Low Nitric Acid Concentration Research Articles

Extraction of Uranium from Synthetic Nuclear Conversion Plant Waste

ABSTRACTThe nuclear conversion plant operated at Necsa in the past resulted in the formation of a large amount of waste material containing ~ 50% U, which has reuse potential if the recovery thereof can be achieved. The waste material contains various impurities of which F, Ca, and Fe have been identified as the main contributing impurities after dissolution. These impurities are present in the waste material in varying concentrations and could interfere with the U recovery. During this investigation, the possibility of varying impurities being present during purification was addressed by simulating the waste material using synthetic solutions to investigate the effect of different concentrations of the main impurities, as well as nitric acid and TBP concentrations on the extraction of U. The results from this simulated approach will serve as motivation for obtaining more of the real waste samples for further investigation and confirmation of results. This was done using a statistical design of experiments approach, giving a predictive model which can be used to predict U recovery for a given waste sample composition. It was found that nitric acid had the most significant influence on U extraction, where an optimum amount (97%) was achieved in 5 M nitric acid at, or above 30% TBP. At low nitric acid concentrations, it was found that the U extraction increased with increasing TBP and decreasing F concentrations. An unexpected interaction between F and Fe was observed, which led to an increase in U extraction as the Fe concentrations were increased due to complex formation with F, which limits the amount of F available which would have decreased U extraction due to competition. Furthermore, a mathematical model was derived which describes the U extraction as a function of varying impurity, nitric acid and TBP concentrations. Optimum extraction conditions were confirmed using a feed solution containing additional impurities (Al, Na, K and Si) which are present in the waste material in concentrations above 0.5 wt %. While confirming the optimum extraction conditions, the validity of the statistical model was also confirmed from these experiments, indicating its suitability for U extraction predictions as a function of impurity concentrations.

Recovery of silver from leachate of silicon solar cells by solvent extraction with TOPO

For the recovery of Ag(I) from the leachate of silicon solar cells, a nitrate solution containing Ag(I) and Al(III) was subjected to solvent extraction with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO). TOPO selectively extracted Ag(I) over Al(III) at low nitric acid concentrations. Most of the Ag(I), along with small amount of Al(III), was extracted from the 10 mol/m3 nitric acid solution using 500 mol/m3 TOPO. HNO3 stripped both Ag(I) and Al(III) from the metal-loaded TOPO, whereas thiourea could selectively strip Ag(I) from the loaded TOPO. Metal-loaded TOPO could be regenerated after stripping of Ag(I) with thiourea, followed by stripping of Al(III) with HNO3. A process flow sheet for Ag(I) recovery from the nitrate leachate of silicon solar cells was proposed.

Sugars production from corn stover after pretreated by nitric acid for biogas fermentation process

In the present work, corn stover samples were hydrolysed with 0.6% nitric acid at 135–165 °C. The concentrations of hydrolysate—sugars (xylose, glucose, and arabinose), acetic acid and furfural were determined. The kinetic parameters of the Saeman model for predicting hydrolysis products were obtained. The optimal reaction condition (150 °C and 5 min) were determined by comparing the values of E (the efficiency of factors that affected hydrolysis). Under optimal conditions, the yield of glucose, xylose, and arabinose were 8.02 g/L, 16.59 g/L, and 3.28 g/L, respectively. At 150 °C with a nitric acid concentration of 0.6%, the reaction kinetic coefficient of xylose release (k1) and the reaction kinetic coefficient of xylose decomposition (k2) were 0.488 and 0.007 when the Saeman model was applied to the experimental data. The results showed that it was suitable to hydrolyze corn stover under the relatively low temperature with extremely low concentration of nitric acid as a catalyst. The hydrolyzate obtained by dilute acid pretreatment favors later acidic fermentation processes and biogas production. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019

Dissolution Rates of Barium Nitrate in Water and Weak Nitric Acid Solutions Under Stirred and Stagnant Conditions

