Lower Muscle Endurance Research Articles

Application of push-ups and pull-ups to develop strength endurance of arm muscles in archery athletes

Background and purpose The lack of a training model in archery causes tremors which will have an impact on a lack of accuracy in archery, this study aims to provide a special training model for archery athletes. Materials and methods With a 2 x 2 factorial design and the population used was archery athletes with a population of 38 taken by purposive sampling with the criteria of being elite archery athletes, aged 16-18 years, then ranked 27% in the upper group and 27% in the lower group. Obtained a research sample of 20 athletes then, from each of these data were divided into two groups by way of ordinal pairing. After carrying out the pretest, the athletes carried out variations of push-up and pull-up exercises which were carried out for 18 meetings, and test instruments for endurance and arm muscle strength tests holding bow digits. Results (1) There is a significant difference in the effect of push-up and pull-up training methods on the arm muscle strength of archery athletes, with an F value of 7,738 and a significance value of p 0.027 <0.05. (2) There is a significant difference in the effect of athletes who have high and low muscle endurance on the arm muscle strength of archery athletes, as evidenced by the F value of 51.203 and a significance value of p 0.000 <0.05. (3) There is a significant interaction between push-up and pull-up training methods and muscle endurance (high and low) on the arm muscle strength of archery athletes, with an F value of 51.203 and a significance value of p 0.000 <0.05. Conclusions There is a significant interaction, namely push-up exercises are suitable for those who have high arm muscle endurance, while pull-up exercises are more suitable for athletes who have low arm muscle endurance.

Immediate and acute effects of Kinesio taping on back muscle endurance, low back flexibility, and balance among sedentary individuals: A randomized controlled trial

IntroductionSedentary lifestyles is linked to a reduction in back muscle strength, endurance, and balance, consequently increasing the risk of experiencing low back pain. Kinesio taping has been shown to be effective in enhancing endurance, flexibility, and balance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Kinesio taping on measures of lumbar function in sedentary individuals. MethodForty-four sedentary young adults were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received Kinesio tape to the lumbar region while the control group received health education. The Schober's test, Single-leg stance test, Y Balance Test, and Biering-Sorensen test were performed at baseline and 30 min and 24 h after the taping intervention. ResultsThere was a statistically significant increase in static balance (single-leg stance test) in the intervention group compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05). In the Y Balance Test and Biering-Sorensen test, there was no significant difference between the intervention group and control group, though there was a significant increase in both groups from baseline to 24 h after taping. Though low back flexibility (Schober's test) significantly decreased in the intervention group, there was no significant difference between the two groups. ConclusionKinesio taping can immediately improve static balance in people with sedentary behavior. The application of Kinesio tape had no impact on dynamic balance, low back flexibility, or low back muscle endurance.

The Effect of Shadow Training and Muscle Endurance on Agility of Badminton Athletes 12-17 Years of Age

Abstract. The aim of this experiment was to investigate: (1) the difference in the effects of shadow training using an application and conventional methods on the agility of badminton athletes; (2) the difference in the effects of high and low muscle endurance on agility in badminton athletes; and (3) the interaction between shadow training methods and muscle endurance on agility in badminton athletes. This is an experimental study conducted to examine how a treatment or independent variable (variable x) affects the dependent variable (variable y). The study was designed as a 2x2 factorial, which involved two or more independent variables combined. The study population consisted of 55 members of the PB. UNJA Jambi club. The sample was selected using stratified and conditional sampling, specifically including individuals between the ages of 12-17 years old and who had a national PBSI ID. The sample was stratified based on leg muscle endurance, measured using the "Wall Squat Test." The data were collected using a leg exercise test instrument with a validity of 0.706 and a reliability of 0.808. The analysis of the study was conducted using Manova with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that: (1) there was a significant difference in agility between shadow training using an application and conventional methods, with an F value of 38.37 and a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05; (2) there was a significant difference in agility between high and low muscle endurance, with an F value of 59.992 and a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. The analysis showed that high muscle endurance increased by 1.5 from 15.10, while low muscle endurance increased by 0.40 from 14.10; and (3) there was no significant interaction between the treatment (shadow training using an application and conventional methods) and leg muscle endurance (high and low) on agility, with an F value of 0.634 and a significance value of 0.544 > 0.05. Key Words: Shadow Training, Muscle Endurance, Agility

