Low Order Research Articles

Rooted in routine: Fostering higher order vegetable-shopping habits using a randomised simple planning intervention.

A healthy diet is a protective factor against a host of negative health outcomes. To maintain such a diet necessitates the consumption of at least 240 g of vegetables per day. However, most of the population fails to meet this threshold. Utilising a randomised controlled trial, the present study tested the effectiveness of a one-off higher order habit intervention aimed at shopping for a variety of vegetables and the mechanisms that may support such habit development. Specifically, participants (N = 198; 54.5% female; 20 to 74 years of age) were allocated to the intervention or control group to explore (1) how effective an action- and coping-planning intervention is at targeting the formation of vegetable-shopping higher order habits and (2) whether healthy-eater identity, intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy were mechanisms of action. Follow-up measures of habit, the mechanisms of action and behaviour were taken post-intervention, weekly for 4 weeks and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. The intervention led to stronger higher order habit formation after 6 months and that it was particularly effective for those with low baseline higher order habits for vegetable shopping. These findings demonstrate that a simple, one-off, intervention can lead to long-lasting change in higher order habits within the nutrition domain.

Debranched rice starch with highly enriched B1 chains enhanced the encapsulation of aroma molecules.

Three debranched rice starch (DBS) with varying chain lengths were isolated in the hydrolysate solution-to-ethanol ratio of 1:3, 1:1.5, and 1:0, which were named as DBS1:3, DBS1:1.5, and DBS1:0, respectively. Three C8 aroma molecules with distinct functional groups, namely 1-octanol, 1-octen-3-ol, and γ-octalactone, were selected as the research objects. DBS1:1.5 exhibited a narrow chain length distribution and the content of B1 chains with degree of polymerization 13-24 was 58.77%. The inclusion rates of DBS1:1.5 with the aforementioned aroma molecules ranged from 42.30% to 68.09%, which were higher than those of DBS1:0 (8.72%-12.16%) and DBS1:3 (24.26%-48.24%). Additionally, DBS1:1.5-aroma complexes showed high crystallinity, short-range order, and thermal stability. DBS1:0-aroma and DBS1:3-aroma complexes possessed a hybrid crystal structure combining B-type and V-type arrangements, characterized by low short-range order and thermal stability. The mechanism by which aroma molecules affected their interaction with starch was associated with their structure and hydrophobicity. High hydrophobicity and linear structure facilitated the interaction of 1-octanol with starch, thereby enhancing its encapsulation effect. Contrastingly, the low hydrophobicity and large size of the lactone ring attenuated the interaction between γ-octalactone and DBS. This research held significant implications for improving aroma quality in starch-based food processing.

Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS).

Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) has been used as a coupling agent in thermoplastics and thermosetting resins, a cross-linker in silicone sealants, a water repellent component, and in silicone hard-coats for plastics. Acute studies in experimental animals showed a low order of toxicity for MTMS via oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. MTMS was slightly irritating to both eyes and skin in rabbits. A weight of evidence assessment supports that MTMS is not a dermal sensitizer. Available in vitro and in vivo assays indicated MTMS has a low potential for genotoxicity. MTMS did not produce any changes in either reproductive or developmental parameters. Short-term, repeated inhalation in rats produced treatment-related observations in the urinary bladder and kidney. In a 90-day inhalation study in rats, MTMS was associated with production of urinary bladder epithelial hyperplasia, calculi formation, and moderate kidney dilation with hyperplasia of the pelvic epithelium and granulomatous inflammation. However, an expert panel review concluded that changes in the bladder and kidney were adaptive responses to physical or chemical irritation. The NOAEL of 100 ppm (557mg/m3) from the 90-day inhalation study was considered the point of departure for the health-based WEEL derivation. After adjusting to account for duration of exposure and interindividual variability, the resulting 8-h TWA WEEL value of 10 ppm (55mg/m3) is fully expected to provide a significant margin of safety against potential adverse health effects in workers.