Barium nitrate is one of the least soluble metal nitrate phases normally present in the nitric acid based highly active liquor, which will require removal from highly active storage tanks during post-operational clean-out of the Sellafield nuclear site. Laboratory experiments have been carried out to determine the dissolution rate of barium nitrate in water and weak acid solutions. The influence of agitation (solutions being stirred by a paddle at a rate of 0, 40 and 60 revolutions per minute (rpm)), dissolution temperature (20–40 °C), nitric acid concentration (0–1 mol·L−1) and additional solution nitrate {from Al(NO3)3} concentration (0–0.5 mol·L−1) were investigated. An inscribed central composite experimental design was used for each level of stirred agitation (including unstirred), which allowed non-linear trends and interactions among variables to be statistically determined without carrying out a full factorial experimental array. It was found that the dissolution rate was faster for higher temperature, lower nitric acid concentrations and lower nitrate concentrations. Comparing experiments under like conditions, the barium nitrate dissolution rates at an agitation rate of 40 rpm were on average 56% of those at 60 rpm, while the dissolution rate in the unstirred experiments were on average 0.8% of those at 60 rpm, i.e. two orders of magnitude lower. Hence, the transition from stagnant solution conditions with diffusion controlled transfer of solute from the solid interface to agitated solution conditions was found to be significant. Statistical analysis of the data allowed the derivation of a predictive dissolution rate equation.

Utilization of lime-softening sludge to obtain calcium nitrate

The given research is devoted to the development of the technology of utilization of lime-softening sludge to obtain calcium nitrate.Water treatment waste by chemical composition differs from natural raw materials such as limestone, which is traditionally used to obtain calcium nitrate. Sludge obtained at the stage of lime-softening contains about 70% calcium carbonate, a fairly large amount of iron, which enters the precipitate with solutions of coagulants, as well as organic impurities. Organic impurities come from river water and precipitate as a result of coagulation.The process of extracting calcium by the acid solution is stable. The results are well reproduced on two kinds of waste from different enterprises. This is explained both by the high dissolution rate of calcium carbonate in nitric acid, and the similar chemical composition of the waste.Not only calcium compounds, but also iron ones together with the organic component of liming sludge fall into the solution. A process scheme is proposed for cleaning the solution, which should include the stages of oxidation of the solution and subsequent precipitation of iron.The concentration of iron in the experimental solutions was up to 6 g/l. With the help of the calculations of the precipitate-solution equilibrium, it has been stated that iron in the area of low concentrations of nitric acid precipitates in the solution, and calcium stays in it. The decrease of the acid concentration was carried out by the addition of pure calcium carbonate.Kinetic studies of the process of iron precipitation on model solutions of iron (III) nitrate have been carried out. The second-order kinetic equation is obtained. The calculation of the process activation energy is available in the paper. The value of the energy is ~37 kJ/ mole, which is the evidence of the precipitation process in the transition area. The undissolved residue contains about 40% iron and can be used to obtain coagulants.Thus, the application of the proposed method will allow the best use of water treatment waste

Research Progress of Red Oil Explosion Accidents in Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plant

From 1953 to now, it has happened six times so-called red oil explosion accidents worldwide, resulting in different degrees of equipment and construction damage and environmental contamination. And research related to red oil has never stopped. Preventive measures for red oil explosion were established in some reports, and these measures provided good practice experience and reference for other countries. Nevertheless, research conclusions and knowledge of red oil vary from country to country. Especially, investigations on stability of tributyl phosphate (TBP)—nitric system was made in recent years, and the results indicated that the red oil runway reaction will happen even in lower temperature and lower nitric acid concentration in contrast with the reported value. Therefore, in order to facilitate future study on red oil explosion, related research results of red oil explosion accidents were combed in this paper, and the characters of study work of different periods were also summarized, and definition, formation conditions of red oil were analyzed and compared, as well as the new viewpoints of recent literatures.