The relationship between self-perceived fatigue, muscle endurance, and circulating markers of inflammation in participants of the Copenhagen aging and Midlife Biobank (CAMB)

BackgroundFatigue, low muscle endurance, muscle weakness and low-grade inflammation are strongly related to frailty at higher age. When signs of self-perceived fatigue and low muscle endurance are interrelated with low-grade inflammation at midlife, they might be used as early markers for frailty. This study investigated whether the interrelationships among self-perceived fatigue, muscle endurance and inflammation can be observed at midlife.MethodsA total of 965 participants of the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank (aged 52 ± 4 years, 536 males, 426 females) were assessed for self-perceived fatigue (20-item multidimensional fatigue inventory), muscle endurance (grip work), circulating markers of inflammation (hsCRP, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha and IFN-γ), daily physical activity (PAS-2), body composition (%body fat assessed by bio-impedance) and self-reported health status. Participants were categorised (correcting for age and gender) according to high fatigue and/or low muscle endurance, differences in inflammatory profile between fatigue categories were assessed by ANCOVA (corrected for PAS-2, %body fat and presence of inflammatory conditions).ResultsOverall, muscle endurance, fatigue and inflammatory markers were significantly interrelated. Higher levels of hsCRP (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p < 0.001), IL-10 (p = 0.035) and TNF-alpha (p = 0.028) were observed in participants presenting both low muscle endurance and high fatigue. IFN-γ was highest in those with high fatigue but normal muscle endurance (p = 0.015).ConclusionsMiddle-aged participants with higher fatigue in combination with low muscle endurance show higher levels of inflammation, independently from physical activity, body fat and inflammatory pathology. The underlying mechanisms should be identified and future studies should also investigate whether these individuals show early signs of reduced physiological reserve capacity, which in later life come to full expression by means of frailty.

Effects of Core Stabilization Exercises on Low Back Pain, Disability and Back Muscle Endurance in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation

Background: Lumbar disc herniation is a common musculoskeletal disorder leading to spinal degeneration. Core stability influences lumbar biomechanics, which improves muscle endurance through decreased pain of the lower back leading to minimal chances of disability.&#x0D; Objective: To determine the effects of Core stabilizing exercises on low back pain, disability and endurance of back muscles in Lumbar Disc Herniation patients.&#x0D; Methods: Randomized controlled trial was conducted on 52 patients . it was conducted 3 times a week for 30 minutes for 6 months. Participants allocated into two equal groups by lottery method. Group A was treated with controlled conventional treatment and core stabilizing exercises. Group B received only conventional treatment. This information was collected using NPRS and ODI. Besides this Biering-Sorenson and trunk flexion endurance tests were used. Probability sampling was used .Settings included AMTH, PSRD and NHMC. The study was conducted for 6 months. Ethical permission by ethical review board. data analysis by SPSS. This included male and female patients, age 20 to 60 years with disc herniation. Participants with recent surgery, inflammatory arthritis, cauda equina syndrome and spinal tumor were excluded.&#x0D; Results: After 8-weeks of core stabilization exercises, values of Group A are 1.93 for pain, 16.08 for disability, 1.27 and 40.54 for endurance whereas Group B showed values of 4.74 for pain, 34.08 for disability, 2.15 and 34.81 for endurance. Independent t-test showed significant difference between 2 groups with p value &lt; 0.05. Results of current study showed considerable reduction in low back pain and disability, and a significant increase in back muscles endurance in the treatment group. &#x0D; Conclusion: Core stabilization exercises were effective in improving function, reducing pain, reducing functional disability and enhancing endurance in patients of lumbar disc herniation and lower back pain&#x0D;

Effect of Circuit and Interval Training Methods on the Agility and VO₂max of Porprov Football Players in Pati Regency in Terms of Leg Muscle Endurance

