Low Physical Effort Research Articles

Availability Of Inclusive City Park Infrastructure (Case Study: Taman Tirto Agung Semarang)

City parks are places that support physical and social activities/discussions for all levels of society. Therefore, city park infrastructure needs to be accessible independently, even without the help of others. This research is located in Tirto Agung Park which is located in a mix-use area (education, housing, trade) so that park users come from various levels of society both in terms of age and competence. The method used in this study is qualitative with literature studies, and field observations were carried out to assess the availability and suitability of Tirto Agung Park infrastructure with the principles of universal design and the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works Number 14 of 2017 concerning Building Ease Requirements. The results of the analysis showed that Tirto Agung Park has shortcomings in providing facilities for users, especially people with disabilities, such as ramps (low physical effort), guiding blocks (simple and intuitive use), hand rails (equitable use), zebra crossings (tolerance for error) and wayfinding/signage (perceptible information). The recommendation in this study is to add, improve and maintain park facilities and infrastructure.

Designing, Developing and Examining the Effectiveness of a Machine Learning–Based Mobile Recommendation System for Parents' Digital Parenting Skills

ABSTRACTIt is of paramount importance that children are equipped with the requisite digital parenting skills to protect them from the risks and threats that they may encounter in the digital environment while also enabling them to seize the opportunities that the digital realm presents. Mobile recommendation systems (MRS) represent a significant intervention for the development of digital parenting competencies among adults. Nevertheless, there is no evidence in the literature of any attempt to develop the system. The objective of this study is to examine the process of developing an MRS for parents' digital parenting skills and to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed system through a pilot study. The study employed the developmental research Type 1 model. The study was structured in three stages: the design of the MRS, the development of the recommendation system (RS) and the pilot study. In order to facilitate the development of the MRS, three distinct working groups were established. The research yielded several key findings. Primarily, it established the theoretical foundation of the MRS, delineated the design principles to be considered in system design and elucidated their application in the system. Additionally, it identified the essential components and functions that should be incorporated into the system. In light of the expert opinions on compliance with andragogical principles, it was observed that the consideration of environmental factors emerged as a prominent theme. It was observed that the experts assigned the highest suitability scores to fault tolerance, low physical effort and an instructional environment in the system design. The system was found to be effective in terms of redundancy, sound and picture quality for all content titles and multimedia principles. The findings of this study indicate that the MRS may be an effective tool for fostering digital parenting skills. However, further research is necessary to develop age‐appropriate measures and to assess the long‐term impact of the system.

Auditory Learner

Auditory Learner

Evaluating Bus Transit System for Efficient Last Mile Transportation in Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam

As the leading example in sustainable transportation, universities should have an optimal and precedent system. Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) campus provides bus transportation for students. However, with the vast coverage of the campus area, the bus stops should be distributed evenly. This research aims to evaluate the bus stop position to find the optimal last mile distance concerning the principle of Universal Design, precisely the aspect of low physical effort. This research uses the method of space syntax to analyse the spatial arrangement of urban environments, including transportation systems. It is based on the idea that the spatial structure of an environment affects its usability and accessibility and that the arrangement of elements can be optimised to improve accessibility and reduce physical effort. As a result, this research finds that UiTM's current bus stop distribution needs to be improved. It should have filled the demand for several spots, such as dormitories, sports centers, and faculties. Adding bus stops or bus volume is the appropriate solution to this finding, considering the growth of student numbers and the upcoming LRT station development. This research has proven a new depth perspective by combining topologic, angular, and metriclogic. The findings of this research are beneficial in planning bus stops that carefully consider the universal design for all users wherever they live and work.

