Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

The effect of the natural antioxidants extracted from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) on the cryopreservation of chicken breast meat

Background: Chicken meat is highly nutritious, valued for its unique properties and versatility in culinary applications. Also, preparation methods and natural additives to its diet play an important role in estimating the nutritional value of its meat by increasing consumer acceptance of it from health, nutritional, and material aspects. Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effect of licorice as a natural antioxidant on cold-preserved chicken meat. Methods: Phenolic compounds were quantified using the colorimetric method with Folin's reagent, measuring absorbance at 765 nm, and results were expressed in terms of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight. Gallic acid was used as a reference solution to prepare the standard curve with concentrations ranging between 20-120 μg/mL to determine the quantity of phenolic compounds. Determination of antioxidant activity was done using the DPPH method by taking 0.5 mL of the extract solution at concentrations ranging from 50-300 μg/mL and mixing with 3 mL of methanolic DPPH solution. The mixture was mixed for 1 min with a vortex mixer, and samples were measured by spectrophotometer at 517 nm. Moisture, ash, fat, protein, and pH were determined according to the methods mentioned by AOAC. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were estimated by mixing 0.5 g of the sample with 2.5 mL of TBA solution. The mixture was heated in a boiling water bath for 10 min to orange color, chilled by adding 1 mL of chloroform and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 25 min, and the absorbance was read at 532 nm wavelength. Total microorganisms, molds, and yeast were counted. Results: Protein content increased proportionally with higher concentrations of ethanolic licorice root extract. The gradual increase in protein content in samples is attributed to their antimicrobial effect, which leads to the preservation of meat from microbial growth and the action of proteolytic enzymes. The increase in protein during refrigerated storage is due to the decrease in moisture and increase in dry matter reflected in the increase in protein. The reduced acidity in chicken meat treated with licorice root ethanolic extract is attributed to its antimicrobial effects, which limit the growth of microorganisms responsible for metabolizing nitrogenous compounds. Licorice extracts, rich in phenolic compounds, reduce lipid oxidation. The observed decrease in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances with increasing extract concentration is due to the antioxidant properties of these phenolics with the hydroxyl group attached to the aromatic ring capable of giving hydrogen atoms and inhibiting free radicals. This study found that the growth of microorganisms could be lowered by licorice extract containing phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which showed a significant antimicrobial effect. Conclusion: This study examined how natural antioxidants, like licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra, affected the cryopreservation of chicken breast. Keywords: Licorice root extract, chicken breast, antioxidants, total phenol, Meat science

Impact of a coating of pectin and Cinnamomum Zeylanicum essential oil on the postharvest quality of strawberries packaged under different modified atmosphere conditions

Extending shelf life during storage and distribution has always represented a significant challenge in the value chain of strawberries and other perishable fruits. Thus, the combined effect of two Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) techniques and pectin-based coating with Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil (CEO) was investigated on preservation of ‘Palmaritas’ variety. Strawberries were exposed to four treatments during 12 days of storage: Normal atmosphere without coating (control), normal atmosphere and a pectin-based coating with essential oil (NEC), modified atmosphere of 2.5% O2 + 15% CO2 + 82.5% N2, a pectin coating with essential oil (EC15CO2) and a modified atmosphere of 2.5% O2 + 20% CO2 + 77.5% N2, and a pectin coating with essential oil (EC20CO2). The studied parameters were weight loss, decay rate, firmness, color, total soluble solids (TSS), total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant capacity (AC), and phenolic and organic compounds. Results showed that a pectin-based coating with 0.17% Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil in a CO2-enriched atmosphere guaranteed significant preservation of several quality attributes of strawberries during storage at 6° C, especially firmness, color, TSS, TPC, TAC and TFC. Moreover, our total phenolic compounds measurement revealed an increase in gallic acid, trans-ferulic acid, kaempferol, and malvidin 3-O-glucoside, coupled with notably less degradation of caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin than in the control sample. Applying a CEO coating and storage in MAP effectively preserved organic acids, particularly oxalic acid and malic acid, while slowing down the degradation of vitamin C and citric acid. Thus, bioactive coating coupled with MAP presents a promising alternative for fruit storage, allowing a significant shelf-life extension while maintaining and stabilizing the principal quality attributes of strawberries.

