children. However, the data does not match this expectation. Where possible households share resources equally. In contexts of low resources, both adults and children may be prioritised. This article builds on the methodology developed by Main and Bradshaw to provide the first analysis of intra-household inequalities between children and adults in the South Pacific. It argues that deprivation patterns are shaped both by household decisions on resource allocation and by wider access to resources. The approach used can be applied in other contexts to explore deprivation patterns and inform anti-poverty strategies. The article contributes to the growing literature on intra-household inequalities between children and adults.

Estimating poverty rates in subnational populations of interest: An assessment of the Simple Poverty Scorecard

Abstract The performance of the Simple Poverty Scorecard is compared against the performance of established regression-based estimators. All estimates are benchmarked against observed poverty status based on household expenditure (or income) data from household socioeconomic surveys that span nearly a decade and are representative of subnational populations. When the models all adopt the same “one-size-fits-all” training approach based on the national sample, there is no meaningful difference in performance and the Simple Poverty Scorecard is as good as any of the regression-based estimators. The “one-size-fits-all” training approach based on the national sample results in overestimating poverty in the regions with lower poverty rates (wealthier regions) and underestimating poverty in the regions with higher poverty rates (poorer regions). In the poorest strata (regions/districts), average SPS discrepancies are as high as 15–25 percentage-points. The findings change, however, when the regression-based estimators are “trained” on “training sets” that more closely resemble potential subpopulation test sets. In this case, regression-based models outperform the nationally calculated Simple Poverty Scorecard in terms of bias and variance. These findings highlight the fundamental trade-off between simplicity of use and accuracy.

The Relationship between Economic Freedom and Poverty Rates: Cross-Country Evidence

We study the relationship between economic freedom and poverty rates in 151 countries over a twenty-year period. Using the World Bank's poverty headcounts of those living on less than $1.90 per day, $3.20 per day, and $5.50 per day, we find evidence that economic freedom, measured by the Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom, is associated with lower poverty rates. We also test the effect of various components of the Index of Economic Freedom.We find thata government's integrity and a country's trade freedom are associated with lower poverty rates. We check the robustness of our results using alternative freedom indices.

IMPACT OF ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS ON INDIAN AND CHINESE PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT

The graduation thesis aims to determine the Impact of economic competitiveness on Indian and Chinese production Development. This Graduation thesis determines economic competitiveness of two major global economies of the world that is India and China with help of Key process Indices like GDP, Labour Product, Employment, Life expectancy, Median household income, Income Gini, Poverty rate, Wealth Gini, Adjusted net saving, Dependency Ratio, Public Debt, the Carbon intensity of GDP. Competitiveness refers to the skills to dominate and retain position within the market, to extend market share and gain, and eventually to consolidate commercial activities. The rising standard of living with high levels of employment means that the country is competitive. At the macro-level national competitiveness is outlined because of the ability of states to attain economic progress quicker than alternative countries and to increase the movement of international trade. Competitiveness primarily involves the economic development of all the factors in the demand for national competitiveness. The importance of the idea of competitiveness is currently firmly embedded within the economic key process Indices of countries around the world. Therefore, measuring, understanding and analyzing competition at various economic levels become an important issue with intention to search out the ways that can potentially enhance the economic performance of states, regions, and country as a whole . The assessment of competitiveness is undertaken based on the measure of competitiveness to get a more complete overview of competitiveness. Accordingly, the competitiveness of India and China is measured using economic factors like GDP, Labour market, Employment, Life expectancy, Median household income, Income Gini, Poverty rate, Wealth Gini, Adjusted net saving, dependency Ratio, public debt, the carbon intensity of GDP. Based on the comparison of economic competitiveness of India and china it can be concluded that China is economically ahead of India in terms of Labour product, employment, Gross Domestic Product, adjusted net saving, life expectancy, Income Gini, Wealth Gini, Depth ratio, public depth and low poverty rate as compared to India. Whereas, India is economically ahead of China in terms of the carbon intensity of the Gross Domestic Product. Hence China has lead over India in terms of economic competitiveness.

The linkages between growth, poverty and inequality in Vietnam: An empirical analysis

This paper examines how initial inequality and poverty rate are related to subsequent economic growth in the provincial level of Vietnam. The results show a robust negative relationship between initial poverty rate and subsequent economic growth. However, there is no link between initial inequality and subsequent economic growth. The results also show that lower inequality leads to lower poverty rate and poverty reduction could help to reduce inequality. Other determinants of inequality and poverty reduction include human capital, investment, GDP growth rate and trade openness. The main policy implication that emerges from this paper is that concentrating on poverty elimination will help us to build a more equitable society without sacrificing economic growth.