Universal and ecological design in media accessibility: finding common ground

AbstractThis article cross-checks universal design and ecological design in the context of media accessibility (with an emphasis on audio description, captions, audio subtitling, sign language interpreting, touch tours), aiming to identify practices that adhere to both design approaches. Following a literature review, a theoretical commentary is presented. Therein, each of the seven universal design principles (Connell et al. in The principles of universal design, 1997. https://projects.ncsu.edu/design/cud/about_ud/udprinciplestext.htm) is assessed in the light of ecological design. Three different outcomes are found when connecting universal design and ecological design principles: (1) certain universal design principles overlap with ecological design principles; (2) others are divergent with ecological design principles and (3) some are complementary, that is, they are unrelated but may be reconcilable. Universal design principles one and two (equitable use and flexibility in use) are harmonious with principles of ecological design in several ways. Principles three (simple and intuitive use), four (perceptible information) and seven (appropriate size and space) remain seemingly unrelated to ecological design principles, though they could be reconciled if certain changes were undertaken. Principles five (low physical effort) and six (appropriate size and space for approach and use) of universal design could be antagonistic with ecological design in some regards.

Design guidelines for sustainable utilization of agricultural appropriate technology: Enhancing human factors and user experience

Abstract The utilization of appropriate technology (AT) has become the Indonesian government strategy to increase productivity of agricultural commodities due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. However, the current utilization of AT remains suboptimal mostly due to design deficiencies that insufficiently account for human factors and user experience. In response, the aim of this study is to establish comprehensive AT design guidelines for sustainable AT utilization, focused on agricultural processing machines. An intensive observation was initially conducted in a rural community in Indonesia, to summarize difficulties faced by AT users. Supported by an exhaustive review of literature, a total of 44 human factors related design criteria were defined. Subsequently, these criteria underwent rigorous validation through a questionnaire administered to 197 respondents, consisting of AT designers, experts, and users. Employing the framework of principal component analysis (PCA), novel dimensions of AT design criteria were suggested, encompassing safety and error prevention, functionality and economics, user-friendly, low physical effort, physical workspace compatibility, and perceptible information. To augment the insights gleaned from the PCA, a matrix of importance-performance analysis was created, affording a map of the relative significance and concurrent performance of the defined criteria. The implications of this study are further discussed.

The role of effort type and intensity in children's decisions about effort‐based outcomes

AbstractDespite the importance of persistence in early learning, we know little about how children reason about outcomes that result from their efforts. Here we examined the role of effort type (i.e., physical vs. cognitive) and intensity (i.e., high vs. low effort) in shaping children's decision making about effort‐based rewards. Five‐ to 7‐year‐olds (N = 133) were assigned to one of four conditions (High Physical Effort, Low Physical Effort, High Cognitive Effort, Low Cognitive Effort) and completed a series of tasks to construct a toy. Tasks varied in the type (physical/cognitive) and intensity (high/low) of effort required to complete them. After constructing their toy, children completed a series of tasks to probe how much they valued that toy. Across conditions, children preferred their toy and gave it a higher monetary value, relative to a stranger's. However, when choosing their toy came at a cost, children no longer preferred it. Only children who built their toy through either cognitive or low effort were willing to incur a cost for their toy. Older children, across conditions, were also more likely to incur a cost for their toy. These findings demonstrate that by age five, children are sensitive to variations in effort type and intensity, and these factors shape how they evaluate effort‐based rewards.

Physical but not cognitive demand of an exercise bout influences subsequent affective inhibition