Predictive habitat occupancy models for North American river otters along inland streams in New Jersey

The North American river otter Lontra canadensis is a semi‐aquatic furbearer species that historically ranged throughout North America. Starting in the mid‐1800s and continuing through the early 1900s, the negative effects associated with anthropogenic disturbances (i.e. overharvest, development and ultimately habitat alternation) led to local extinctions. Researchers debate whether current land use patterns are affecting river otter occupancy. New Jersey is the most densely populated state in the United States, thus it provides a perfect study area to test potential anthropogenic effects on river otters. Using occupancy modeling to examine river otter habitat preferences, we measured presence/absence at 244 low order streams from January–April 2011–2012 along with 19 corresponding site/landscape covariates in both northern and southern New Jersey. In southern New Jersey, we detected otters at 83/141 sites (58.9%) with a detection probability of 97.7% across repeat visits and a predicted occupancy of 59.4 ± 0.04%. In northern New Jersey we detected otters at 31/103 sites (30.1%) with a detection probability of 44.5% across repeat visits and a predicted occupancy of 58.8 ± 0.04%. We determined the influence of habitat covariates on otter occupancy and found that water depth, water quality, stream width and mink presence were positively correlated with otter occupancy. The % commercial, industrial, transportation and recreational habitat, % low intensity development, bank slope, and distance to lake were negatively correlated with otter occupancy. Knowing the location of occupied stream and latrine sites will assist biologists in their efforts to monitor river otter populations and help estimate river otter density for harvest and conservation efforts.

NLO SMEFT electroweak corrections to Higgs boson decays to four leptons in the narrow width approximation

Some of the most precise measurements of Higgs boson couplings are from the Higgs decays to 4 leptons, where deviations from the Standard Model predictions can be quantified in the framework of the Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT). In this work, we present a complete next-to-leading order (NLO) SMEFT electroweak calculation of the rate for H→ℓ+ℓ−Z which we combine with the NLO SMEFT result for Z→ℓ+ℓ− to obtain the NLO rate for the H→4 lepton process in the narrow width approximation. The NLO calculation provides sensitivity to a wide range of SMEFT operators that do not contribute to the rate at lowest order and demonstrates the importance of including correlations between the effects of different operators when extracting limits on SMEFT parameters. We show that the extraction of the Higgs trilinear coupling from the decay H→ℓ+ℓ−Z,Z→ℓ+ℓ− in the narrow width approximation strongly depends on the contributions of other operators that first occur at NLO. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Gravitational radiation reaction for compact binary systems at the fourth-and-a-half post-Newtonian order

Abstract We compute the gravitational radiation-reaction force on a compact binary source at the fourth-and-a-half post-Newtonian (4.5PN) order of general relativity, i.e., 2PN order beyond the leading 2.5PN radiation reaction. The calculation is valid for general orbits in a general frame, but in a particular coordinate system which is an extension of the Burke-Thorne coordinate system at the lowest order. With the radiation-reaction acceleration, we derive (from first principles) the flux-balance laws associated with the energy, the angular and linear momenta, and the center-of-mass position, in a general frame and up to 4.5PN order. Restricting our attention to the frame of the center of mass, we point out that the equations of motion acquire a non-local-in-time contribution at the 4.5PN order, made of the integrated flux of linear momentum (responsible for the recoil of the source) together with the instantaneous flux of center-of-mass position. The non-local contribution was overlooked in the past literature, which assumed locality of the radiation-reaction force in the center of mass frame at 4.5PN order. We discuss the consequences of this non-local effect and obtain consistent non-local equations of motion and flux balance laws at 4.5PN order in the center-of-mass frame.

Dynamical phases of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a bad optical cavity at optomechanical resonance

We study the emergence of dynamical phases of a Bose-Einstein condensate that is optomechanically coupled to a dissipative cavity mode and transversally driven by a laser. We focus on the regime close to the optomechanical resonance, where the atoms' refractive index shifts the cavity into resonance, assuming fast cavity relaxation. We derive an effective model for the atomic motion, where the cavity degrees of freedom are eliminated using perturbation theory in the atom-cavity coupling and benchmark its predictions using numerical simulations based on the full model. Away from the optomechanical resonance, perturbation theory in the lowest order (adiabatic elimination) reliably describes the dynamics and predicts chaotic phases with unstable oscillations. Interestingly, the dynamics close to the optomechanical resonance are qualitatively captured only by including the corrections to next order (nonadiabatic corrections). In this regime we find limit-cycle phases that describe stable oscillations of the density with a well-defined frequency. We further show that such limit-cycle solutions are metastable configurations of the adiabatic model. Our work sheds light on the mechanisms that are required to observe dynamical phases and predict their existence in atom-cavity systems where a substantial timescale separation is present. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