This study aimed to determine: (1) the effect of circuit and interval training methods on agility and VO₂max; (2) the difference in the effect of high leg muscle endurance and low leg muscle endurance on agility and VO₂max; (3) the interaction between circuit training, interval training and leg muscle endurance (high and low) on agility and VO₂max. Materials and methods. This research is an experiment with a 2x2 factorial design. In this study, the number of samples used was 20 players selected by purposive sampling. Agility was measured with the Illinois agility test instrument, VO₂max was measured with a multistage fitness test, and leg muscle endurance was measured with a wall sit test. Data analysis used a two-way ANOVA test with a significance level of α &lt; 0.05. Results. The results of this study are as follows: (1) there is no difference in the effect of the circuit and interval training methods on the agility of football players, there are significant differences between the circuit and interval training methods in their effect on the VO₂max of football players; (2) there is a difference between high and low leg muscle endurance for agility and VO₂max, α &lt; 0.05; (3) there is an interaction between the circuit, interval training, and leg muscle endurance (high and low) on agility, α &lt; 0.05. Conclusions. There is an interaction between circuit training, interval training, and leg muscle endurance (high and low) on the agility of Porprov soccer players in Pati Regency. Meanwhile, there was no interaction between circuit training, interval training, and leg muscle endurance (high and low) on the VO₂max of Porprov football players in Pati Regency.

Cervical Impairments in Subjects with Chronic Migraine: An Observational Study.

The aim of this investigation was to compare the thickness of the deep local muscles in the neck region, as well as local and widespread sensitivity and functionality, between individuals with migraine and healthy control subjects. An observational study was carried out in accordance with the STROBE statements. The flexor longus colli and multifidus, two neck-stabilizing muscles, were measured using B-mode ultrasound imaging. The upper trapezius, masseter, temporalis, anterior tibialis, and median nerve all underwent bilateral pressure-pain threshold (PPT) assessments. The statistical program SPSS 29.0 was used to implement the Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-squared test. Spearman Rho was utilized to establish the correlations between the variables. Sixty participants were enrolled in the study. The subjects, who were matched in terms of age, gender, and body mass index (BMI), were equally divided into migraine and control groups. No significant differences between the groups were found in the multifidus CSA regarding both sides at rest (right: p = 0.625; left: p = 0.203). However, in contraction, the multifidus CSA showed a significant decrease on the left side in the patients with migraine compared to the controls (p = 0.032), but no significant differences were found in the right multifidus CSA in contraction between the two groups (p = 0.270). In comparison to the healthy volunteers, the migraine sufferers showed a substantial reduction in CSA in the longus colli muscle on both the left side (p = 0.001) and the right side at rest (p = 0.003), as well as in the CSA of the left longus colli in contraction (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the migraine patients showed significantly lower PPT compared to the healthy subjects in local and widespread areas bilaterally. All the parameters revealed higher sensitization in the migraine group in the following areas: the right and left temporal regions (p < 0.001), the right and left upper trapezius (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively), the right and left masseter muscles (p < 0.01), the right and left median nerves (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively), and the right and left anterior tibialis muscles (p < 0.001). In terms of the craniocervical flexion test (CCFT), the migraine patients demonstrated significantly lower values than the healthy subjects (p < 0.001). A moderate positive correlation was noted between the PPT in the right temporalis muscle and that in the left longus colli and the right multifidus in contraction. The PPT in the right temporalis muscle also exhibited a positive correlation with the CCFT, although this correlation was low. Between the PPT values, the upper trapezius on both sides showed a moderate positive correlation with the median nerve bilaterally. This research suggests that individuals with migraine may experience local and widespread pain sensitization. A decrease in functionality due to the low muscle endurance of the deep cervical muscles is also accompanied by low values of muscle thickness in contraction. These findings may help to select more accurate treatment approaches for patients with migraine.