Background
 The school curriculum places high demands on students’ cognitive performance, including the executive domain of inhibitory control. Physical activity breaks have been suggested to restore students’ cognitive resources. However, it is unclear which properties (i.e. physical effort and cognitive load) of the physical activity break are suited best to improve subsequent cognitive performance. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of exercise with different physical effort and cognitive load on subsequent inhibitory control.
 Methods
 Thirty-five healthy right handed children aged 9 to 13 years were recruited from an academic high school in Basel, Switzerland. On four different days at least one week apart and in randomized order, participants underwent short exercise sessions on an interactive exergaming wall (SMARTfit Single, SMARTfit, USA). The sessions lasted 10 min and combined high (or low) physical effort with high (or low) cognitive load. Participants rated their perceived exhaustion and cognitive load using an RPE scale and the NASA task load index. Before and after the exercise sessions, a standard Stroop task and an affective Stroop task were performed to account for changes in inhibitory control with and without an additional component of emotion processing.
 Results
 The manipulation check showed that the high physical effort condition was related to higher rated perceived exhaustion and the high cognitive load condition to higher scores on the NASA task load index. Statistical analysis using 2 x 2 ANOVA revealed that independent from cognitive load, physical effort influenced reaction time on the affective, but not the standard Stroop task. This indicated a greater improvement following exercise at low compared to high physical effort in both the congruent and incongruent trials. This effect was not due to a speed-accuracy trade-off, given that no main effect of physical effort was found for accuracy. There were no main effects of cognitive load and no interaction of physical effort and cognitive load.
 Conclusion
 Our results indicated that in school children, lower exercise intensity is more suitable for improving subsequent inhibitory control than exercise with higher physical effort. However, this effect only seems to be present in situations where cognitive challenge is combined with emotionally charged stimuli. This has implications for recommendations on how to optimally organize students’ physical activity during school breaks.

The development of universal design principles for appropriate technology in small and medium enterprises (SMEs)

The Indonesian government has considered appropriate technology (AT) as a cost-effective strategy to increase productivity, including for farmers in processing agricultural commodities. However, its acceptance and effectiveness still need to be improved so that AT can be used for the general population. The existing AT designs seem to fail in considering the characteristics and capabilities of their users. This paper proposed expanding universal design principles for AT in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). After conducted random observation and interviews with SMEs in Subang Area, this study refers to relevant literature studies from various previous studies. This study’s results are new universal design principles: flexibility in use, practicability, ease of service, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, low energy, adjustability, mobility, and modular and straightforward and intuitive use. A conceptual model proposed in this study describes the relationship among user characteristics, the concept of universal design, and the effectiveness of using appropriate technology.

Preparation of emulsion for nutrient delivery using 3D printed microfluidic chips

Ergonomics is about how people, based on their physical capabilities, can best organize and conduct their activities. Ergonomics, which is known as human factor, is systematic order which is in the process of understanding and improving human communications with types of product, equipments, environment and system. Human factors and ergonomic is concerned with the “fit” between the user, equipments and their environment, it is about designing for people, whenever they interact with products, system or processes. The survey “Ergonomic Assessment of Kitchen Interiors in relation to Human Health and Safety in the region of Uttarakhand” has been conducted with the objective to study the present situation of kitchen interiors in relation to man’s compatibility in terms of equitable use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, tolerance of error and low physical effort. For this survey has been conducted on 60 households which were purposively selected. On the basis of study it was revealed that there was complete thoughtlessness in designing the kitchen interiors for the residents, and the ultimate sufferer for this mismatch was housewives ,as they are the one who spent maximum time in household environment specially kitchen, due to this incompatibility they are suffering from musculoskeletal disorders and were in a stake of accidents, the main reason for this is lack of reliable anthropometric data of Indian users to decide the comfortable limits of workers as they are also copying the British standards, lack of concern of users for faulty designed layout in relation to environment and low priority towards improvement in household work conditions because of women users, as household work is considered as unproductive. In modern era, although the improvement was made in the sphere of household work also, but efficient relationship between man and their working environment remained missing.

Occupational rehabilitation of male breast cancer patients: Return patterns, motives, experiences, and implications-A qualitative study.

Knowledge regarding the occupational rehabilitation of male breast cancer patients (MBCPs) is currently scarce; however, there may exist unmet needs of men affected by this rare disease. Therefore, this exploratory study investigated the experiences of MBCPs in their return to work (RTW). Interview data from 14 men with a breast cancer diagnosis were used for qualitative content analysis. Data were collected within the mixed-methods N-MALE project (Male breast cancer: patients' needs in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and follow-up care), conducted in Germany from 2016 to 2018. The eight identified motives for RTW were desire for normalcy, distraction, need for activity, social contacts, work as a source of pleasure, financial considerations, lack of self-perception of illness, and having a job requiring low physical effort. The participants reported positive experiences with their workplaces from diagnosis through RTW. However, stigmatisation occurred. The aftermath of the disease and treatment led to changes in the interviewees' productivity, for instance due to fatigue. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of RTW processes, as new insights were gained about motives and experiences particular to MBCPs. Support needs after return were apparent and may help to reduce long-term effects that limit productivity.