All-loop renormalization group invariants for the MSSM

For the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model, from the gauge couplings, Yukawa couplings, and the coefficient μ in the part of the superpotential quadratic in the Higgs superfields, we construct combinations which (for certain renormalization prescriptions) do not depend on the renormalization point in all loops. In other words, these combinations are the renormalization group invariants. Similar invariants are also constructed for the next-to-minimal supersymmetric Standard Model. The derivation is based on the nonrenormalization of the superpotential and the Novikov-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov equations. We argue that the scale invariance of the considered combinations takes place in the class of the higher derivatives+minimal subtractions of logarithms scheme. This fact has been verified in the lowest orders, up to and including the one in which the dependence on the renormalization prescription becomes essential. It is also demonstrated that in the DR¯ scheme the renormalization group invariance does not take place starting from the approximation, where the scheme dependence manifests itself. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Time scales of a low order harmonic resonance of short-crested gravity waves on deep water

Time scales of a low order harmonic resonance of short-crested gravity waves on deep water

Unraveling the ROS-Inflammation-Immune Balance: A New Perspective on Aging and Disease.

Increased entropy is a common cause of disease and aging. Lifespan entropy is the overall increase in disorder caused by a person over their lifetime. Aging leads to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage the antioxidant system and disrupt redox balance. Organ aging causes chronic inflammation, disrupting the balance of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. Inflammaging, which is a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, is activated by oxidative stress and can lead to immune system senescence. During this process, entropy increases significantly as the body transitions from a state of low order to high disorder. However, the connection among inflammation, aging, and immune system activity is still not fully understood. This review introduces the idea of the ROS-inflammation-immune balance for the first time and suggests that this balance may be connected to aging and the development of age-related diseases. We also explored how the balance of these three factors controls and affects age-related diseases. Moreover, imbalance in the relationship described above disrupts the regular structures of cells and alters their functions, leading to cellular damage and the emergence of a disorganized state marked by increased entropy. Maintaining a low entropy state is crucial for preventing and reversing aging processes. Consequently, we examined the current preclinical evidence for antiaging medications that target this balance. Ultimately, comprehending the intricate relationships between these three factors and the risk of age-related diseases in organisms will aid in the development of clinical interventions that promote long-term health.

Modeling and Suppression Method of Low Order Harmonics for Three-Level Inverter With Small Capacitance Value

Modeling and Suppression Method of Low Order Harmonics for Three-Level Inverter With Small Capacitance Value

Entropy of difference works similarly to permutation entropy for the assessment of anesthesia and sleep EEG despite the lower computational effort.

EEG monitoring during anesthesia or for diagnosing sleep disorders is a common standard. Different approaches for measuring the important information of this biosignal are used. The most often and efficient one for entropic parameters is permutation entropy as it can distinguish the vigilance states in the different settings. Due to high calculation times, it has mostly been used for low orders, although it shows good results even for higher orders. Entropy of difference has a similar way of extracting information from the EEG as permutation entropy. Both parameters and different algorithms for encoding the associated patterns in the signal are described. The runtimes of both entropic measures are compared, not only for the needed encoding but also for calculating the value itself. The mutual information that both parameters extract is measured with the AUC for a linear discriminant analysis classifier. Entropy of difference shows a smaller calculation time than permutation entropy. The reduction is much larger for higher orders, some of them can even only be computed with the entropy of difference. The distinguishing of the vigilance states between both measures is similar as the AUC values for the classification do not differ significantly. As the runtimes for the entropy of difference are smaller than for the permutation entropy, even though the performance stays the same, we state the entropy of difference could be a useful method for analyzing EEG data. Higher orders of entropic features may also be investigated better and more easily.