PENETAPAN KADAR FENOL TOTAL EKSTRAK ETANOL RIMPANG TEMU PUTIH (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe) DENGAN PERBEDAAN KONSENTRASI PELARUT

White Temu (Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe) has an actoxidant activity because it contains phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are aromatic compounds with a structure derived from benzene so that they have aromatic rings and the presence of one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups. This study aims to determine the total phenol content of white rhizome ethanol extract with the difference in solvent concentration using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The research conducted is an experimental research. The results showed that the rhizome of white temu contained secondary metabolite compounds in the form of phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids. Based on the results of determining the total phenol content of white temu extract with a difference in ethanol solvent concentrations of 30%, 50%, and 70%, the levels were 23.4477±0.9827 mg GAE/g, 32.2464±1.3022 mg GAE/g, and 51.6880±0.4948 mg GAE/g. The results of statistical analysis obtained normal and homogeneous data so that a one-way anova test with p value results was used(0.00) < (0.05) so it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the total phenol levels of the three samples.

Proximate Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Leaf Extracts from Seven Viola Species

Viola, an edible wild plant, is valued for its distinctive flavor and health-promoting properties. This study examines the proximate composition, bioactive compounds, and in vitro biological activities of seven Viola leaves (Viola prionantha, Viola collina, Viola acuminata, Viola variegata, Viola tokubuchiana var. takedana, Viola mirabilis, and Viola philippica). Findings reveal that the leaves of the seven Viola species are rich in phenolic compounds (131.13 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g fresh weight (FW)–384.80 mg GAE/100 g FW), flavonoids (13.09 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/100 g FW–40.08 mg RE/100 g FW), fatty acids (palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and α-linolenic acid), and essential minerals, such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium. The leaf extracts demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase (84.17%) and pancreatic lipase (77.54%) at a concentration of 1 g of extract per milliliter of solution. Additionally, the biological activity of Viola leaves, particularly their antioxidant capacity, is associated with their phenolic and flavonoid content, with caffeic acid contributing up to 35.2% of the total phenolic acids and isoquercitrin being one of the most bioavailable flavonoids. These results indicate that Viola offers potential notable health benefits, presenting a valuable addition to enhancing modern dietary patterns and overall health.

Isolation of Bacillus paralichenifromis BL-1 and Its Potential Application in Producing Bioflocculants Using Phenol Saline Wastewater

Phenolic compounds are harmful organic pollutants found in wastewater from the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, which are frequently accompanied by high saline concentrations. Microorganism-based biodegradation represents an environmentally friendly and cost-effective strategy for phenol removal. In this study, we isolated a bioflocculant-producing Bacillus paralicheniformis BL-1 that is capable of phenol degradation in high-salinity conditions. Differential gene expression analysis revealed the down-regulation of genes related to the synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances and the up-regulation of poly-γ-glutamate biosynthesis in 10% NaCl conditions. These findings indicate that poly-γ-glutamate is the main large biomolecule produced by B. paralicheniformis BL-1. A further investigation suggested that salinity stress resulted in the down-regulated expression of the genes involved in iron homeostasis. Therefore, alleviating iron limitation by supplying excess iron could improve cell growth and, thus, increase the phenol removal rate and flocculating activity. The productivity of poly-γ-glutamate reached 2.23 g/L, and the phenol removal rate reached 73.83% in the synthetic medium supplemented with 10% NaCl, 500 mg/L phenol, and 250 μM FeCl3.