The Economics of Cybercrime

Under what conditions is the Internet more likely to be used maliciously for criminal activity? This study examines the conditions under which the Internet is associated with cybercriminal offenses. Using comprehensive state-level data in the United States during 2004–2010, our findings show that there is no clear empirical evidence that the Internet penetration rate is related to the number of Internet crime perpetrators; however, cybercriminal activities are contingent upon socioeconomic factors and connection speed. Specifically, a higher income, more education, a lower poverty rate, and a higher inequality are likely to make the Internet penetration be more positively related with cybercrime perpetrators, which are indeed different from the conditions of terrestrial crime in the real world. In addition, as opposed to narrowband, the broadband connections are significantly and positively associated with the number of Internet crime perpetrators, and it amplifies the aforementioned moderating effects of socioeconomic status on Internet crime offenses. Taken together, cybercrime requires more than just a skilled perpetrator, and it requires an infrastructure to facilitate profiteering from the act.

Personal, family, school, and community factors associated with student victimization by teachers in Taiwanese junior high schools: A multi-informant and multilevel analysis

Background and objectiveUnlike most other studies on school victimization, which mainly focused on student self-reports and one-level analysis, this study used a multi-informant and multilevel analysis to examine how personal and school factors reported by students (gender, grade level, delinquency, perpetration against the student, and quality of the teacher-child relationship), family factors reported by parents (family income, the family’s financial stress, parent-child interaction, parental monitoring, parental psychological distress, parental involvement in school, and parental attitude towards corporal punishment), and community factors collected from government data (district/community poverty rates, and urban and rural areas) were associated with student reports of victimization by their teachers. Participants and setting1262 junior high students (grades 7–9) and their parents/guardians in Taiwan. MethodsMulti-stage cluster random sampling and self-administered questionnaire survey. ResultsA total of 38.7% of students reported maltreatment by teachers during the semester. The results of Hierarchical Linear Modeling showed that student delinquency, school violence perpetration, poor teacher-child relationships, the positive attitudes of parents toward corporal punishment, and communities/districts with low poverty rates were positively associated with student victimization. ConclusionsPsychological and corporal punishment in educational settings was legally banned in Taiwan in 2007. Our findings imply that legal prohibition is not enough to eliminate maltreatment by teachers. Comprehensive intervention programs are urgently needed, and potential intervention programs should target students from districts with low poverty rates. These programs should also focus on managing student delinquency and school violence, promoting supportive teacher-child relationships, and discouraging positive parental attitudes toward corporal punishment.

Strategi Desain Sentra Lokakarya dan Taman Evokatif Guna Meningkatkan Tingkat Perekonomian di Kabupaten Wonosobo

<p><em>The workshop center and the evocative park is training, developing, and marketing space for the regional economic industry’s product innovation to raise the level of regional economy. Wonosobo is a region in Indonesia with low economic level and high poverty rates. Even though Wonosobo has a lot of potential regional economic industries but local people tend to choose to look for economic opportunities in urban areas. In order to be able to attract local people to develop regional economic industries and evoke consumers to come and buy, the workshop center and evocative park must have an optimal level of transparency to provide a comfortable working environment and apply consumer behavior criteria to evoke the feeling of consumers. The optimal level of transparency can be shown in the selection of building materials and spatial organization. While criteria for consumer behavior can be shown in the spatial circulation. The method is to make a focus group discussion to make a mapping of potentials and problems in the Selomerto subdistrict in order to get potential regional economic industries to be developed and apply transparency and consumer behavior criteria to make a comfortable working environment and evoke consumers</em><em>. </em></p>

Do Targeted Business Subsidies Improve Income and Reduce Poverty? A Synthetic Control Approach

Interstate competition for economic development has led many states to adopt targeted economic development incentive programs known as deal-closing funds. Deal-closing funds allow state officials to provide discretionary cash grants to select businesses to attract and retain economic development projects. However, whether these targeted business subsidies increase prosperity in the local economy remains unclear. The authors use evidence from Arkansas’s Quick Action Closing Fund to analyze how effective deal-closing funds are at increasing incomes and decreasing poverty. Specifically, the causal effects of the Quick Action Closing Fund on Arkansas’s county-level per capita personal income and poverty rates are estimated using a synthetic control approach. The results largely suggest that the business subsidy program fails to increase incomes and lower poverty rates over the long term, at least at the county level. These findings should serve as a caution to policy makers who wish to improve incomes and poverty rates with targeted business subsidies.