Multi-resonant TVA formed by a tree of deflated composite beams with core structured fabrics

Abstract This paper presents a study on a multi-resonant tuneable vibration absorber for the control of flexural vibrations of thin structures in a low frequency band where the response is characterized by distinct lightly damped resonances of low order flexural modes. The absorber is formed by a tree of deflated composite beams made by a core structured fabric wrapped on a plastic skin. The beams have increasingly smaller length and are fixed in the middle on a mast that works as a base-post and vacuum-junction too. The fabric in each beam is made by a lattice of interlocked truss-like rigid particles. The uniform pressure exerted by the deflated skin forces the particles to jam such that the fabric moves from its natural fluid-like state to a solid state whose rigidity depends on the confining pressure exerted by the skin. Hence, each beam is characterized by a fundamental flapping vibration mode whose response resembles that of a classical mass-spring-damper vibration absorber and can be suitably tuned by adjusting the level of vacuum. The paper first analyses the working principles of single-beam and three-beams absorbers with respect to their vibration transmissibility and base impedance frequency response functions. Then, it presents the vibration control generated by the single-beam and the three-beams absorbers tuned to minimise the resonant responses of a single or three low order flexural modes of a thin plate. The paper shows that the operational frequency of each beam-absorber can be suitably adapted in a band of 8 Hz by varying the vacuum pressure in a 5 – 80 kPa range. Also, it shows that the single-beam or multi-beams absorbers reduce the resonant response of the target flexural modes by 10 to 20 dB.

Experimental Data-Driven Estimation of Impulse Response in Audio Systems Using Parametric and Non-Parametric Methods

The impulse response is a fundamental tool for characterizing linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, enabling the derivation of a mathematical model that accurately describes system dynamics under arbitrary input conditions. This study used experimental data to estimate the impulse response of an audio system—comprising an amplifier, a speaker, a room, and a microphone. Four methods were employed: two parametric and two non-parametric approaches, applied in both the time and frequency domains. The methods were evaluated quantitatively using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) metric and qualitatively through a perceptual analysis with six participants. The parametric frequency-domain method achieved the best perceptual results, with 75% of participants rating the output as good. While this method exhibited slightly higher RMSE compared to other techniques, its low filter order (8) resulted in superior computational efficiency. The findings highlight that perceptual alignment often diverges from purely mathematical error minimization. Real-time implementation of the selected impulse response further demonstrated its practical application in audio processing systems. This research bridges quantitative metrics and human auditory perception, emphasizing the need for balanced decision-making in audio system modeling. The results contribute to advancing data-driven methodologies in acoustics, offering insights into both experimental design and computational efficiency

Complete and Efficient Covariants for Three-Dimensional Point Configurations with Application to Learning Molecular Quantum Properties.

When physical properties of molecules are being modeled with machine learning, it is desirable to incorporate SO(3)-covariance. While such models based on low body order features are not complete, we formulate and prove general completeness properties for higher order methods and show that 6k - 5 of these features are enough for up to k atoms. We also find that the Clebsch-Gordan operations commonly used in these methods can be replaced by matrix multiplications without sacrificing completeness, lowering the scaling from O(l6) to O(l3) in the degree of the features. We apply this to quantum chemistry, but the proposed methods are generally applicable for problems involving three-dimensional point configurations.

Analisis Tingkat Kognitif Soal pada Buku Kemdikbudristek 2022 Materi Teorema Pythagoras

The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of cognitive levels of practice questions and competency test questions on the Pythagorean Theorem material in the Electronic School Book (BSE) for Mathematics for Junior High Schools/Islamic Junior High Schools Class VIII published by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology in 2022 based on the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy. The revised Bloom's Taxonomy used is in the cognitive process consisting of: C1-remembering, C2-understanding, C3-applying, for Low Order Thinking Skill (LOTS), C4-analyzing, C5-evaluating, and C6-creating for High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS). This type of research is descriptive research. The data sources taken in this study were practice questions and competency test questions. The practice questions analyzed amounted to 40 questions out of 20 questions, and the competency test questions analyzed amounted to 14 questions out of 10 questions. Based on the results of the analysis for practice questions, it contains 80% LOTS questions, namely C2 questions 30% and C3 questions 50%. HOTS questions 20%, namely question C4. Questions of cognitive levels C1, C5, and C6 were not found. For Competency Test questions, it contains 85.72% LOTS questions, namely question C2 50.00% and question C3 35.72%. HOTS questions 14.28%, question C4 7.14%, question C6 7.14%. Questions C1 and C5 were not found.

Bottom-Up Strategy to Enhance Long-Range Order of Poly(Heptazine Imide) Nanorods for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Methanation.

Poly(heptazine imide) (PHI), one of the crystalline or long-range ordered allotropes of polymeric carbon nitride, is a promising polymeric photocatalyst; however, preparation of highly crystalline PHI remains a challenge. Herein, through a bottom-up strategy involving repair of structural defects and increase of specific surface area of melon precursor, we prepared PHI nanorods with dramatically improved long-range order. The resulting PHI exhibited a shift of product selectivity in CO2 photoreduction from CO to CH4 with a high methanation activity in contrast to the pristine PHI with relatively low long-range order. The improvement of long-range order for PHI remarkably enhanced the separation efficiency and transfer kinetics of photogenerated charges as well as the adsorption for *CO intermediate. This study revealed the relationship between the precursor structure and PHI crystal growth in ionothermal synthesis, and also showcased the great potential of highly crystalline PHI in artificial photosynthesis.

Structural transitions of calcium carbonate by molecular dynamics simulation.

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, and its phase diagram is of significant scientific interest. We used molecular dynamics to investigate selected structural phase transitions of calcium carbonate. Using the Raiteri potential, we explored the structural transitions occurring at the constant pressure of 1bar, with temperatures ranging from 300 to 2500K, and at the constant temperature of 1600K, with pressures ranging from 0 to 13GPa. With increasing temperature, the transitions between calcite, CaCO3-IV, and CaCO3-V were characterized. In the calcite structure, the carbonate ions are ordered in a planar triangular arrangement, alternating with layers of calcium ions. As the temperature increases, the transition from calcite to CaCO3-IV occurs, leading to partial disordering of the carbonate ions. At higher temperatures, CaCO3-IV transforms into CaCO3-V. Through free energy analysis, we classified the latter transition as a continuous phase transition. At a temperature of 2000K, a "disordered CaCO3" structure appears, characterized by low order within the calcium and carbonate sublattices and the free rotation of the carbonate ions. With increasing pressure, two calcium carbonate transformations were observed. At P = 2GPa, the CaCO3-V phase undergoes a phase transition into CaCO3-IV, demonstrating that the model can describe the transition between these two phases as pressure- and temperature-driven. At P = 4.25GPa, CaCO3-IV undergoes a phase transition into the CaCO3-Vb phase. This transition is classified as first-order based on free energy calculations.

A study on the representation of local effects in low order models for thin-walled rod members

This work aims to explore alternatives to represent local effects, such as local buckling and plasticity, in low order models for thin-walled rod members. The discussion is carried out on a theoretical-numerical level, and illustrative examples are provided. The techniques that are explored stem from two different approaches: (i) direct enrichment of the rod kinematics and (ii) multiscale methods. Direct enrichment of low order kinematics usually leads to models with optimal computational cost, while still at the downside of having lower-order (still limited) kinematics. Models derived from the Generalized Beam Theory (GBT) are an example of such an approach. Multiscale methods, in turn, rely on results of higher-order theories (e.g., shells and 3D solids) to improve the performance of the lower-order model. The associated computational cost and accuracy vary widely with the imposed coupling level between the different scales. It is possible to have models ranging from full coupling at run-time – the so-called strong coupling multiscale method – to no coupling at all – the higher-order models are used only to compute meaningful mechanical quantities that are passed on to the low order model at some point. The work is an on-going development of a PhD research by the first author, and the results provided so far are only partial.

Conservative numerical algorithm for simulating thermoelectrical semiconductor device with unconditional optimal convergence analysis

We propose conservative type numerical method to simulate thermoelectrical semiconductor device problem, in which mixed finite element method used for electric potential equation, conservative characteristic finite element method for electron and hole concentration equations, and standard finite element method for heat conduction equation. By temporal-spatial error splitting argument, the optimal error estimates without certain time step restriction are derived, and low order convergence rate of electrostatic potential and electric field intensity will not affect the accuracy of the electron, hole density and temperature. Numerical tests are performed to validate the theoretical results and application performance of the given method.