INTRODUCTION OF UNIVERSAL DESIGN IN GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: ACCESSIBILITY AUDIT

The article highlights the problem of universal design implementation in general secondary education institutions of Ukraine; defined the normative legal act for the implementation of universal design, namely: the Declaration of Human Rights, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child; Convention against Discrimination, World Declaration on Education for All, Salamanca Declaration; conducted analysis of the National Doctrine of Education Development, which states that the creation of conditions for personal development and creative self-realization of every citizen of Ukraine indicates that the modern education system of Ukraine is based on the ideas of humanistic educational paradigm, the essence of which meets the needs of students with modern values, and interaction of participants in the educational process, built on personality-oriented and competency- based approaches; described approaches to defining the concept of “universal design” (the Law of Ukraine on Education defines universal design in education as the design of subjects, environment, educational programs and services, which ensures their maximum suitability for use by all persons without the necessary adaptation or special design). It is noted that the education of Ukraine is undergoing an active transformation through the implementation of the reform of the New Ukrainian School, the concept of which takes into account the principles of universal design such as: equal use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, perception of information regardless of user sensory capabilities, tolerance to errors, low level physical effort, availability of the required size and space; highlighted the individual features of students in three areas of activity where the most distinctive personality traits are most pronounced, because for the effective implementation of universal design the teacher must apply an individual approach to each student.

Penerapan Konsep A.B.L.E. Pada Ruang Terapi Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus Cerebral Palsy

<p class="Abstract"><em>Cerebral Palsy is a condition characterized by poor muscle control, stiffness, paralysis, to other nerve disorders. These children are at the highest level of priority among children with special needs. Helping children with Cerebral Palsy can be realized through the design of a special therapy centre for children with Cerebral Palsy. The design of this therapy centre will be specified in the design concept of the play therapy room because in this case, the playground works as well as therapeutic method for children. This study was conducted using qualitative descriptive analytical methods in Risantya facility which applies play as a therapeutic approach. The observation focused on the activities of the children in the playground. It was found that four factors play an important role in the therapy area. A.B.L.E. has meaning, namely A for Attractive Colours, B for Bump, Bruise, and Pain-Free, L for Low Physical Effort, and E for Engaged positively with movement. The concept is described to therapy centre, especially in the play therapy room, where this concept aims to provide a sense of ease, safety, and comfort to children when doing activities.</em></p>

Dopaminergic and opioidergic regulation during anticipation and consumption of social and nonsocial rewards.

The observation of animal orofacial and behavioral reactions has played a fundamental role in research on reward but is seldom assessed in humans. Healthy volunteers (N = 131) received 400 mg of the dopaminergic antagonist amisulpride, 50 mg of the opioidergic antagonist naltrexone, or placebo. Subjective ratings, physical effort, and facial reactions to matched primary social (affective touch) and nonsocial (food) rewards were assessed. Both drugs resulted in lower physical effort and greater negative facial reactions during reward anticipation, especially of food rewards. Only opioidergic manipulation through naltrexone led to a reduction in positive facial reactions to liked rewards during reward consumption. Subjective ratings of wanting and liking were not modulated by either drug. Results suggest that facial reactions during anticipated and experienced pleasure rely on partly different neurochemical systems, and also that the neurochemical bases for food and touch rewards are not identical.