THE EFFECT OF CIRCUIT TRAINING AND INTERVAL TRAINING ON LEG MUSCLE ENDURANCE ON WOMEN'S VOLLEYBALL ATHLETES AT VELOCITA

This experimental research that aims to examine whether there is an influence of circuit training and interval training on leg muscle endurance of Velocita volleyball women athletes in Banggai regency. This is motivated by the low achievement of women’s volleyball in the Banggai regency which is due to a lack of ability to maintain the quality of the game due to low leg muscle endurance. The population is all Velocita women's volleyball athletes in Banggai district, totaling 12 people, while the sample uses the total sampling method so that the total is 12 athletes. The research data were obtained by giving a leg muscle endurance test in the form of squat jump test through the pretest and posttest after the athlete was given the training treatment. Data analysis techniques using t-test analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, it is discovered that (1) there is an influence of circuit training on leg muscle endurance of Velocita volleyball women athletes in Banggai regency with a tcount of 12,593 &gt; 2,571 ttable and a p value of Sig. 0.000 is smaller than 0.05, (2) there is an influence of interval training on leg muscle endurance of Velocita volleyball women athletes in Banggai regency with a tcount of 7,906 &gt; 2,571 ttable and a p value of Sig. 0.001 is smaller than 0.05, and (3) there is no difference in the influence of circuit training and interval training on leg muscle endurance of Velocita volleyball women athletes in Banggai regency where the results of the t test show tcount 1.958 smaller than ttable value 2.228 with a significance value of 0.079 greater than the value of α 0.05. It can be concluded that there is an influence circuit training and interval training on leg muscle endurance in Velocita women's volleyball athletes Banggai Regency significantly.

Sensory and muscular functions of the pelvic floor in women with endometriosis - cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study was to analyze the sensory and muscle functions of the pelvic floor in women with endometriosis, trying to improve overall knowledge/findings regarding pelvic floor muscle functions in patients with endometriosis. Sample size calculated as 92 patients with endometriosis, aged between 18 and 45years, not virgin, without other causes of pain and could not be pregnant. Patients underwent the Pelvic Floor Sensorial and Muscle Function Exam (EFSMAP). Descriptive data were recorded with mean and standard deviation, median (range), and absolute and relative frequency. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to observe the normality of quantitative variables. The significance level adopted for this study was 5%. Of 92 women assessed, 93.3% had pain and 75% had increased tone in the levator ani muscle; 50.4% had impaired pelvic floor relaxation with median strength of 3 by the Oxford scale and endurance of 2s. The patients had a high prevalence of pain and dysfunction of the pelvic floor muscles, such as low muscle endurance and difficulty to relax. It shows that these patients should be referred to a pelvic floor physiotherapist, as soon as they have the diagnosis of endometriosis, to be assessed to prevent and/or treat pelvic floor impairments.

The Effect of Triceps Press-Down, Seated Rowing and Endurance Methods on Arm Muscle Strength

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the triceps press down, seated rowing and endurance exercise methods on increasing arm muscle strength. Factorial method 2 x 2. There were 24 research samples. The pull up test instrument was for endurance and the holding bow digitec test. ANOVA data analysis technique α = 0.05. Results (1) there is a significant difference between the triceps press-down exercise and seated rowing exercise in increasing arm muscle strength. (2) There is a significant difference in the effect of athletes who have high and low muscle endurance on increasing arm muscle strength. (3) There is a significant interaction between triceps press down and seated rowing exercises with muscle endurance (high and low) on arm muscle strength in archery athletes.

Effect of Plyometric Exercise and Leg Muscle Endurance on the Agility and VO₂max of Badminton Athletes

Study purpose. This study aimed to determine: (1) the difference in the effect of plyometric ladder drill and hurdle drill exercises on agility and VO2max, (2) the difference in the effect of badminton athletes’ high and low leg muscle endurance on agility and VO2max, (3) interaction between plyometric ladder drill and hurdle drill exercises with high and low leg muscle endurance on agility and VO2max.&#x0D; Materials and methods. This research was an experimental study with a 2x2 factorial design. The study sample was badminton athletes, totaling 24 people who were randomly selected from a population of 45 people. The instrument to measure agility was the T Drill Test, and that to measure VO2max was the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT). The data analysis technique used was the two-way ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05.&#x0D; Results. The study findings are as follows: (1) there is a significant difference in the effect of ladder drill and hurdle drill exercises on the agility of badminton athletes, whereas ladder drill and hurdle drill exercises have an equally good effect on increasing VO2max; (2) there is a significant difference in effect of badminton athletes’ high and low leg muscle endurance on agility and VO2max; (3) there is a significant interaction between ladder drill and hurdle drill exercises and high and low leg muscle endurance on agility, whereas both exercises are equally well used to provide VO2max improvement.&#x0D; Conclusions. Based on the results of the study and the results of the data analysis that was carried out, it was concluded that there is a significant difference in the effect of plyometric ladder drill and hurdle drill exercises on the agility of badminton athletes.

Muscle Endurance and Self-Perceived Fatigue Predict Decline in Gait Speed and Activities of Daily Living After 1-Year Follow-Up: Results From the BUTTERFLY Study.

