Low Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Cote d’Ivoire Blighia Sapida Aril Oil Composition and Efficacy on Rat’s compared with Palm Oil and Olive Oil

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the composition of Blighia sapida aril oil from Côte d’Ivoire and to compare its effects in diet to that of refined palm oil and olive oil.A quantity of dried Blighia sapida arils was ground to fine powder. Oil extracted from the powder was filtered and characterized. After that, three experimental diets differed by the type of oil which were mixed with the food (Blighia sapida aril oil or refined palm oil or olive oil) were prepared. Three groups of young rats (six per group) were fed ad libitum with the different diets during 28 days. At the end of the experimentation, food intake, body weight and alimentary efficacy coefficient were measured and compared.Chemicals analyze of the oil showed that it is oleic/palmitic/stearic oil. It contains low polyunsaturated fatty acids. The ratio of n-6/n-3 is 9.50 and the ratio unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid is 1.6. Food intake of the different group of rats was not significantly different (p>0.05) whatever the kind of oil in the diet. Body weight and alimentary efficacy coefficient obtained on rats fed with diet containing Blighia sapida aril oil were not significantly different (p>0.05) to that of rat’s which consumed diet containing palm oil.However, body weight and alimentary efficacy coefficient in case of olive oil consumption were high (p<0.05) than those obtained with consumption of Blighia sapida aril oil or palm oil.Blighia sapida aril oil and refined palm oil have practically the same nutritional value in alimentation while olive oil has more nutritional value.Refined Blighia sapida aril oil can enhance it nutritional value.

Correlates of whole-blood polyunsaturated fatty acids among young children with moderate acute malnutrition

BackgroundSevere acute malnutrition (SAM) has been associated with low polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status. However, investigations regarding PUFA status and correlates in children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) from low-income countries are scarce. The aim of this study was to describe whole-blood PUFA levels in children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) and to identify correlates of PUFAs.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study using baseline data from a prospective nutritional intervention trial among 1609 children with MAM aged 6–23 months in Burkina Faso,West Africa. Whole-blood PUFAs were measured by gas chromatography and expressed as percent of total whole-blood fatty acids (FA%). Potential correlates of PUFAs including infection, inflammation, hemoglobin, anthropometry (difference between children diagnosed as having MAM based on low mid-upper-arm-circumference (MUAC) only, low MUAC and weight-for-height z-score (WHZ), or low WHZ only) and diet were assessed by linear regression adjusted for age and sex.ResultsChildren with MAM had low concentrations of whole-blood PUFAs, particularly n-3 PUFAs. Moreover, children diagnosed with MAM based only on low MUAC had 0.32 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.14; 0.50) and 0.40 (95% CI, 0.16; 0.63) FA% lower arachidonic acid (AA) than those recruited based on both low WHZ as well as low MUAC and those recruited with low WHZ only, respectively. Infection and inflammation were associated with low levels of all long-chain (LC)-PUFAs, while hemoglobin was positively associated with whole-blood LC-PUFAs.ConclusionWhile PUFA deficiency was not a general problem, overall whole-blood PUFA concentrations, especially of n-3 PUFAs, were low. Infection, inflammation, hemoglobin, anthropometry and diet were correlates of PUFAs concentrations in children with MAM.Trial registrationThe trial is registered at http://www.isrctn.com (ISRCTN42569496).

Fatty acid composition and content in chironomid species at various life stages dominating in a saline Siberian lake

This paper studies the fatty acid (FA) composition and content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the biomass of larvae and adults of chironomids from the saline Shira Lake. Species of different genera significantly differ in their larvae FA composition and essential PUFA content, and they also occupy different ecological niches: Chironomus species with a low PUFA content (0.2–0.3 mg g–1 of wet weight) inhabit a deepwater zone of the lake, while Glyptotendipes barbipes species that were richer in PUFA (2.3 mg g–1 of wet weight) dwell in the littoral of the lake. The biochemical differences are likely related to different feeding spectra of these taxa and can also be explained by the phylogenetic factor. A comparison does not find differences in the PUFA content in larvae and adults in the samples of the same species G. barbipes; i.e., we do not confirm the data on an increase in the content of these acids during the metamorphosis of chironomids. Thus, the data on the PUFA content in larvae can be used in calculations of PUFA fluxes through chironomid emergence from water bodies; however, the taxonomic affiliation of the emerged chironomids should be taken into consideration due to the high variability in the PUFA content in Chironomidae species.

Optimization of self-fermented period of waste coconut endosperm destined to feed black soldier fly larvae in enhancing the lipid and protein yields

The prime objective of this study was to simultaneously enhance the lipid and protein yields from black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) fed with waste coconut endosperm. The waste coconut endosperm impoverished with nutrient content lost during milk extraction was nutritively fortified via self-fermentation process with time period ranging from 2 to 8 weeks before administering to BSFL. The results showed peak nutrient content was attained from week-4 self-fermented waste coconut endosperm. Using this feed medium, the BSFL prepupae could accumulate 58% of its biomass weight with lipid. The low polyunsaturated fatty acid (6%) and high C18:1 (50%) also guaranteed high biodiesel quality derived from BSFL. Nevertheless, the longer BSFL rearing duration when fed with week-6 self-fermented waste coconut endosperm had triggered a slight increase in protein yield (18%) in comparison with week-4 medium (15%). In considering of organic waste treatment advantage of week-4 self-fermented waste coconut endosperm, a total waste reduction of 0.019 g/d was successfully measured using only 20 BSFL. Therefore, week-4 self-fermented period was concluded as an optimum to produce ideal waste coconut endosperm feed medium for BSFL in enhancing the simultaneous lipid and protein yields.

Effects of aging on characteristics of breast meat from free-range broiler hens at 12 or 70 weeks of age

We evaluated the effect of broiler age and aging process on the meat characteristics of breast fillets from female free-range broilers slaughtered at 12 weeks of age (Wk12) and 70 weeks of age (Wk70). We used breast meat from female ISA Label (n = 60) broilers. Ten samples of each broiler age were aged in an incubator (2°C ± 0.5°C) for 3 and 7 days. Ten samples for each broiler age were analysed 4 h post-slaughter (Control group). Compared with breast meat from Wk12, breast meat from Wk70 showed higher shear force (30.52 N vs 27.19; P = 0.0322) and total collagen (4.33 g/kg vs 3.77 g/kg; P = 0.0149), which were reduced during aging to 15.49 N and 3.92 mg/100 g, respectively. The aging process did not affect the lipid oxidation of breast meat from Wk70. After aging for 3 days, breast meat from Wk70 had similar protein and fat contents to those of meat from Wk12 (21.29% and 1.04%, on average, respectively). Breast meat from Wk70 also showed lower concentrations of docosahexaenoic (0.32% vs 0.65%; P < 0.0001) and eicosapentaenoic (0.01% vs 0.12%; P < 0.0001) fatty acids than meat from Wk12. The use of free-range hen meat is beneficial to the industry because of the lower storage and cooking losses, which may influence the final yield, besides its lower polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration, which makes it less vulnerable to rancidification. Aging for at least 3 days at 2°C is satisfactory to promote the tenderisation of meat from free-range broiler hens.

Comparison of fruit characteristics, oil properties and fatty acid composition of local Syrian Kaissy cv olive (Olea europaea)

Characterization of Syrian (Kaissy cultivar) olive fruits and evaluation of physic-chemical properties of oils were carried out during 3 years of production. The mean values of data for both measured and calculated variables of fruits were: grain length (21.89 mm), grain width (17.92 mm), length/width (1.22), weight of grain (3.79 g), weight of pulp (flesh) (3.19 g), weight of pit (0.60 g), pulp/pit ratio (5.35), crude oil (17.13%), water content (moisture) (51.34%). The 3 year average values of chemical properties of Syrian Kaissy cultivar olive oils (SKOO) including acid value, peroxide vale, Thiobarbituric acid value, iodine value(IV), saponification value, and phenolic content were 0.58%, 4.33 mEq O2 kg− 1, 0.028 mg MDA kg− 1 oil, 90.77 g I2, 100 g− 1, 194.91 mg KOH g− 1, and 218.08 g gallic acid kg− 1, respectively. Pefractive index (RI), and viscosity were 1.4666 nD at 25 °C and 139.56 mPa.s, respectively. However, the 2 years average values of Hunter’s color parameters of SKOO were; the lightness (L*= 66.91), redness (a* = 18.80), yellowness (b* = 29.08) and the color differences (∆E = 65.49). FA analysis of the SKOO used showed a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid 70.82% and palmitic acid 1.01%) and low polyunsaturated fatty acids (Linoleic acid 10.72% and Linolenic 0.82%) and saturated fatty acids (Palmitic 14.10% and stearic 2.57%). Results for 3 years production of Syrian Kaissy cultivar olive fruit and oil are discussed in detail.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of multiple sclerosis

Background: Results from previous studies on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and multiple sclerosis (MS) risk are conflicting. Objective: To prospectively investigate the association between dietary intake of PUFA and MS risk. Methods: We followed 80,920 women from Nurses’ Health Study (1984–2004) and 94,511 women from Nurses’ Health Study II (1991–2009) who reported on diet using a validated food frequency questionnaire every 4 years and identified 479 incident MS cases during follow-up. We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), for the effect of PUFA intake on MS risk adjusting for age, latitude of residence at age 15, ancestry, cigarette smoking, supplemental vitamin D intake, body mass index, and total energy intake. Results: Higher intake of total PUFA at baseline was associated with a lower risk of MS (HR top vs bottom quintile: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.49–0.90, p trend = 0.01). Among the specific types of PUFA, only α-linolenic acid (ALA) was inversely associated with MS risk (HR top vs bottom quintile: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.45–0.83, p trend = 0.001). The long-chain fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were not associated with MS risk. Conclusion: Low dietary PUFA intake may be another modifiable risk factor for MS.

Interactive effects of dietary lipids and vitamin E level on performance, blood eicosanoids, and response to mitogen stimulation in broiler chickens of different ages

The effects of the dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-6:n-3 ratio and vitamin E (vE) on the levels of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, the incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) into immune tissues, and changes in leukocyte population after phytohemagglutinin (PHA) challenge were investigated in broiler chickens of different ages. One-day-old female broilers (48 per treatment) were fed 4 different wheat-soybean-corn-based diets containing corn oil with a high PUFA n-6:n-3 ratio (HR) or a mixture of linseed and fish oils with a low PUFA n-6:n-3 ratio (LR). Diets contained either 50 mg vE kg−1 of diet (basal vE) or 300 mg vE kg−1 of diet (increased vE). At d 14 and d 34, 8 chickens per treatment were challenged with PHA, and wing web swelling (WWS) was measured. The blood concentration of leukotriene (LTB4), prostaglandin (PGE2), and thromboxane (TBX2) in 17-day-old and 43-day-old chickens was determined. The pattern of AA and DHA incorporation into bursa, spleen, and brain lipids reflected the level of their precursors in the diet. WWS was the highest in chickens fed a LR diet and in 14-day-old chickens (P < 0.01). Leukocyte proportions varied with dietary PUFA n-6:n-3 ratio and with age. The heterophil:lymphocyte ratio was the highest at 6 h post PHA challenge, and was higher in 34-day-old chickens (P < 0.001). TBX2 and PGE2 concentrations were higher in chickens fed HR diet, whereas TBX2 and LTB4 concentrations were lower at high vE level. Lower PGE2 and LTB4, but higher TBX2 concentrations were measured in younger birds (P < 0.001). The results indicated that LR increased the phagocytic cell proportion in the blood; HR promoted the incorporation of AA into the immune tissues, which increased the levels of more pro-inflammatory eicosanoids in the blood; and vE counteracts these effects to some extent. Owing to the immaturity of the immune system, dietary interventions might be promising at the early stage of chicken growth.

Volatile flavor constituents in the pork broth of black-pig

Pork of black-pig in China is well known for its quality and preferred by consumers. However, there is a lack of research on its flavors. By solvent assisted flavor evaporation combined with GC-MS, 104 volatile compounds in the stewed pork broth of black-pig were identified with the dominant amounts of fatty acids, alcohols, and esters. By aroma extract dilution analysis-GC-O method, 27 odor-active compounds were characterized, including 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 3-(methylthio)propanal, 2-furfurylthiol, γ-decalactone, nonanal, (E)-2-nonenal, and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal that had high FD factors. Compared to the common white-pig, the aroma compounds in both pork broths were almost the same, but the aroma profile of potent odorants for the black-pig pork broth showed less fatty and more roasted notes, which were partially attributed to the higher monounsaturated fatty acids and lower polyunsaturated fatty acids in meat. With aid of authentic chemicals and selected reaction monitoring mode of GC-MS/MS, 19 aroma compounds were quantitated.

Influence of toll-like receptor 4 gene variants and plasma fatty acid profile on systemic inflammation: A population-based cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and plasma fatty acid (FA) profile in modulating risk for systemic inflammation. MethodsIn all, 262 adult (19–59 y) participants of the Health Survey of São Paulo met the inclusion criteria. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, plasma inflammatory biomarker concentration, and fatty acid profile were measured and four SNPs of the TLR4 gene (rs4986790, rs4986791, rs11536889, and rs5030728) were genotyped. Multivariate cluster analysis was performed to stratify individuals based on levels of 11 plasma inflammatory biomarkers into two groups: inflammatory (INF) and noninflammatory (NINF). ResultsNo association was found between any of the SNPs studied and systemic inflammation. The INF cluster had higher palmitic acid levels (P = 0.039) and estimated stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase activity (P = 0.045) and lower polyunsaturated fatty acid (P = 0.011), ω-6 fatty acid (P = 0.018), arachidonic acid (P = 0.002) levels, and estimated δ-5 desaturase activity (P = 0.025) compared with the NINF cluster. Statistically significant interaction between rs11536889 and arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid (AA/EPA) ratio (P = 0.034) was found to increase the odds of belonging to the INF cluster when individuals had the variant allele C and were at the higher percentile of AA/EPA plasma ratio. ConclusionPlasma fatty acid profile modulated the odds of belonging to the INF cluster depending on genotypes of TRL4 gene polymorphisms.

Zaldi-haragiaren ezaugarritzea: konposizio kimikoa eta gantz-azidoen profila

Zaldi-haragiaren ekoizpen-, merkataritza- eta biztanleriarekiko eskuragarritasun-balioak laburbildu dira artikulu honetan. Gainera, zaldi-haragia ezaugarritzeko helburuarekin (konposizio kimikoa eta gantz-azidoen (GA) profila), laginketa egin da Kantauri mendilerroaren bi aldeetan kokaturiko herrialdeetan, udaberrian (n = 41) eta neguan (n = 41). Oro har, urtaroak GA monoasegabe eta poliasegabeetan izan du eragina. Bestalde, herrialdeen arteko haragiaren gantz kopuruan eta honen GAen profilean desberdintasun esanguratsuak ikusi dira. Lagin koipetsuenetan, GA monoasegabeen ehunekorik altuenak eta GA poliasegabeen eta dimetil azetalen ehunekorik baxuenak lortu dira. Desberdintasun horiek lurraldearekin erlazionatutako arraza eta ekoizpen-sistema izan dezakete oinarri. Dena den, zaldi-haragia gantz urriko eta n-3 gantz-azidoen iturri garrantzitsu izan daitekeen produktu bezala ezaugarritu da.

Correction to: Oxidative stability, thermal decomposition, and oxidation onset prediction of carrot, flax, hemp, and canola seed oils in relation to oil composition and positional distribution of fatty acids

Triacylglyceride positional distribution of fatty acids in flax, hemp, and canola seed oils were determined using Novozyme 435 and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) compared with the less convenient standard method using pancreatic lipase and thin layer chromatography (TLC). SFA were exclusively incorporated into the sn-1,3 position and PUFA were higher at the sn-2 position as expected. Thermogravimetic analysis (TGA) was used to predict onset of oxidation of carrot, flax, hemp, and canola seed oils and could replace conventional oxidation prediction methods due to its simplicity and time-saving nature. Carrot seed oil exhibited higher oxidative stability and longer oxidation onset time compared with the other three oils in the isothermal heating trials due to having the lowest polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content. Thermal decomposition was influenced by the fatty acids in the oils. Flax, hemp, and canola seed oils contained higher levels of natural antioxidants due to their extraction methods although the effect of natural antioxidants on the maximum temperature of thermal decomposition was masked because of the significant differences in their unsaturated fatty acid compositions, as temperature increased. The decomposition for carrot seed oil commenced earlier compared with the seed oils containing more antioxidants, despite having low PUFA content, once natural antioxidants had been exhausted. Practical applications: This research illustrates the advantage of using novozyme 435, HPLC, and ESI-MS for positional distribution analysis compared to the traditional method employing pancreatic lipase and thin layer chromatography followed by gas chromatographic analysis. Further, the use of thermogravimetry for determination of oxidative stability, shelf life determination and thermal decompositional analysis is illustrated. Results demonstrate influence of fatty acid type and antioxidant content on stability and positional distribution of fatty acids in the oil triglycerides. Triglyceride structure and fatty acid contents of seed oils are analyzed by HPLC, positional location and fatty acid type. These are shown to affect onset of oxidation and thermal stability profiles. Instrumental methods of thermal analysis allow for rapid analysis of shelf-life prediction.

A diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids improves the capacity for HSP70 synthesis in adult scallop Argopecten purpuratus and their offspring

In scallops, aerobic power requirements of gonad maturation reduce HSP70 synthesis capacity in response to thermal or hypoxia stress. As dietary lipid quality is crucial for membrane function, we predicted that supplementing Argopecten purpuratus broodstock with essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) during gonadal maturation would mitigate the loss in adult performance while favoring that of larvae. Scallops were fed during reproductive conditioning with microalgal diets with high and low PUFA contents, while a control group was maintained in natural conditions. After maturation, scallops of each treatment were kept at normal temperature (18 °C) or stressed by increasing the temperature (+6 °C). Mature scallops fed each diet were stimulated to spawn, and the ensuing larvae were exposed to handling and thermal stress. Relative transcription of hsp70 mRNA was assessed by RT-qPCR, and HSP70 proteins were quantified by ELISA. Feeding a high-PUFA diet during reproductive conditioning enhanced HSP70 induction (at transcription and protein levels) by mature A. purpuratus in response to thermal stress. By contrast, neither scallops matured in the natural environment nor those fed the low-PUFA diet increased HSP70 levels after thermal stress; hsp70 mRNA levels were also reduced. Offspring from broodstock fed a high-PUFA diet increased induction of HSP70 after exposure to handling and handling plus thermal stress relative to offspring of scallops fed a low-PUFA diet. Survival of these larvae was also enhanced. Feeding adult scallops with appropriate PUFA during reproductive conditioning could improve adult stress responses and favor stress responses and survival of ensuing larvae.

Analysis of Nutrients in Fresh and Canned Pseudobagrus

Pseudobagrus is a special economic fresh water fish in China. In order to evaluate the nutritional value, the contents of general nutritional compositions, amino acids, fatty acids and volatile flavor substances were compared between fresh and canned Pseudobagrus. The contents of moisture, ash, fat and crude protein in fresh Pseudobagrus were 71.36%, 1.46%, 10.4% and 10.4%, and those in its canned product were 50.97%, 5.82%, 17.8% and 16.7%, separately. The free essential amino acids (EAA) in fresh and canned Pseudobagrus were 41.52% and 44.53%, respectively. Pseudobagrus had more unsaturated fatty acids (86.45%) than its canned product (83.02%). Lower polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 22:6 n-3) contents and higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA, 20:5 n-3) levels were detected in fresh Pseudobagrus. After being processed, there were more kinds of volatile flavor substances in canned than fresh Pseudobagrus. Thus a new product of Pseudobagrus can be obtained in this processing method.

Algal blooms increase heterotrophy at the base of boreal lake food webs-evidence from fatty acid biomarkers

Physical defenses and grazer avoidance of the bloom-forming microalga Gonyostomum semen may reduce the direct coupling between phytoplankton and higher trophic levels and result in an increased importance of alternative basal food resources such as bacteria and heterotrophic protozoans. To assess the importance of algal and heterotrophic food resources for zooplankton during G. semen blooms and the effects of zooplankton diets on a higher consumer, we analyzed the fatty acid composition of zooplankton and the invertebrate predator Chaoborus flavicans from eight lakes along a gradient in the predominance of G. semen relative to other algae and the duration of G. semen blooms. The proportion of fatty acids of bacterial origin increased significantly along the G. semen gradient in all consumers studied. In addition, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased in cladocerans. These results suggest that heterotrophic pathways can compensate for a reduced trophic coupling between phytoplankton and filter-feeding zooplankton. The lower PUFA content in cladoceran prey from lakes at the higher end of the G. semen gradient did not affect the PUFA content of the predator C. flavicans, suggesting selective assimilation and retention of PUFA and/or feeding on other, more PUFA-rich prey.

Influence of feeding system (concentrate and total mixed ration) on fatty acid profiles of beef from three lean cattle breeds

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of two feeding systems (traditional concentrate plus cereal straw vs. total mixed ration) on the fatty acid composition of beef in lean beef breeds slaughtered at commercial weight. Two improved breeds, purebred Charolais (n=60) and Limousine (n=60), and one unimproved indigenous breed, Retinta (n=60), were raised on either an indoor concentrate system or a unifeed system consisting of a mixture of maize silage and concentrate. Young bulls fed the total mixed ration system showed a higher percentage of saturated fatty acid content than young bulls fed with concentrate plus wheat straw. The intramuscular fat of Retinta bulls raised on a concentrate feeding system showed higher monounsaturated (587.3mg/100g edible meat) and lower polyunsaturated fatty acid (221.0mg/100g edible meat) than Retinta bulls that were fed with mixed ration. No feeding system effect on fatty acid profile of fat was observed for the improved breeds. At commercial weight, the percentage of fatty acid desirable for human health was higher (70.3%) from the unimproved breed than the improved breeds (69.1%). The results obtained confirm that genetic background plays an important role in the fatty acid profile of meat from cattle raised with different feeding systems.

Body fat mobilization during lactation in high-producing sows fed varied omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratios

The effects of reducing dietary omega (n)-6 to n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratios on body fat mobilization in lactating sows (n = 100) were investigated. Treatments consisted of a control (tallow, low polyunsaturated FA, 8:1 n-6:n-3 ratio), 3 diets with plant oil based ratios (9:1P, 5:1P, and 1:1P), and a 5:1 fish oil diet (5:1F). An epinephrine [1.6 μg kg−1body weight (BW)] challenge was used to measure adipose tissue lipolytic activity (glycerol, NEFA, and leptin) on d 5 of lactation from a subset of sows (9:1P and 1:1P groups) fitted with jugular catheters. Lactation feed intake was greatest for control and 5:1P-fed sows (8.3 kg d−1), lowest for 1:1P-fed sows (7.4 kg d−1), and intermediate for 9:1P- and 5:1F-fed sows (7.7 kg d−1; P = 0.047). Piglet average daily gain (ADG) and estimated milk output were unaffected by diet (P &gt; 0.10). The 1:1P-fed sows had (P &lt; 0.10) greater backfat thickness, increased circulating leptin, and reduced feed intake, which are correlated (P &lt; 0.10) with increased circulating glycerol and NEFA. Sows fed a plant oil based 1:1 n-6:n-3 FA ratio appeared to be in a state of negative energy balance; however, as no effects were observed on piglet ADG, these sows were able to provide the same level of nutrients to their offspring as the 9:1P fed sows.

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids intake modifies the positive association between serum total cholesterol and colorectal cancer risk: the Rotterdam Study

BackgroundIt remains unclear whether serum total cholesterol is associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Interplay between dietary fatty acids and serum total cholesterol on CRC risk may be present as...

Fatty acid profile of beef from immunocastrated (BOPRIVA®) Nellore bulls

Twenty Nellore bulls (ABW=357.7±9.65kg) were divided into 2 groups: intact and immunocastrated — Bopriva®. After the trial period, the cattle were slaughtered and carcass fat thickness was evaluated, ether extract and fatty acid composition of the longissimus thoracis analyses were performed, and the activity indices of relevant enzymes were calculated. The means were calculated and compared by Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficients (p<0.05). The immunocastrated group showed higher back fat thickness, ether extract, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and activity index of Δ9 desaturase C18 and lower polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and n−6 fatty acids when compared to the intact group. The correlations between ether extract and the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were positive, and negative with polyunsaturated, n−3, n−6 and PUFA/SFA. Therefore, immunocastration may improve the fatty acid profile in the longissimus thoracis by increasing MUFAs, mainly oleic acid that is the most representative fatty acid in the meat and is considered beneficial to health.

High-Fat Diets Containing Different Amounts of n3 and n6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Mice.

Dysregulation of adipokines is a hallmark of obesity. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil may exert anti-inflammatory effects on adipose tissue mitigating the dysregulation of adipokines thereby preventing obesity. This study investigated the effects of high-fat diets containing different amounts of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on adiposity and adipokine production in mice. Mice were fed a low-fat or a high-fat diet with 16 or 45% of energy from corn oil (low n3 PUFA) in comparison with a high-fat diet containing soybean or high-oleic sunflower oil (adequate n3 PUFA) or flaxseed or fish oil (high n3 PUFA) for 11weeks. High-fat diets, regardless of types of oils, significantly increased body fat mass and body weights compared to the low-fat diet. Adipose fatty acid composition and contents reflected dietary fatty acid profiles. The high-fat fish oil diet significantly increased adiponectin and reduced leptin concentrations in both plasma and adipose tissue; it did not elevate plasma insulin concentration compared to the high-fat corn oil diet. All high-fat diets elevated concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) but lowered resistin concentrations in both plasma and adipose tissue. In conclusion, fish oil may be beneficial in improving insulin sensitivity by upregulation of adiponectin and downregulation of leptin production; n3 and n6 PUFA do not play a role at the dietary levels tested in reducing adiposity and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (leptin, PAI-1, MCP-1 and resistin) and anti-inflammatory cytokine adiponectin.