REDESAIN INKLUSIF DAN PENINGKATAN AKSESIBILITAS LAYANAN UNTUK BERBAGAI PENGGUNA DI PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN PETRA


 
 
 Title: Inclusive Design and Service Accessibility Improvement for Various Users in Petra Christian University Library
 In the context of Indonesia, Act No. 8 of 2016 actually recognizes the rights of the disabled. Unfortunately, the UNCRPD implementation seems not quite effective. Many educational facilities are not accessible for the disabled or the People with Disabilities. The learning environment has an indirect impact on student achievement, creating a positive attitude, higher motivation for learning and no doubt better performance. The accessibility aspect of learning places is crucial for educational facilities such as university Library. Petra Christian University (UKP) is located in the heart of Wonocolo District, Surabaya, East Java-Indonesia. With the motto "Learning zone that cares ". Library@Petra wants to be a learning center that caters to academics, and practitioners. Library@Petra is the largest and most complete academic library in East Java. On the other hand, many users find accessibility barriers to Library@Petra-owned facilities built in the 1980 's. Accessibility issues for all users are generated from Focus Group discussion (FGD) discussions, involving people with disabilities, elderly, pregnant women following children in accordance with User – Centered Principle. The Library@Petra redesign was submitted based on the principles of inclusive design submitted by Tanuwidjaja (2015). An Equitable Use but Reasonable Principle will be met through providing a help corner for users with special needs, accessible pathways and space to spin, as well as accessible meeting and toilet areas. Simple and Intuitive Use Principle will be filled with braille/visual and directional guides for the blind and other. The principle of requiring Low Physical Effort applied to accessible toilets and assistance to retrieve books in specific areas that are hard to reach, computers for users with special needs (blind users) are provided for reading, to access e-books and catalogs. Prohibition of Usage Error is recommended with the installation of a fence as high as 150 cm around the elevator aisle and anti-slippery floor. These recommendations were found difficult to be addressed because of the limited university's budget and the use of active Library@Petra throughout the year. Therefore, it is proposed a Special Assistance Corner for special users including disability as a first step. This corner is equipped with a dedicated User Service desk, a waiting couch and three computer stations for visual disabilities to read ebook and catalogue sites. Recommendation of this case is the higher nvolvement of People with Disabilites in inclusive design.
 
 

Kajian Implementasi Desain Universal Pada Taman Samarendah

<p class="Abstract"><em>City Parks in terms of social functions can be used as a place for social interaction, a means for sports, play and recreation. As a public facility, city parks must accommodate all groups of people, ranging from normal people, children, disabled people and the elderly. One way to provide facilities for all visitors is to apply universal design principles. Universal design aims to facilitate everyone's life through the creation of products, the built environment and communication to be used by as many people as possible and provide added value for everyone. The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of universal design principles in Taman Samarendah.The location of the study was in Taman Samarendah, using a descriptive qualitative research method. Seven principles of universal design and Permen PUPR No.14/PRT/2017 becomes the guideline and standardization in this study. The results of this study indicate that Samarendah Park has not fully applied the universal design principles and accessibility standards. The most universal principles of design that are not applied are the principle of tolerance for error and the principle of low physical effort. The principle that is most widely applied is the size and space for approach. </em></p>

ÇOK KRİTERLİ KARAR VERME TEKNİKLERİ KULLANILARAK EVRENSEL TASARIM İLKELERİNİN AĞIRLIKLANDIRILMASI

Universal Design (UD) is the design of products and environments that can be used by all people in the widest possible way without the need for adaptation and custom design. It involves a wide range of design disciplines, including environments, products, and communication design. A working group of developers (architects, product designers and environmental design researchers) guided the design process without evaluating existing designs and identified seven UD principles to be used to educate designers and consumers about the properties of more useful products and environments. These principles are “Equitable Use”, “Flexibility in Use”, “Simple and Intuitive Use”, “Perceptible Information”, “Tolerance for Error”, “Low Physical Effort”, and “Size and Space for Approach and Use”. Prioritizing or weighting these principles can be handled as a Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem. For this reason, in this paper we study the prioritizing of these principles using two of MCDM techniques with fuzzy numbers, namely AHP and ANP, and the results of both algorithms are compared. The main contribution of this paper is to prioritize UD principles using numerical methods with experts’ view. This work, which includes grading the principle 7 of Universal Design in itself, will be guiding for designers. To the authors’ knowledge, this will be the first interdisciplinary study which uses these two techniques for evaluating UD principles for developers.