Fatigue might influence the losses in activities of daily living (ADL). When fatigue parameters are present before the experience of losses in ADL and gait speed, they can be used as early warning signals. This study aimed to explore the predictive value of muscle endurance and fatigue on changes in ADL and gait speed in community-dwelling older adults aged 80 and older. Three hundred twenty four community-dwelling older adults aged 80 and older of the BUTTERFLY study were assessed after 1 year for muscle endurance, self-perceived fatigue, ADL, and gait speed. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to explore, whether there is an underlying arrangement of the fatigue parameters. Mediating logistic regression analyses were used to investigate whether muscle endurance mediated by self-perceived fatigue predicts the decline in gait speed and ADL after 1-year follow-up. EFA indicated a 2-factor model (muscle endurance factor and self-perceived fatigue factor) and had a moderate fit (X2: 374.81, df: 2, comparative fit index; 0.710, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI): 0.961, root mean square error of approximation [90%]: 0.048 [0.00-0.90]). Muscle endurance mediated by self-perceived fatigue had an indirect effect on the prediction of decline in Basal-ADL (-0.27), Instrumental-ADL (-0.25), and gait speed (-0.28) after 1-year follow-up. This study showed that low muscle endurance combined with high self-perceived fatigue can predict changes in ADL after 1-year follow-up. These parameters might be very suitable for use in evaluating intrinsic capacity and can help to reduce the limitations in clinical usage of the vitality domain in the framework of intrinsic capacity.

태극권 참여가 노인의 근지구력, 유연성, 근력에 미치는 효과 : 메타분석적 접근

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Tai-Chi exercise participation on muscle endurance, flexibility, and muscle strength in the elderly women, by analyzing the current literature. The data from 14 studies were included for meta-analysis, and Comprehensive Meta Analysis(CMA) Version 2.0 was used for statistical analysis. A total 1195 subjects were included in this analysis. First, Tai-Chi program had a positive effect on upper muscle endurance(arm curl, sit-up) and lower muscle endurance(30 seconds chair stand) in the physical fitness factors of the elderly. Second, Tai-Chi program had a positive effect on cardiopulmonary endurance (6-minute walk) in the physical fitness factor of the elderly. Third, Tai-Chi had a positive effect on sitting trunk flexion test, sitting on a chair and bending in front of the upper body. On the other hand backscratch had no significant change. In conclusion, Tai-Chi participation have positive impacts on muscle endurance, flexibility, and muscle strength in the elderly.

Anthropometric and physical performance characteristics in African women football players: A prospective, cross-sectional pilot study

Being injured is inherent to participating in football activities; therefore, prevention of injuries is crucial. This requires that the risk factors for injury be established. However, such studies are rarely conducted in women athletes in Africa. The study’s aim was to explore intrinsic risk factors for injury among African women football players using functional and musculoskeletal assessments. Participants (n=40) completed demographic questionnaires; upper and lower limb active range of motion (AROM); muscle endurance and functional movement screening (FMS™) assessed. Median age [Q1; Q3] was 24 [20; 27] years. Participants performed 20.5 [0; 30.5] push-ups and 28 squats [30; 38] in 60s; and held the prone elbow plank for 46.2s [30.6; 64.5]. Median FMS™ score was 12 [10; 13]; most players (n=27, 68%) could not execute a proper deep squat. Most players (70%; n=28), were able to properly perform the in line lunge but scored poorly in the shoulder mobility domain of the FMS™, with 73% (n=29) scoring ≤1. Players with a history of injury had lower FMS™ total (p=0.02). Overall, participants presented with low muscle endurance and movement imbalances, which might predispose them to injury. Hence, strength and conditioning measures should be instituted in this population to prevent injuries.

Relationship between psychosocial factors and objective physical function in special needs school staff members suffering from low back pain.