Extraction of selenium from copper anode slimes in a sealed leaching system

A new method was proposed for extracting selenium from copper anode slimes with a low concentration of nitric acid in a sealed sulfuric acid leaching system. It is performed under an atmosphere of oxygen which allowed for a cyclic utilization of nitric acid. The effects of main parameters on selenium leaching were studied. The mineralogical characterizations of the typical samples were investigated by XRD and SEM. The results showed that the optimal conditions of the process are considered to be total gas pressure of 0.1 MPa, leaching temperature of 388 K, solid-liquid ratio of 0.20 g mL–1, H2SO4 concentration of 2 mol L–1, HNO3 concentration of 0.07 mol L–1 and leaching time of 2 h. The high selenium leaching efficiency of 99.23% was obtained under these conditions. According to the results of XRD and SEM-EDS, Cu–Ag selenide in the raw anode slimes is difficult to be leached with sulfuric acid alone; copper can be leached more easily from Cu-Ag selenide than silver; selenide is oxidized into the solution, undergoing the intermediate product of elemental selenium.

The Role of Ferric Oxide Nanoparticles in Improving Lubricity and Tribo-Electrochemical Performance During Chemical–Mechanical Polishing

The role of ferric oxide nanoparticles on the lubricating characteristics of passivating films formed on stainless steel (SS) was discussed in this study. The tribo-electrochemical behavior of mirror-like polished AISI 304 SS, used as an exemplary material, was evaluated in various electrolytes by means of a simulated chemical–mechanical polishing process in laboratory scale. It was clearly demonstrated that a suitable combination of abrasives (ferric oxide nanoparticles) and an oxidizer (nitric acid) can act as an effective lubricant that lowers the friction and wear of the AISI 304 SS surfaces. The excellent lubricating and anti-corrosion properties shown by a slurry containing a high content of ferric oxide nanoparticles at high nitric acid concentrations were attributed to the formation of a stable and robust passive film that was composed of chromium oxide and a mixture of iron oxides. The lack of ferric oxide nanoparticles in two solutions containing nitric acid of different concentrations led to pitting corrosion and abrasive wear. When low concentrations of both ferric oxide nanoparticles and nitric acid were used, wear-accelerated corrosion became the dominant mechanism that was caused by the presence of third-body wear particles in the contact zone.

Extraction behaviour of Am(III) and Eu(III) from nitric acid medium in TEHDGA-HDEHP impregnated resins

Abstract The extraction behaviour of Am(III) and Eu(III) from nitric acid medium was studied in the solvent impregnated resins containing extractants such as tetra-bis(2-ethylhexyl)diglycolamide (TEHDGA) or bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) or mixture of TEHDGA+HDEHP. The rate of extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) from 1 M nitric acid and the effect of various parameters, such as the concentration of nitric acid in aqueous phase and concentration of TEHDGA and HDEHP in resin phase, on the distribution coefficient of Am(III) and Eu(III) was studied. The distribution coefficient of Am(III) and Eu(III) in HDEHP-impregnated resin decreased and that in TEHDGA-impregnated resin increased, with increase in the concentration of nitric acid. However, in (TEHDGA+HDEHP) – impregnated resin, synergic extraction was observed at lower nitric acid concentration and antagonism at higher nitric acid concentration. The mechanism of Am(III) and Eu(III) extraction in the combined resin was investigated by slope analysis method. The extraction of various metal ions present in the fast reactor simulated high-level liquid waste was studied. The separation factor of Am(III) over Eu(III) was studied using citrate-buffered diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) solution.

Extraction behaviour of Am(III) and Eu(III) from nitric acid medium in CMPO-HDEHP impregnated resins

Abstract Chromatographic resin containing extractants such as octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO) or bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) or mixture of extractants (CMPO + HDEHP) in an acrylic polymer matrix was prepared and studied for the extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) over a range of nitric acid concentration. The effect of various parameters such as concentration of nitric acid in aqueous phase and the concentration of CMPO and HDEHP in the resin phase was studied. The distribution coefficient of Am(III) and Eu(III) in the impregnated resin increased with increased in the concentration of nitric acid for CMPO-impregnated resin, whereas a reverse trend was observed in HDEHP impregnated resin. In case of resin containing both the extractants, synergism was observed at low nitric acid concentration and antagonism at high nitric acid concentration. The mechanism of extraction was probed by slope analysis method at 0.01 and 2 M nitric acid concentrations. Citrate-buffered DTPA was used for the selective separation of Am(III), and a separation factor of 3–4 was obtained at pH 3.