Socioeconomic predictors of suicide risk among cancer patients in the United States: A population-based study

ObjectiveTo assess the socioeconomic predictors of suicide risk among cancer patients in the United States. MethodsCancer patients available within Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database who were diagnosed between 2000–2010 have been reviewed. Linkage analysis to Census 2000 SF files was conducted to determine area-based socioeconomic attributes. Observed/ Expected ratios were calculated for the overall cohort as well as for clinically and socioeconomically defined subgroups. “Observed” is the number of observed completed suicide cases in the studied cohort; while “Expected” is the number of completed suicide cases in a demographically similar cohort within the United States and within the same period of time. ResultsThe current study reviews a total of 3,149,235 cancer patients (diagnosed 2000–2010) within the SEER database. Regarding socioeconomic county attributes, higher risk of suicide seems to be associated with lower educational attainment (O/E for counties with > 20% individuals with less than high school education: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.35–1.47), poverty rates (O/E for counties with > 5% individuals below poverty line: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.34–1.43), unemployment rates (O/E for counties with >5% families below poverty line: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.31–1.41) and less people living in urban areas (O/E for counties with < 50% individuals living in urban areas: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.50–1.77). On the other hand, risk of suicide seems to be inversely related to a higher representation of foreign-born individuals (O/E for counties with < 5% foreign-born individuals: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.47–1.65); and inversely related to a higher representation with recent immigrants to the US (O/E for counties with < 5% recent immigrants: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.29–1.38). ConclusionsCancer patients living in a socioeconomically vulnerable environment (lower educational status, poverty, and unemployment) seem to have higher suicide risk compared to other cancer patients.

The association of neighborhood racial mix and ED visit count in a cohort of patients on hemodialysis

BackgroundNeighborhood racial mix is associated with dialysis facility performance metrics and mortality outcomes in patients on hemodialysis. We explored the association of neighborhood racial mix with emergency department (ED) visits in patients receiving hemodialysis.MethodsUsing Looking Glass (Montefiore’s clinical database) we identified a cohort of patients on hemodialysis with an index ED visit at any of 4 Montefiore Hospital locations, between January 2013 and December 2017 and followed it for number of ED visits through December of 2017 or dropout due to death. The racial mix data for the Bronx block group of each subject’s residence was derived from the Census Bureau. We then used negative binomial regression to test the association of quintile of percent of Black residents per residential block group with ED visits in unadjusted and adjusted models. To adjust further for quality offered by local dialysis facilities, with the facility zip code as the locus, we used data from the “Dialysis Compare” website.ResultsThree thousand nine-hundred and eighteen subjects were identified and the median number of ED visits was 3 (interquartile range (IQR) 1–7) during the study period. Subjects living in the highest quintile of percent Black residents were older, more commonly female and had lower poverty rates and higher rates of high school diplomas. Unadjusted models showed a significant association between the highest quintiles of Black neighborhood residence and count of ED visits. Fully adjusted, stratified models revealed that among males, and Hispanic and White subjects, living in neighborhoods with the highest quintiles of Black residents was associated with significantly more ED visits (p-trend =0.001, 0.02, 0.01 respectively). No association was found between dialysis facility locations’ quintile of Black residents and quality metrics.ConclusionsLiving in a neighborhood with a higher percentage of Black residents is associated with a higher number of ED visits in males and non-Black patients on hemodialysis.

U.S. trends in the supply of providers with a waiver to prescribe buprenorphine for opioid use disorder in 2016 and 2018

BackgroundHealthcare providers can receive waivers to prescribe buprenorphine for opioid use disorder, an evidence-based medication. The United States federal government has undertaken numerous recent efforts to expand access to waivers. This study describes national trends in the U.S. in 2016 and 2018, geospatial characteristics of waivered providers, and the association of county characteristics with patient treatment capacity. MethodsAdministrative data were drawn for all U.S. counties in 2016 and 2018 for waivered providers, as well as characteristics of counties that may indicate disparities in provider availability. Descriptive statistics were estimated to identify changes across the two years, and how community characteristics correlated with treatment capacity. Measures of geospatial heterogeneity were used to identify spatial clustering. ResultsNationally the number of waivered providers increased by 175% between 2016 and 2018, and patient capacity increased by 211%. In 2018, 65% of counties had at least one provider, an increase from 54.9% in 2016. Rural counties continued to have relatively fewer providers than metropolitan counties. In both years, counties with higher indicators of the opioid crisis had greater treatment capacity on average. Certain disparities continued to persist in 2018 in terms of patient capacity, as counties in metropolitan areas, those with lower poverty rates and those more physicians per capita had higher capacity on average. ConclusionsThe availability of waivered providers to prescribe buprenorphine increased from 2016 to 2018, while disparities persisted. More research is needed to understand how changes in availability of waivered prescribers impact population health.