Physical function impairment in patients with low back pain (LBP) occurs due to the influence of psychosocial factors. Only a few studies have objectively evaluated physical function. We aimed to objectively assess the physical functions of individuals subjects with LBP, and clarify the association between physical function and psychosocial factors. We enrolled 411 individuals with LBP working in special needs schools. We examined their degree of pain, and the psychosocial factors strength through the STarT Back Tool, which categorized them into the low-risk, medium-risk, and high-risk groups. We assessed their abdominal muscle endurance, lower limb muscle strength, and hip joint flexibility. The relationships between these physical functions and psychosocial factors were analyzed by logistic regression models. Those in the high-risk group had significantly lower abdominal muscle and lower limb muscle strength (p<0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, the odds ratios of the high-risk compared to the low-risk group for low abdominal muscle endurance, lower limb muscle strength, and restricted right and left Straight Leg Raising were 5.47, 3.14, 2.65, and 3.12, respectively (95% CIs: 2.35–12.74, 1.43–6.89, 1.08–6.55, and 1.20–8.11, respectively). Therefore, the low physical function observed in the high-risk group was associated with their psychosocial factors.

Functional and cognitive responses to caffeine intake in middle-aged women are dose depending

Middle-aged women display many physiological and cognitive alterations resulting from aging and physical inactivity as well as other changes that occur as a function of menopause. Caffeine consumption is highest in this age with women having a particular greater sensitivity to caffeine than men. Its effects on functional and cognitive functions are controversial and seem to depend on the dose intake. This study aimed to assess the effect of low (100mg) and high (400mg) doses of caffeine consumption on cognitive (simple reaction time) and functional (upper and low body muscle endurance, aerobic endurance and functional mobility) performances. These performances were evaluated in 19 healthy middle-aged women by the 30-Second Chair Stand test for lower body muscle endurance, the 30sec Arm Curl Test for upper body muscle endurance, the 2-Minute Step test for aerobic endurance, The Timed Up and Go test for functional mobility and the simple reaction time test for reaction time, 60min after a treatment capsule intake (100mg caffeine/400mg caffeine/placebo). Low caffeine consumption significantly improved (p<.005) cognitive performance, while high caffeine consumption did not. However, the functional performance significantly improved (p<.05) after high caffeine consumption but not after low caffeine consumption. Except, the functional mobility performance significantly improved (p<.05) after both low and high caffeine consumption with better improvement (p<.05) after the high dose. In conclusion, low caffeine consumption improved cognitive performance and high caffeine consumption improved functional performance but the functional mobility improved after both low and high caffeine consumption in middleaged women.

PENINGKATAN KONDISI FISIK MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN SENAM PUTRI ANGGOTA UNIT KEGIATAN MAHASISWA AEROBIK UNIVERSITAS NADHLATUL ULAMA SURABAYA

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peningkatan kondisi fisik anggota Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa (UKM) senam aerobic putri Universitas Nadhlatul Ulama Surabaya (UNUSA) melalui pembelajaran senam aerobic. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif yang menggambarkan kondisi fisik anggota UKM senam aerobik putri UNUSA meliputi: ketahanan otot jantung (Endurance), daya tahan otot lengan, daya tahan otot perut dan kelentukan (Flexibility). Sampel yang diambil adalah 20 mahasiswa anggota UKM senam aerobik putri UNUSA. Hasil penelitian kondisi fisik menunjukkan bahwa 90% pada daya tahan otot jantung anggota UKM senam aerobik putri UNUSA kurang sekali. Daya tahan otot lengan anggota UKM senam aerobik putri UNUSA 80% kurang dan 20% kurang sekali, sedangkan daya tahan otot perut 65% cukup dan 35% kurang. 40% anggota UKM senam aerobik putri UNUSA memiliki kelentukan yang kurang, dan 60% kurang sekali. Pembelajaran senam aerobik perlu dilakukan secara bertahap dan terprogram serta mengikuti mengikuti standar frekuensi, intensitas dan tempo latihan, untuk mencapai kondisi fisik yang baik maka porsi latihan fisiknya disesuaikan dengan kemampuan yang dimiliki.

Anthropometric and Physiological Profile of Mixed Martial Art Athletes: A Brief Review.

The aim of this review was to analyze the existing knowledge of the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of MMA (mixed martial arts). A computerized search was performed in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for English-language, peer-reviewed investigations using the term “mixed martial arts” or “MMA” alone and in combination with “physiological characteristics”, “physiological profile”, “body composition”, “strength”, “power”, “endurance”, “aerobic”, and “anaerobic”. The main findings of this review suggested an overall profile of low body fat, high flexibility, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and anaerobic power, and average cardiovascular endurance. Nevertheless, no differences in anthropometric and physiological characteristics by performance level of the athletes were observed. Based on the studies analyzed in this review, several limitations were reported. First, the subjects in each paper were limited in number, as is MMA literature itself, and it is impossible to make a generalization regarding the anthropometric and physiological profile for male athletes. Second, no studies included female MMA athletes; therefore, there was no evidence for what their profiles might be. Last, the majority of the above-mentioned studies used different tests, or the same tests with different protocols, and as a result, it is difficult to compare their results. The similarity observed between the levels of the athletes might be a result of the different tests and protocols used by the researchers or might be evidence that the anthropometric and physiological profile of an MMA athlete did not vary among high-level athletes. Considering the increasing number of those engaging in MMA training and sport events, the findings of the present study provided strength and conditioning trainers working with MMA athletes a valuable tool for monitoring training and performance.

EFFECT OF PROPRIOCEPTIF NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION AND LUMBAR STABILIZATION EXERCISES ON MUSCLE STRENGTH AND MUSCLE ENDURANCE IN PATIENTS WITH LUMBAR DISC HERNIA

Background/Objective: This study investigates the effect of lumbar stabilization and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) training on muscle strength and muscle endurance. Methods: Sixty-four participants between the ages of 15 and 69 years, graded “protrusion and bulging lumbar herniation” according to the Macnab Classification, were divided into four groups of 16: lumbar stabilization training (strength training, 5 days/week for 4 weeks); PNF training (5 days/week for 4 weeks); physical therapy (hot pack, TENS, ultrasound, 5 days/week for 4 weeks); and control (without any application). Sociodemographic features were recorded and muscle strength tested. Before and after exercise, a visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were measured by a physical therapist. After 4 weeks, the evaluations were repeated. Results: There were significant increases in muscle strength and muscle endurance in the lumbar stabilization group, who also showed significant improvement in pain intensity at rest and during activity, and in ODI ( p <0.05). Similar results were observed in the PNF group ( p <0.05), although not to the same extent. Patients undergoing physical therapy showed significant differences only in pain intensity at rest, at activity, and in ODI ( p <0.05). There were no significant differences in the control group. Conclusion: Undertaking an appropriate physiotherapy and rehabilitation program aiming to reduce waist circumference of patients with low muscle strength and low muscle endurance will help to increase muscle strength and endurance and reduce pain, and contribute toward the correction of functional disabilities. Article visualizations:

Targeted lipidomics analysis identified altered serum lipid profiles in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis

BackgroundPolymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are severe chronic autoimmune diseases, characterized by muscle fatigue and low muscle endurance. Conventional treatment includes high doses of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs; however, few patients recover full muscle function. One explanation of the persistent muscle weakness could be altered lipid metabolism in PM/DM muscle tissue as we previously reported. Using a targeted lipidomic approach we aimed to characterize serum lipid profiles in patients with PM/DM compared to healthy individuals (HI) in a cross-sectional study. Also, in the longitudinal study we compared serum lipid profiles in patients newly diagnosed with PM/DM before and after immunosuppressive treatment.MethodsLipidomic profiles were analyzed in serum samples from 13 patients with PM/DM, 12 HI and 8 patients newly diagnosed with PM/DM before and after conventional immunosuppressive treatment using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and a gas-chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Functional Index (FI), as a test of muscle performance and serum levels of creatine kinase (s-CK) as a proxy for disease activity were analyzed.ResultsThe fatty acid (FA) composition of total serum lipids was altered in patients with PM/DM compared to HI; the levels of palmitic (16:0) acid were significantly higher while the levels of arachidonic (20:4, n-6) acid were significantly lower in patients with PM/DM. The profiles of serum phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol species were changed in patients with PM/DM compared to HI, suggesting disproportionate levels of saturated and polyunsaturated FAs that might have negative effects on muscle performance. After immunosuppressive treatment the total serum lipid levels of eicosadienoic (20:2, n-6) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5, n-3) acids were increased and serum phospholipid profiles were altered in patients with PM/DM. The correlation between FI or s-CK and levels of several lipid species indicate the important role of lipid changes in muscle performance and inflammation.ConclusionsSerum lipids profiles are significantly altered in patients with PM/DM compared to HI. Moreover, immunosuppressive treatment in patients newly diagnosed with PM/DM significantly affected serum lipid profiles. These findings provide new evidence of the dysregulated lipid metabolism in patients with PM/DM that could possibly contribute to low muscle performance.