The universal design approach on sport center in Jakarta to create livable public facilities

The DKI Jakarta Government is actively implementing a sports center rehabilitation program for sports and arts activities for the community. One problem that has not been considered in the design of sports centers in Jakarta is the provision of facilities for persons with disabilities, in order to that they have the same opportunities as other normal people in using sports centers. From the results of a study using descriptive methods through observation of existing sports centers, the results are obtained that to realize a livable public facilities requires the design of a sports center that applies the principles of Universal Design, namely Equitable Use, Flexibility in Use, Perceptible Information, Simple & Intuitive, Tolerance for Error, Low Physical Effort, Size and Space for Approach Use.

Effort-cost computation in a transdiagnostic psychiatric sample: Differences among patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.

Amotivational symptoms are observed in schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). Effort-cost computation may be a potential contributor to amotivation transdiagnostically. This study examined effort-cost computation in these three diagnostic groups. This study recruited 141 outpatients (49 SCZ, 52 non-psychotic BD, and 40 non-psychotic MDD) and 57 healthy controls (HCs). We administered the Effort-Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT), which manipulated different levels of reward magnitude and probability relating to a high and low physical effort task. There were significant interactions between group and reward magnitude, group and reward probability, and group and expected value on the percentage of high-effort choices. SCZ, BD, and MDD patients made comparably fewer high-effort choices than HCs in the high-reward magnitude, high-reward probability, and high-expected-value conditions. Self-reported amotivation did not correlate with decision-making on the EEfRT. Our findings suggest that reduced effort expenditure for reward is a transdiagnostic phenotype in SCZ, BD, and MDD.

Psychosocial Work Conditions and Mental Health: Examining Differences Across Mental Illness and Well-Being Outcomes.

Psychosocial work conditions are determinants of mental illness among worker populations. However, while the focus on negative aspects of mental health has generated important contributions to the development of workplace interventions, there is less evidence on the factors that support the positive aspects of mental well-being. This study aimed to examine the association between psychosocial work conditions and mental health outcomes among a representative sample of Canadian workers; and to assess whether the relationships are consistent across measures of mental illness versus mental well-being. Population-based data were obtained from the cross-sectional 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey. Psychosocial work conditions were measured using an abbreviated version of the Job Content Questionnaire. For mental illness, we focused on major depressive episodes, generalized anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorders in the past 12 months, as measured using Composite International Diagnostic Interview criteria. Mental well-being was defined as having flourishing mental health, based on items from the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form. Regression models provided odds ratios (ORs) and fitted probabilities for the relationship between work conditions and mental health, adjusting for covariates. Higher levels of job control, social support, and job security were associated with being free of disorders (ORs ranging from 1.08 to 1.15) as well as having flourishing mental health (ORs ranging from 1.10 to 1.14). Lower physical effort was associated with decreased odds of having flourishing mental health (OR 0.89). Psychological demands were not associated with any of the mental health outcomes in the fully-adjusted models. The overall pattern of these relationships was consistent across the two outcome models, although there was evidence of heterogeneity on the absolute probability scale. Specifically, there was a relatively stronger relationship between job control/social support/physical demands and well-being outcomes, compared with disorder outcomes. Psychosocial work conditions were associated with both negative and positive measures of mental health. However, mental illness and mental well-being may represent complementary, yet distinct, aspects in relation to psychosocial work conditions. Interventions targeting the psychosocial work environment may serve to improve both of these dimensions, although the measurement and examination of specific dimensions may be required to obtain an integrated and comprehensive understanding of mental health in the workplace.