Influence of Local Original Revenue and Economic Growth on Poverty Rate in Regency/City of Bali Province

The &nbsp;purpose &nbsp;of &nbsp;this &nbsp;study &nbsp;are: (1) To &nbsp;analyze &nbsp;the &nbsp;influence &nbsp;of &nbsp;local &nbsp;original &nbsp;revenue &nbsp;on poverty &nbsp;rate &nbsp;in &nbsp;regencies/cities &nbsp;in &nbsp;Bali Province. (2) To analyze &nbsp;the &nbsp;influence &nbsp;of &nbsp;economic growth &nbsp;on &nbsp;the &nbsp;rate &nbsp;of &nbsp;poverty &nbsp;in &nbsp;regencies/cities in Bali Province. (3) To analyze &nbsp;the &nbsp;influence &nbsp;of&nbsp; local original &nbsp;revenue&nbsp; and &nbsp;economic &nbsp;growth &nbsp;&nbsp;simultaneously &nbsp;on &nbsp;poverty &nbsp;rate in &nbsp;regencies/cities &nbsp;in Bali Province. (4) To analyze &nbsp;the pattern &nbsp;of &nbsp;the &nbsp;relationship &nbsp;between &nbsp;economic &nbsp;growth &nbsp;and poverty &nbsp;rate &nbsp;in regencies/cities in Bali Province. The research sample was taken with purposive sampling technique in accordance with the objectives of the researcher with several considerations. Data collection is done with documentation techniques. The data analysis technique used is multiple regression techniques. The &nbsp;results &nbsp;of &nbsp;data &nbsp;analysis show &nbsp;that &nbsp;the&nbsp; local&nbsp; original revenue has &nbsp;a negative and &nbsp;significant &nbsp;influence &nbsp;on &nbsp;the &nbsp;rate of &nbsp;poverty in the&nbsp; regency/city&nbsp; government in Bali Province. Economic &nbsp;growth &nbsp;has &nbsp;a negative &nbsp;and &nbsp;significant &nbsp;influence &nbsp;on &nbsp;the &nbsp;rate of &nbsp;poverty &nbsp;in the&nbsp; regency/city government &nbsp;in &nbsp;Bali &nbsp;Province. Local&nbsp; original &nbsp;revenue&nbsp; and &nbsp;economic growth &nbsp;simultaneously have a negative &nbsp;and &nbsp;significant&nbsp; influence &nbsp;on &nbsp;poverty &nbsp;rate in&nbsp; regency/city &nbsp;governments &nbsp;in Bali Province. The pattern &nbsp;of &nbsp;the &nbsp;relationship &nbsp;between &nbsp;economic &nbsp;growth &nbsp;and poverty &nbsp;in each &nbsp;&nbsp;regency/city &nbsp;in &nbsp;the Province &nbsp;of &nbsp;Bali &nbsp;shows &nbsp;that &nbsp;the &nbsp;most &nbsp;ideal &nbsp;condition &nbsp;is &nbsp;achieved &nbsp;by the &nbsp;Badung &nbsp;Regency and &nbsp;Denpasar &nbsp;City &nbsp;including &nbsp;the category &nbsp;&nbsp;of &nbsp;regions &nbsp;where Economic &nbsp;Growth &nbsp;is &nbsp;high &nbsp;with &nbsp;a low &nbsp;poverty &nbsp;rate &nbsp;(Quadrant III). While other &nbsp;&nbsp;regencies &nbsp;&nbsp;in Bali Province have not reached ideal conditions.

Mengelompokkan Garis Kemiskinan Menurut Provinsi Menggunakan Algoritma K-Medoids

Poverty is a situation where there is an inability to fulfill basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health. Poverty can be caused by scarcity of basic needs, or the difficulty of access to education and employment. Poverty is a global problem, some people understand this term subjectively and comparatively, while others see it from a moral and evaluative point of view, and others understand it from an established scientific perspective. The problem of poverty is a problem that arises in every country, especially in developing countries. The provincial poverty conditions in Indonesia have varying levels in cities and villages. In this study the data used was sourced from the central statistical body. The aim of the study was to determine the high and low number of cases of poverty based on the province using k-medoids. In Indonesia high poverty rates consist of 23 provinces and low poverty rates consist of 11 provinces. It is hoped that this research can provide input to the government in increasing employment, so as to improve the economy of the people in Indonesia.