Phenolic Acid and Flavonoid Content Analysis with Antioxidant Activity Assessment in Chinese C. pi. Shen Honey

The nutritional value of honey is closely related to its components, which are highly influenced by the botanic origin. C. pi. Shen (Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen), a key plant in traditional Chinese medicine, mainly produced in Gansu Province of China, has attracted much attention for its medicinal value. However, there are few reports about C. pi. Shen honey. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the contents of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities in C. pi. Shen honey by colorimetric, UPLC-MS/MS, Ferric ion Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), 2,2-bisazo-bis (3-ethyl-benzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical capacity, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) scavenging ability methods. In comparison with four other high-yield unifloral honeys in China (Acacia honey, linden honey, rape honey, and jujube honey), C. pi. Shen honey demonstrated remarkable advantages. Specifically, the levels of total phenolic acids, total flavonoids, and phenolic components of C. pi. Shen honey were significantly pronounced, especially protocatechuic acid and kaempferol. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of C. pi. Shen honey was also excellent, which was attributed to its phenolic compounds, underscoring its potential biological value. This study is anticipated to serve as a reference for the identification, nutritional assessment, and functional advancement of C. pi. Shen honey.

Syntrichia laevipila Brid., a Bryophyta from Northwest Argentina as a Source of Antioxidants and Antimicrobials

In recent years, numerous studies have emerged on the biological activities of bryophytes and their potential for therapeutic use. However, mosses appear to be a relatively overlooked group. The objective of this study was to conduct a phytochemical analysis of one hydroalcoholic extract of Syntrichia laevipila and to evaluate its potential as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. The moss was collected in the Chaco Serrano region of Argentina, specifically on Jacaranda mimosifolia, and subsequently extracted by maceration in ethanol/water. UHPLC/ESI/MS/MS analysis identified 32 peaks, including phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, lignans, chalcones, and flavonoids) and non-hydrophilic compounds (terpenoids, fatty acids, and brassinosteroids). Maslinic and oleanolic acids, two triterpenoids present in S. laevipila, were also detected in J. mimosifolia, a substrate of this moss. The concentration of phenolic compounds was 19.05 ± 0.21 µg GAE/mL, while the total flavonoid concentration was 13.13 ± 0.33 µg QE/mL. The determination of reducing and total sugars yielded 0.22 ± 0.03 mg GE/mL and 1.26 ± 0.24 mg GE/mL, respectively, while the concentration of soluble proteins was 90.60 ± 4.50 µg BSAE/mL. The extract exhibited antioxidant properties by scavenging ABTS•+, H2O2, AAPH, and HO• radicals. Additionally, it demonstrated antibacterial activity by inhibiting the growth of four strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The data obtained suggest that the hydroalcoholic extract of S. laevipila possesses significant potential as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent, making it a promising candidate for the development of phytotherapeutic and cosmetic products.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Pumpkin Pulp During Storage Through the Ultrasonication Process

Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) is a seasonal fruit and it contains large amounts of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and anthocyanins, which lower the risk of cancers and prevent osteoporosis and hypertension. However, conventional pasteurization reduces the nutrient content of fruits and results in a loss of organoleptic properties. Food processing industries are exploring alternatives to thermal treatment (TT) due to the increasing demand for safe, high-quality, and minimally processed pumpkin pulp. The outcomes of thermal treatment and ultrasonication (US) on the overall quality of pumpkin pulp were examined in this study. Six treatments were used in the preparation of pumpkin pulp: T0 (control), T1 (TT at 90 °C for 2 min), and T2 to T5 (US of 37 kHz frequency for 5-20 min). Statistically analyzed data showed a significant increase in total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) in US-treated samples (216 to 222 mg GAE/100 g) and (7.53 to 12.9 mg CE/100 g) respectively. In contrast, a significant decrease in microorganisms was found in all US-treated samples. The 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays increased significantly in US-treated samples (29.20 to 33.71%), (0.92 mg TE/g to 1.36 mg TE/g), and (4.52 mg TE/g to 5.15 mg TE/g) respectively. Nevertheless, a significant rise in ascorbic acid levels was observed in the T5 sample (15.48 mg/100 g). All US-treated samples showed significantly fewer losses in bioactive compounds and effectively decreased microbial load during storage as compared to thermal treatment. This research indicated that the US T5 showed the best results and demonstrated an ability to enhance the overall quality of pumpkin pulp, which can be effectively utilized for processing in industries.

In vivo Differential Effects of Extractable and Non-Extractable Phenolic Compounds from Grape Pomace on the Regulation of Obesity and Associated Metabolic Alterations.

Grape pomace (GP) is a by-product rich in phytochemicals, including extractable polyphenols (EPPs) and non-extractable polyphenols (NEPPs), which have distinct metabolic fates that may affect their biological activities. The benefits of GP have been reported in relation to obesity and its comorbidities, particularly when administered preventively focusing on EPPs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EPPs and NEPPs from GP as a treatment for obesity and its associated metabolic alterations. A previous comprehensive characterization of the selected GP revealed the most relevant individual compounds in the EPPs fraction (malvidin hexoside, (-)-epicatechin, quercetin, and procyanidin dimer B2 isomer II), as well as in the NEPPs fraction (hydroxybenzoic acid isomers I-II). The experiment was performed in obese rats with insulin resistance, treated for 8 weeks with EPPs or NEPPs grape pomace fractions (100mg/kg). After the intervention, the HFFD + EPP group showed a significantly lower weight gain (9.6%) and body mass index (9.7%) compared to the HFFD group. While liver triglyceride levels were only significantly reduced in the HFFD + NEPP group (47%) compared to the HFFD group. Neither treatment resulted in a reduction of insulin resistance. Therefore, the supplementation with grape pomace phenolic fractions to an animal model of obesity exerted differential beneficial effects on body weight and liver lipid accumulation, overall contributing to an amelioration of some the metabolic alterations present in obesity, although not to aspects such as glycemic homeostasis.

Cellular and biochemical alterations induced by diesel oil in the brown alga Sargassum cymosum var. stenophyllum cultured in vitro.

The effect of the in vitro acute exposure to diesel oil (0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1%, v/v) has been evaluated in the brown seaweed Sargassum cymosum var. stenoplhyllum by determining the contents of photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, and morphological and cellular changes. In vitro cultures of S. cymosum were exposed to diesel oil for 30min, 1h, 12h, and 24h under laboratory-controlled conditions. Chlorophyll a and c contents increased after diesel oil exposure as the amounts of carotenoids did not show a clear trend along the experimental period. However, a reduction in the concentration of phenolic compounds was detected by chemical analysis, a finding further corroborated by electron microscopy and cytochemical analyzes. The thickness of the cell wall showed to be augmented and the accumulation of phenolic compounds therein was also detected after exposure to that petroleum derivative. Besides, morphological analysis through scanning electron microscopy revealed irregularities in the cell surface, as transmission electronic microscopy indicated an increased number of vacuoles in the cells. Based on these results, it could be concluded that the acute exposure to diesel oil brings about a stress effect in S. cymosum var. stenophyllum, promoting alterations in the seaweed secondary metabolism, stimulating protective mechanisms against oxidative stress, and changing cell's morphological and ultrastructural traits.

RED light promotes flavonoid and phenolic accumulation in Cichorium spp. callus culture as anti-candida agent

Chicory species, particularly Cichorium endive Supp. Pumillum, also, known as Egyptian chicory, are globally recognized for their rich content of bioactive secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and phenolics. These metabolites are highly valued for their pharmaceutical, dietary, and commercial applications. Light exposure, particularly through red and blue wavelengths, is a potent natural elicitor that influences the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and impacts plant morphology. This study investigates the effects of red and blue LED light exposure on the callus culture of Egyptian chicory (Cichorium endive Supp. Pumillum), with the aim of enhancing flavonoid accumulation for potential use as an anti-Candida agent. Callus cultures of Cichorium intybus, Cichorium endive Supp. Pumillum, and Taraxacum officinale (Italian chicory) were grown on MS media supplemented with 4 mg/L 2iP and 0.5 mg/L NAA for 4 weeks. The cultures were then exposed to 12 days of red and blue LED light. After extraction using liquid nitrogen and methanol, the resulting callus extracts were tested against Candida albicans NRRL477 at various concentrations (1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 MIC) for 20 to 120 min. The antifungal activity was assessed by determining the effects on acid-soluble phosphorus, total lipids, and soluble proteins in the Candida cells. Our results demonstrate that the red LED light-exposed Cichorium endive Supp. Pumillum callus extract exhibited the most potent antifungal activity, significantly inhibiting the growth of Candida species compared to blue light and control treatments. Notably, the red light-treated callus culture accumulated higher concentrations of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which contributed to its effectiveness as an anti-Candida agent. These findings suggest that LED red light elicitation is an effective method for enhancing the production of bioactive compounds in Egyptian chicory, offering potential for its use in natural antifungal therapies. Future research will explore the mechanistic pathways of flavonoid accumulation under different light conditions and investigate the broader applications of this elicitation technique for other medicinal plants.

Antibacterial boosting effect of combined antibiotics and wild mushroom (Langermannia bicolor) reduces the survival of multidrug-resistant bacteria

This study set out to evaluate how effective the unexplored macrofungi Langermannia bicolor is in providing a biomolecular repertoire capable of optimizing the action of antibacterials available on the market. Extract and fractions (obtained by fractionation with acetone) of L. bicolor were quantified for the presence of proteases and hemagglutinin, and the composition of carbohydrates, proteins, and phenolic and flavonoid compounds; then, they were tested against multidrug-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative strains combined with conventional antibiotics from different classes. Fraction 2 (F2) stood out for its high proteolytic and hemagglutinating capacities, and could reduce the therapeutic dosage of all the antibiotics in the different pathogens tested. The samples – especially Fraction 2 – showed promising results in optimizing the action of antibiotics, thus potentially mitigating the escalation of resistance in bacteria. This project is the first to investigate the medicinal properties of L. bicolor, focusing on its major biomolecules, and potential as an antibiotics enhancer.

Gastrodin Alleviates Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Suppressing the NF-κB and MAPK Pathways.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the main pathological factor resulting in low back pain (LBP), the leading cause of disability globally. Inflammatory response and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation are critical pathological features in the development of IDD. Gastrodin (GAS), a phenol compound isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume, plays an anti-inflammatory role in experimental models of multiple human diseases. Our study aimed to elucidate whether GAS alleviates TNF-α-induced inflammation in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and IDD in vivo. The cytotoxicity of GAS was assessed by CCK-8 assay. Rat primary NP cells were stimulated with TNF-α to induce inflammatory response. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines, catabolic genes, and anabolic genes was detected by RT-qPCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. NF-κB and MAPK pathway activation was determined through western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The IDD rat model was established by using percutaneous needle puncture. The therapeutic effects of GAS were confirmed by histology analysis. We found that TNF-α stimulation enhanced proinflammatory cytokine (COX2, iNOS, IL-6, and IL-1β) expression in NP cells, which was reversed by GAS treatment. GAS offset TNF-α-induced upregulation in catabolic gene (MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13) expression and downregulation in anabolic gene (Collagen II, SOX9, and Aggrecan) expression. The loss of ECM in TNF-α-treated NP cells was mitigated by GAS treatment. Mechanically, GAS abolished TNF-α-induced increase in p-IKKα, p-IKKβ, p-IκBα, p-p65, p-ERK, p-p38, and p-JNK protein levels in NP cells. In puncture-induced IDD rat models, GAS administration improved intervertebral disc (IVD) structure, increased Collagen II expression, and reduced the levels of proinflammatory factors in IVDs. Overall, GAS alleviates the inflammation and ECM degradation in NP cells via inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK pathway activation and alleviates IDD in vivo, which may be a novel treatment strategy for IDD.

Improving the Biostability of Extra Virgin Olive Oil with Olive Fruit Extract During Prolonged Deep Frying

This study explores approaches to enhancing the biostability of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) supplemented with olive fruit extract (OFE) enriched with hydroxytyrosol (HTyr). The investigation focuses on prolonged deep frying (DF) conditions at 170 °C and 210 °C, over durations ranging from 3 to 48 h, with the aim of improving sensorial attributes, polyphenolic content, and thermal oxidative stability. Parameters, such as acidity, peroxide value (PV), K232, K270, ΔK, phenolic compounds, and sensory attributes, were monitored. The PV did not exceed the standard limit in HTyr-EVOO at 210 °C/24 h; however, in non-supplemented EVOOs, it remained within the limits only up to 210 °C/18 h. Acidity stayed within the acceptable limit (≤0.8) at 170 °C/24 h in both enriched and non-enriched EVOOs. K232 values were ≤2.5 in HTyr-EVOO fried at 170 °C/18 h. K270 and ΔK did not exceed the limits in HTyr-EVOO at 170 °C/3 h, whereas they surpassed them in non-supplemented oils. Additionally, HTyr and tyrosol levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in HTyr-EVOOs. Phenolic compounds, including verbascoside, pinoresinol, 1-acetoxypinoresinol, and phenolic acids, such as chlorogenic, vanillic, homovanillic, 4-dihydroxybenzoic, and caffeic acids, were detected in HTyr-EVOOs. Oxidized secoiridoid derivatives increased significantly as DF progressed. Moreover, sensory analysis revealed that positive attributes in EVOOs—such as fruity, bitter, and pungent notes—decreased significantly with increasing temperature and frying duration (p < 0.05). Beyond 210 °C/6 h, these attributes were rated at zero. However, HTyr-EVOOs exhibited lower rancidity compared to non-enriched oils under identical conditions, attributed to the protective effect of HTyr. In conclusion, HTyr-EVOOs demonstrated thermal stability up to 210 °C/6 h, retaining desirable sensory qualities, higher phenolic content, and reduced degradation. These findings indicate that natural OFEs have strong potential as food additive in deep fried EVOOs, enhancing sensory properties, health benefits, and overall oil stability. This innovation provides a practical solution for the food industry by improving the biostability and versatility of EVOO. Further research is recommended to investigate various EVOO categories and oils from diverse origins.

Essential oil and phenolic compounds in different organs and developmental stages of Monarda didyma L., and their biological activity.

Plant development has a greater impact on the chemical composition of inflorescences than of the leaves and stems of Monarda didyma plants. Monarda didyma L. is a well-known ornamental and aromatic plant. However, no studies are yet available concerning the diversity in the chemical composition of M. didyma organs during plant development that affect the final quality of the raw material. This study aimed to determine the content of phenolic compounds, essential oil (EO), and their composition in various organs affected by plant development. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of leaf and inflorescence EOs and the antioxidant activity of leaves, stems, and inflorescences were determined. EO content in the leaves and inflorescences collected during flowering was 2.39% and 3.64%, respectively. The main ingredients of the investigated EOs were p-cymene (17.11-35.56%) and carvacrol (5.39-28.19%). The EOs from the leaves and inflorescences collected during flowering inhibited the growth of six investigated microbial strains at the concentration range 0.313-1.250 µL × mL-1. Total phenolic and flavonoid content in leaves was higher than in inflorescences and stems. The leaves were found to be rich in didymin (average content 1283.63mg × 100g-1), while the inflorescences collected during flowering contained a significant amount of linarin (1247.47mg × 100g-1). The variability in the content and composition of EO and phenolic compounds depending on the stage of plant development was mainly observed in inflorescences. These findings contribute to better understanding of distribution and accumulation of biologically active compounds in M. didyma aerial organs, the potential of these organs as raw materials for medicinal, cosmetic and food applications, and the importance of the time of their harvesting.

Bio-Recycling Hazelnut Shells to Improve Antioxidant Properties of Lentinus tigrinus Sporophore

Lentinus tigrinus is a wood-decay fungus known for its nutritional, culinary, and medicinal benefits. It contains bioactive compounds like polyphenols, terpenes, and flavonoids that exhibit antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory effects. These natural antioxidants are increasingly recognized for their potential to prevent oxidative damage linked to aging and chronic diseases. This study investigates the antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from L. tigrinus sporophores cultivated on hazelnut shells (Lt1_HS), a waste material rich in phenolic compounds, and sporophores cultivated on sawdust (Lt1_S). Bioactivity tests, including DPPH, TBARS, MTT, and DCFH-DA assays, were performed to assess the hydroalcoholic extracts’ efficiency. The results showed that all the extracts contained various bioactive compounds, primarily polyphenols. Notably, the caffeoylquinic acids present in HS and Lt1_HS are linked to anti-peroxidant effects. Biological analyses demonstrated that the Lt1_HS extract has higher anti-peroxidant activity (IC50 0.77 ± 0.01 mg/mL) compared to Lt1_S (IC50 1.36 ± 0.01 mg/mL) and reduces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in HaCaT cells by 80%. However, the specific bioactive compounds responsible for these antioxidant effects are still unclear, and further analysis will be conducted. Additionally, this study promotes recycling hazelnut shells as a valuable substrate for fungal cultivation, supporting sustainable waste management.

Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Extraction and Antioxidant and Antiglycation Activities of (Poly)phenols from Ribes magellanicum

Phenolic compounds have antiglycation activity, but the changes occurring during thermal treatment (TT) in these activities are not completely understood. The effects of the extraction conditions of (poly)phenols from Ribes magellanicum fruits, before and after TT, on their antioxidant and antiglycation effects were assessed. (Poly)phenol-enriched extracts (PEEs) from raw and TT (90 °C, 1 h) Ribes magellanicum were extracted using three solvent mixtures (ethanol/water/acetic acid) with increasing water content (0, 24, and 49%) and three solvent-to-solid ratios (5, 10, and 20 mL/g). PEEs of raw samples showed increased values of total (poly)phenols (TPC), TEAC, and FRAP and decreased IC50 values of fluorescent advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with increasing water content. An increase in TPC and FRAP values was observed for TT samples, but an increase in the IC50 values of fluorescent AGEs for PEEs with increasing water content was observed. Antiglycation activity (IC50 raw/IC50 TT) depended on the solvent-to-solid ratio and the extracting solvent. HPLC-DAD-MS analysis of raw and TT samples showed degradation of anthocyanins, flavonoid fragmentation, and oxidation as the main changes in the phenolic composition of TT samples. We show that TT affects the (poly)phenolic composition of R. magellanicum, producing a decrease in the antiglycation activity when extractions are performed with increasing water content, despite increasing TPC and FRAP activity.

New Evidence for Cotinus coggygria Scop. Extracts Application in Gastrointestinal Ailments

Background/Objectives: Cotinus coggygria Scop. is traditionally used for treatment of various gastrointestinal ailments. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical profile and biological activities of leaves, bark and flowers extracts of C. coggygria. Methods: Phytochemical analysis was performed using HPLC. The antimicrobial activity of water and methanolic extracts of C. coggygria leaves, bark and flowers towards various oral fungal and bacterial strains of clinical origin was tested by use of a microdilution assay. Additionally, their cytotoxic activity was determined against different gastrointestinal carcinoma cell lines (CAL27, FaDu, SW480, HCT116 and MRC-5) in concentrations ranging from 3.125 to 400 µg/mL for 48 and 72 h. Results: The presence of numerous flavonoid and phenolic compounds such as sulfuretin, gallic acid, rutin, hyperoside, and isoquercitrine was detected. Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus parasanguinis, and Candida tropicalis were the most sensitive microbiological species, with MICs of 0.12 mg/mL for the most effective extracts. Additionally, the cytotoxic activity of the samples against different gastrointestinal carcinoma cell lines (CAL27, FaDu, SW480, HCT116, and MRC-5) was determined in concentrations ranging from 3.125 to 400 µg/mL. Among the tested samples, the methanolic leaf extract exhibited the highest cytotoxic capacity, and the possible mechanism could be related to its inhibitory effect on the release of proinflammatory cytokine in CD4+ cells. Conclusions: The traditional use of C. coggygria for gastrointestinal diseases may be substantiated by its ability to inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms and its promising cytotoxic properties. The methanolic leaf and flower extracts show significant potential for future clinical applications, and further studies are warranted to explore their mechanisms and applications in medical treatments.

Evaluation of the fatty acid profiles, antioxidant activities, and total phenol and vitamin E contents of three types of Saudi date seed oils

Date seed oil is well known for its high content of monounsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid, and antioxidant compounds, such as phenols, tocopherols, phytosterols and vitamin A, which play an important role in reducing the risk of many diseases. Therefore, date seed oil extraction and processing into different pharmaceutical and cosmetic products may be economically beneficial and could be considered an important opportunity for future v industrial utilization. The main goal of this study is to investigate the fatty acid composition, antioxidant activities, and total polyphenol and vitamin E contents of oils extracted from the seeds of three types of Saudi date cultivars: Al-Raziz, Al-Khalas, and Al-Ajwa. Hexane and petroleum ether organic solvents were used for oil extraction due to the unavailability of cold extraction devices. Date seed oils extracted from the specified Saudi date cultivars were further subjected to chemical and statistical analyses using standard Methods. Total lipid extracted from the Al-Raziz, Al-Khalas, and Al-Ajwa date seeds cultivars was 10.38-12.65 g/100 g with hexane and 10.21-12.69 g /100 g with petroleum ether, with no significant differences between them. Oleic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, linoleic, and stearic acids were the most abundant fatty acids in all three types of date seed oils. Particularly, oleic acid accounted for nearly half of the total fatty acid content (48.2-51.12%) in all three types of date seed oils. Total saturated fatty acid contents were 42.2, 40.1, and 43.4% and the total unsaturated fatty acid contents were 57.8, 59.0, and 56.6% in the date seed oils of Al-Khalas, Al-Raziz, and Al-Ajwa, respectively. All date seed oils had high contents of antioxidants (41.1-63.2%), phenols (274.0-302.53%), and vitamin E (16.68-19.2%). Therefore, Al-Raziz, Al-Khalas, and AlAjwa date seed oils can be used for industrial food and caffeine-free coffee production and the development of cosmetic and pharmaceutics products for skin microbial disease and wound treatment. Here, date seed oils were very rich in antioxidants, phenols, and vitamin E, with some fatty acids, such as lauric acid, exhibiting antimicrobial activities. Future studies should investigate the degree of fat oxidation and changes in the total phenol, vitamin E, phytosterol, and phytochemical compound contents during date storage.

Enhancement of Cognitive Benefits and Anti-Anxiety Effects of Phytolacca americana Fruits in a Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Model of Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment

Phytolacca americana fruits exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This study aims to investigate the phenolic profile of hydroethanolic extracts from both fresh (PEC) and dried (PEU) fruits of P. americana using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and to evaluate their impact on anxiety-like behavior, memory, oxidative stress, and cholinergic status in zebrafish (Danio rerio, Tübingen strain) treated with scopolamine (SCO, 100 μM). Acute administration of PEC and PEU (0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/L) was conducted for one hour per day. In silico analyses were performed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the phenolic compounds discerned in the two extracts, using platforms such as SwissAdme, Molinspiration, ProToX-III, AdmetLab 3.0, PKCSM, and PASS. Anxiety-like behavior and memory performance were assessed through specific behavioral assays, including the novel tank test (NTT), light/dark test (LD), novel approach test (NAT), Y-maze, and novel object recognition (NOR). Subsequently, the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the extent of oxidative stress in the zebrafish brain were investigated. Our findings suggest that both PEC and PEU possess anxiolytic effects, alleviating SCO-induced anxiety and enhancing cognitive performance in amnesic zebrafish. Furthermore, these extracts demonstrated the ability to mitigate cholinergic deficits by inhibiting AChE activity and supporting antioxidant defense mechanisms through increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced lipid and protein peroxidation. These results highlight the potential use of P. americana fruit extracts in managing anxiety and cognitive impairments related to dementia conditions.