Promotion effect of mesopore on the conversion of carbohydrates to methyl levulinate over H-USY zeolite

H-USY was treated with nitric acid solution to remove Al species and thus adjust the mesoporosity and acidity. Effects of mesopore and acidity of H-USY zeolite were studied on the conversion of carbohydrate to methyl levulinate (MLE). Low concentration of nitric acid mainly removed the extraframework aluminum species with the increase of mesoporosity and resulted in a slight decrease of acidity. Both extraframework and framework Al species were removed to some extent under high concentration of nitric acid, associating with the obvious decrease of acidity. H-USY treated with low concentration of nitric acid showed higher yield of MLE than H-USY-parent. Generated mesopores improved the diffusion limitations, facilitated the accessibility of reactant to the acid sites, and thus promoted the formation of MLE.

Sol–gel synthesis of photoactive kaolinite-titania: Effect of the preparation method and their photocatalytic properties

Supporting TiO2 on different materials is a potential strategy to improve the photochemical properties of the resulting composites. Kaolinite (K) was used as a support to synthesize a series of kaolinite-titania (K-TiO2) photocatalysts with desirable properties for decolorization of organic contaminants. Initially, TiO2 sol was formed through gelation of titanium oxychloride using ammonium hydroxide solution and subsequent peptization of the preformed gel in a low concentration of nitric acid. The sol was reacted with different concentrations of kaolinite at different pH conditions to yield K-TiO2 composites with different TiO2 compositions. The physicochemical properties of the photocatalysts were examined by XRD, FTIR, TGA, SEM-EDAX, XRF, UV–visible DRS, TEM and nitrogen gas physisorption studies analyses. XRD results revealed that through varying pH of the reaction a mixture of TiO2 crystals can be attained in the sintered samples. A simple photocatalytic experiment of the calcined photocatalysts was carried out to evaluate the decolorization of methylene blue in the presence of an artificial UV source. The obtained results were exquisitely compared to those of the ZrO2-TiO2 based composites obtained in our previous study. It was revealed that the amount of TiO2 in the composites and the calcination temperature had a profound effect on the microstructure and photocatalytic performance of the samples. Thus, the KT34-600 sample exhibited the highest activity of all due to its superior properties. This study provides a criterion for selection of precursors, synthetic routes and support suitable for the formation of metal oxides composites with desirable properties for heterogeneous catalysis.

Theoretical studies on the AnO2n+(An = U, Np; n = 1, 2) complexes with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid

Actinide separation in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing is essential for the closed nuclear fuel cycle. Organophosphorus reagents have been found to exhibit strong affinities for actinides in experiments. In this work, the extraction complexes of AnO2(n+) (An = U, Np; n = 1, 2) with the traditional organophosphorus ligand HDEHP (di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid) have been investigated using density functional theory together with scalar-relativistic effective core potentials (ECPs) for actinide elements. According to our calculations, the HDEHP dimer prefers to act as a bidentate ligand in most of the studied complexes. HDEHP ligands show a higher extraction ability for An(vi) over An(v), and the formation of Np(vi) complexes is slightly more favorable than those of U(vi) analogues, which is mainly attributed to the stronger donor-acceptor interaction in Np(vi) complexes. The intramolecular hydrogen bonds play a significant role in the stability of the 1 : 1 type complexes AnO2(HL)2(NO3)2 (L = DEHP(-)). Moreover, AnO2(HL)2(NO3)2 are the most stable species in nitrate-rich acid solutions, while at low nitric acid concentrations, the complexing reaction of AnO2(H2O)5(2+) + 2(HL)2 → AnO2(HL2)2 + 2H(+) + 5H2O is probably the dominant reaction in the extraction process. Our results can help to understand the speciation of actinyl complexes in real solvent extraction of actinides with HDEHP at the molecular level.