Small-Area Multidimensional Poverty Estimates for Tonga 2016: Drawn from a Hierarchical Bayesian Estimator

Tonga has recently adopted the consensual approach to produce its official multidimensional poverty measure. This index is computed using data from the Household’s Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). The population of Tonga is scattered across 5 main groups of islands and high-quality spatial data is vital to inform policies. One limitation is that HIES data originate from a nationally representative survey that cannot produce reliable estimates for small areas such as constituencies, villages or blocks, and governments require highly disaggregated data to better inform policies, for example, with regard to natural disasters. This paper produces small-area estimates of poverty based on a hybrid hierarchical Bayesian (HHB) estimator, which draws on the standard hierarchical Bayes (HB) approach but uses a more efficient computation process – Hamiltonian (hybrid) Monte Carlo (HMC) – to produce the posterior distributions. The HHB estimator is then applied to Tonga’s National Population Census (2016) to present estimates down to island, constituency and block level. The results suggest that the extent of poverty is lower in Tongatapu than in Eua, Vava’u, Ha’apai and Niuas, while its prevalence is very similar (around 35%) in Eua, Vava’u and Ha’apai. Constituencies in Tongatapu show lower poverty rates than in the rest of the islands, and block-level data show a clear spatial pattern of poverty distribution in the capital Tongatapu. These are the first small-area indirect poverty estimates based on a hierarchical Bayesian model and drawn from the consensual approach (CA).

Female Education Externality and Inclusive Growth

Education is generally believed to be beneficial in fostering, independent of gender, higher labor productivity. Female education may, however, cause other socio-economic gains which are not captured by higher wage or better compensation package for the educated female worker in the labor market (positive externality). This paper investigates the casual effect of enhancing female education and reducing gender education inequality on various measures of sustainable development. After addressing the endogeneity issue associated with gender education inequality employing a novel instrumental variable (IV), we find mitigating gender education inequality to be associated with lower infant mortality and poverty rates and improvements in health and environmental conditions. Our IV estimation result reports that a one-standard-deviation increase in the female-to-male ratio of average years of schooling is associated with a lower poverty rate by about 0.98 percentage points. The results indicate that expanding women’s educational opportunities is an effective way to promote inclusive growth.

Female Education Externality and Inclusive Growth

Education is generally believed to be beneficial in fostering, independent of gender, higher labor productivity. Female education may, however, cause other socio-economic gains which are not captured by higher wage or better compensation package for the educated female worker in the labor market (positive externality). This paper investigates the casual effect of enhancing female education and reducing gender education inequality on various measures of sustainable development. After addressing the endogeneity issue associated with gender education inequality employing a novel instrumental variable (IV), we find mitigating gender education inequality to be associated with lower infant mortality and poverty rates and improvements in health and environmental conditions. Our IV estimation result reports that a one standard deviation increase in the female-to-male ratio of average years of schooling is associated with a lower poverty rate by about 0.98 percentage points. The results indicate that expanding women's educational opportunities is an effective way to promote inclusive growth.

County poverty levels influence genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in African American and European American women.

Our pilot study examined global DNA methylation and telomere length (TL) using DNA from saliva samples provided by 39 participants in the Arkansas Rural Community Health (ARCH) Study. TL was quantified by qPCR, and DNA methylation and DNA methylation age was assessed using the Illumina 850K Epic BeadChip. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was performed to identify biological pathways that were DM between residents of counties with high or low poverty rates and by race [African American descent (AA) versus European American (EA) descent]. Among AA women, hypermethylation was more common in AA residents of counties with low compared to high poverty rates (70% vs. 30%). The top canonical pathways impacted by differential methylation were related to glucocorticoid receptor, p53, and estrogen-dependent breast cancer signaling in AA women. EA women living in low-poverty counties exhibited less hypermethylation of CpGs than those living in high-poverty counties (27% vs. 73%). The top canonical pathways were related to hereditary breast cancer, glucocorticoid receptor, androgen and PI3K/AKT signaling. Several genes involved in telomere maintenance were shown to be DM by county poverty levels. Therefore, the finding of this pilot study suggests county poverty levels may impact DNA methylation patterns in breast cancer-related pathways as well as genes involved in telomere maintenance. Larger studies should confirm our findings.