Relationship between chemical structure and extraction efficiency toward palladium with ketonic derivatives of p-tert-octylcalix[4]arene in nitric acid media

A p-tert-octylcalix[4]arene derivative with four phenyl ketonic side arms has been synthesized as a solvent extraction reagent for precious metal ions in order to compare the extraction behavior with that of the corresponding methyl ketonic derivative of p-tert-octylcalix[4]arene in nitric acid media. The extraction efficiency of the phenyl ketonic derivative for palladium was superior to that of the methyl ketonic one over the whole nitric acid concentration range. Silver and platinum were also moderately extracted by the phenyl ketonic derivative in low nitric acid concentration. The results demonstrated that the extraction behavior of the ligands towards precious metals is related to several structural factors, such as the flexibility of the side arms, the electric charge on the carbonyl oxygen atoms and the lipophilic properties. This work also determined the extraction mechanism of palladium with the phenyl ketonic derivative of p-tert-octylcalix[4]arene based on slope analysis and the peak shift for the FT-IR spectra of the ligand before and after the metal loading. Stripping from the organic phase after forward extraction was performed to separate palladium and silver.

Heavy metal adsorptivity of calcium-alginate-modified diethylenetriamine-silica gel and its application to a flow analytical system using flame atomic absorption spectrometry

This study aimed to evaluate the heavy metal adsorptivity of calcium-alginate-modified diethylenetriamine-silica gel (CaAD) and incorporate this biosorbent into a flow analytical system for heavy metal ions using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The biosorbent was synthesized by electrostatically coating calcium alginate onto diethylenetriamine (dien)-silica gel. Copper ion adsorption tests by a batch method showed that CaAD exhibited a higher adsorption rate compared with other biosorbents despite its low maximum adsorption capacity. Next, CaAD was packed into a 1mL microcolumn, which was connected to a flow analytical system equipped with an FAAS instrument. The flow system quantitatively adsorbed heavy metals and enriched their concentrations. This quantitative adsorption was achieved for pH 3–4 solutions containing 1.0×10−6M of heavy metal ions at a flow rate of 5.0mLmin−1. Furthermore, the metal ions were successfully desorbed from CaAD at low nitric acid concentrations (0.05–0.15M) than from the polyaminecarboxylic acid chelating resin (Chelex 100). Therefore, CaAD may be considered as a biosorbent that quickly adsorbs and easily desorbs analyte metal ions. In addition, the flow system enhanced the concentrations of heavy metals such as Cu2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+ by 50-fold. This new enrichment system successfully performed the separation and determination of Cu2+ (5.0×10−8M) and Zn2+ (5.7×10−8M) in a river water sample and Pb2+ (3.8×10−9M) in a ground water sample.

Electrochemical behavior and electrowinning of palladium in nitric acid media

In this study, the electrochemical behavior of Pd(II) in nitric acid media was investigated using various electrochemical techniques. By analyzing the cyclic voltammogram of Pd(II) recorded at Pt electrode, a series of electrochemical reactions associated with palladium were recognized, indicating that Pd(II) undergoes a single step two-electrons irreversible process. Electroreduction reaction of Pd(II) and auto-catalytic reactions of nitrous acid are supposed to play a leading role in low and high concentrations of nitric acid, respectively. Stirring could facilitate the reduction of Pd(II) in relatively low nitric acid concentration (⩽ 3 mol/L). The value of charge transfer coefficient was determined to be 0.18 for the measurements at 298 K. The diffusion coefficient of Pd(II) increased from 1.89 × 10−8 cm2/s at 288 K to 4.23 × 10−8 cm2/s at 318 K, and the activation energy was calculated to be 21.5 kJ/mol. In electrowinning experiments, SEM images of palladium obtained by electrolysis reveal the dendrite growth in all cases, which is uniform all over the entire surface of Pt electrode. The recovery ratios of Pd at different nitric acid concentrations are high, and the faradic efficiency of electrolysis decreases with increasing the nitric acid concentration. When stirring was introduced during electrolysis, the electrodeposition rate of Pd increased substantially.

Third Phase Formation in the Extraction of Zirconium(IV) by TRPO in Kerosene

The third phase formation in the extraction of zirconium(IV) from nitric acid media by TRPO(trialkyl phosphine oxide)/kerosene was studied. The limiting organic concentrations (LOC) of Zr(IV) under various experimental conditions were determined. Low temperature and high nitric acid concentrations (> 3 M) were found to facilitate the third phase formation, while increasing the concentration of TRPO or adding phase modifier (TBP) into the organic phase resulted in increased LOC of Zr(IV). When the third phase appeared, the conductivity in the organic phase changed sharply, indicating the change of aggregating behavior in the organic phase. FT-IR spectra were used to illustrate the interaction of TRPO with HNO3 or Zr(IV), and the composition of the two organic phases indicated by FT-IR spectra was consistent with a diluent-enriched light phase and a zirconium/TRPO-concentrated heavy phase.

The Partitioning of Americium and the Lanthanides Using Tetrabutyldiglycolamide (TBDGA) in Octanol and in Ionic Liquid Solution

Separations among the lanthanides and the separation of Am from the lanthanides remain challenging, and research in this area continues to expand. The separation of adjacent lanthanides is of interest to high-tech industries because individual lanthanides have specialized uses and are in short supply. In nuclear fuel cycle applications Am would be incorporated into fast-reactor fuels, yet the lanthanides are not desired. In this work, the diglycolamide N,N,N′,N′-tetrabutyldiglycolamide (TBDGA) was investigated as a ligand for lanthanide and Am solvent extraction in both molecular and room-temperature-ionic-liquid (RTIL) diluents.The RTIL [C4MIM][Tf2N] showed very high extraction efficiency for these trivalent metals from low nitric acid concentrations, while the molecular diluent 1-octanol showed high extraction efficiency at high acid concentrations. This was attributed to the extraction of ionic nitrate complexes by the RTIL, whereas 1-octanol extracted neutral nitrate complexes. TBDGA in RTIL did not provide adequate separation factors for Am/lanthanide partitioning, but 1-octanol did show reasonable separation possibilities. Lanthanide intergroup separations appeared to be feasible in both diluents, but with higher separation factors from 1-octanol.

The application of novel hydrophobic ionic liquids to the extraction of uranium(vi) from nitric acid medium and a determination of the uranyl complexes formed

Novel ammonium based hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) have been synthesised and characterised, and their use in the liquid-liquid extraction of uranium(VI) from an aqueous nitric acid solution using tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), studied. On varying the nitric acid concentration, each IL was found to give markedly different results. Relatively hydrophilic ILs showed high uranium(VI) extractability at 0.01 M nitric acid solution which progressively decreased from 0.01 to 2 M HNO(3) and then increased again as the nitric acid concentration was increased to 6 M. An analysis of the mechanisms involved for one such IL, pointed to cationic-exchange being the predominant route at low nitric acid concentrations whilst at high nitric acid concentrations, anionic-exchange predominated. Strongly hydrophobic ILs showed low extractability for nitric acid concentrations below 0.1 M but increasing extractability from 0.1 M to 6 M nitric acid. The predominant mechanism in this case involved the partitioning of a neutral uranyl complex. The uranyl complexes were found to be UO(2)(2+)·(TBP)(3) for the cationic exchange mechanism, UO(2)(NO(3))(2)(TBP)(2) for the neutral mechanism and UO(2)(NO(3))(3)(-)·(TBP) for the anionic exchange mechanism.

Modeling and optimization of dilute nitric acid hydrolysis on corn stover

BACKGROUND: Because of its high cost, nitric acid has not been widely employed as the catalyst for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to obtain fermentable sugars. However, recently more and more research results have reported that nitric acid was more effective than other acids for the hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Therefore, it is necessary to find an optimum condition for nitric acid pretreatment and a means of reducing the cost. RESULTS: In this work, low concentrations of nitric acid and short reaction times were considered to optimize the pretreatment process. The kinetic parameters of models to predict the concentrations of xylose, glucose, arabinose, acetic acid and furfural in the hydrolysates were obtained. Applying the kinetic models, the optimum conditions were: 150 °C, 0.6% HNO3 and 1 min, which yielded a solution containing up to 22.01 g L−1 xylose, 1.91 g L−1 glucose, 2.90 g L−1 arabinose, 2.42 g L−1 acetic acid and 0.21 g L−1 furfural, which were consistent with the predicted values. The influence of temperature was also studied using the Arrhenius equation. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of experimental data and model analysis suggested that 96% xylose yield can be achieved by using low concentration nitric acid for a short reaction time, which could greatly reduce the pretreatment cost. Therefore, dilute nitric acid could be considered a good choice for the hydrolysis of corn stover. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry