Low Molecular Acids Research Articles

On the ecosystem and indicator significance of fatty acids in the composition of the low-molecular metabolom of water macrophytes

The hypothesis that aquatic macrophytes produce and include in their low molecular weight metabolome fewer fatty acids (in composition and content) under anthropogenic impact (eutrophication and pollution) than in clean, undisturbed, or slightly disturbed aquatic habitats (oligotrophic and mesotrophic conditions) was tested for the first time. The available data really give grounds to definitely speak about a decrease in the specific production of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by macrophytes per unit of their biomass with an increase in the processes of eutrophication and pollution in aquatic ecosystems. The use of this pattern for the indicator assessment of anthropogenic influence on aquatic ecosystems is a significant practical application of this regularity.

Deciphering the Wound-Healing Potential of Collagen Peptides and the Molecular Mechanisms: A Review.

Collagen peptides have been reported to display various bioactivities and high bioavailability. Recently, increasing evidence has revealed the excellent wound-healing activity of collagen peptides, but their molecular mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. This review systematically evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of collagen peptides from diverse sources based on various wound models. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationships of collagen peptides and wound-healing mechanisms are discussed and summarized. Characterized by their low molecular weight and abundant imino acids, collagen peptides facilitate efficient absorption by the body to deliver nutrition throughout the wound-healing process. The specific mechanism of collagen peptide for wound healing is mainly through up-regulation of related cytokines and participation in the activation of relevant signaling pathways, such as TGF-β/Smad and PI3K/Akt/mTOR, which can promote cell proliferation, angiogenesis, collagen synthesis and deposition, re-epithelialization, and ECM remodeling, ultimately achieving the effect of wound healing. Collagen peptides can offer a potential therapeutic approach for treating incision and excision wounds, mucosal injuries, burn wounds, and pressure ulcers, improving the efficiency of wound healing by about 10%-30%. The present review contributes to understanding of the wound-healing potential of collagen peptides and the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Controlling of irreversible fouling and mechanism in a hybrid ceramic membrane bioreactor (CMBR)-reverse osmosis (RO) process for textile wastewater reclamation

In this study, the fouling propensity of a hybrid ceramic membrane bioreactor (CMBR)-reverse osmosis (RO) process was investigated over a prolonged period using real textile wastewater effluent. Additionally, the effectiveness of in-situ ozonation for fouling mitigation was investigated. The results revealed that the CMBR-RO system achieved approximately 99.8 % removal of chemical oxygen demand and 97.4 % removal of total nitrogen. Despite this, soluble extracellular polymeric substances, particularly biopolymers and humics-like substances, remained in the system, resulting in irreversible fouling on the ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. The implementation of in-situ ozonation notably reduced ceramic membrane fouling by enhancing the filterability of larger macromolecules and eliminating inorganic/organic foulants from the membrane surface. Multiple modified fouling indexes were also utilized to evaluate the fouling potential of the RO feed water through size fractionation. It is worth noting that ozonation could pose a potential risk for subsequent RO membrane fouling due to the formation of low molecular weight neutrals, acids, and calcium- or silica- related inorganic-organic complexes. Overall, the integrated CMBR-RO system with in-situ ozonation exhibited excellent performance in producing clean water, achieving nearly 100 % removal of 20 Aromatic Amines. These findings underscore the viability of the CMBR-RO system as a practical and sustainable choice for the reclamation of textile wastewater.

Isolation of extracellular vesicles from corn leaves using differential ultracentrifugation and the identification of miR165a microRNA

MicroRNAs are a class of non-coding RNA molecules that act as important regulators of various biological processes in plants. MicroRNAs play a significant regulatory role in the early reaction of the cell to a stressful impact, including intercellular signalling. Extracellular vesicles of plants are essential for the transport of molecules in plants. Numerous methods for isolating extracellular vesicles have been developed over the past decade, and differential centrifugation allows the isolation of small vesicles. Using the differential centrifugation method, we managed to isolate two fractions of extracellular vesicles (P40 and P100) from corn leaves that were different in size and molecular weight. The fraction of large vesicles had a size of more than 150 nm and contained high and low molecular nucleic acids. We also determined the sizes of vesicles of the P100 fraction which contained only low molecular nucleic acids: they were from 30 to 200 nm. A specific probe was designed to identify miR165a microRNA using polymerase chain reaction. Using the stem-loop probe allowed obtaining cDNA matrices larger than 70 nucleotide pairs (bp), which was sufficient to evaluate the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results of RT-PCR analysis with specific primers for miR165a microRNA showed the presence of an amplification product approximately 70-80 nucleotide pairs in size, which corresponded to theoretical values. Therefore, fractions of extracellular vesicle from corn leaves contained miR165a microRNA, which may explain their physiological function as intercellular transport of small non-coding RNAs.

UV irradiation induced simultaneous reduction of Cu(II) and degradation of EDTA in Cu(II)-EDTA in wastewater containing Cu(II)-EDTA

Decomplexation of Cu(II)-EDTA followed by chemical precipitation of free Cu(II) ions can effectively degrade EDTA in Cu(II)-EDTA and remove Cu(II), but requires large precipitant dosage and inevitably produces a large amount of copper-containing sludge that is difficult to deal with. Herein, we demonstrated that simultaneous reduction of Cu(II) and degradation of EDTA in Cu(II)-EDTA can be achieved by UV irradiation of wastewater containing Cu(II)-EDTA without adding reagent. 93.65% of Cu(II) was reduced to Cu(0) with a high purity of 99.93 wt%, which can be recycled, thus avoiding the generation of copper-containing sludge. 96.67% of EDTA in Cu(II)-EDTA was degraded, and the final products were HCHO, NH4+, NO3- and low-molecular acids. In depth, the dominant degradation mechanism of EDTA in Cu(II)-EDTA was photo-induced successive decarboxylation through homolysis of C-O and C-C bond of -CH2-COOH group, followed by ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) and hydrolysis reactions. The minor degradation mechanism of EDTA in Cu(II)-EDTA was successive decarboxylation by •OH radicals. Simultaneously, Cu(II) was reduced to Cu(0) by H• and eaq- produced by UV irradiation of Cu(II)-EDTA. This study provided an approach of simultaneous removal of heavy metals and degradation of EDTA in Cu(II)-EDTA in wastewater containing heavy metal-EDTA complex.

Development and Study of Antibacterial <i>In situ</i> Coatings for Processing Implants

Introduction. Periprosthetic infections are a major problem in orthopedic surgery. The most optimal way to influence the bacterial film is to suppress the early stages of its formation. The use of hydrogel coatings for the prevention of periprosthetic infections is an effective measure, while the process of coating the implant can be simplified due to the use of in situ systems.Aim. The purpose of the research is to develop and study antibacterial in situ coatings for preoperative treatment of implants.Materials and methods. In the experiment we used poloxamers Kolliphor® P 407 and Kolliphor® P 188 (BASF, Germany), hyaluronic acid high-molecular PrincipHYAL® (1400–1800 kDa), low-molecular PrincipHYAL® (400–600 kDa), mixture of high, medium and low-molecular acids PrincipHYAL® Cube3 (ROELMI HPC Srl, Italy). As screening methods for identifying the optimal composition, we used gelation temperature measurements, pH measurements, studies of rheological properties, and microbiological tests.Results and discussion. During the experiment, we found the optimal concentration of hyaluronic acid 1400–1800 kDa – 0.5 %, at which the studied composition at a temperature of 4.5 ± 0.5 °C was a homogeneous liquid, and it made a sol-gel transition when heated. It was revealed that hyaluronic acid had no significant effect on the gelling temperature, so we added poloxamer 188. We also established the influence of the hyaluronic acid molecular weight on the in situ systems characteristics. High molecular weight hyaluronic acid stabilized the viscosity values and improved the adhesive properties of the system, samples with medium and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid showed lower dynamic viscosity values at the phase gel-sol transition end. We tested the optimal composition (containing 18.0 % poloxamer 407, 2 % poloxamer 188, and 0.5 % hyaluronic acid (1400–1800 kDa) adhesion to the titanium plate. When exposed to the paddle stirrer (rotation speed 20 rpm) for 15 minutes and stored in the thermostat (37,0 ± 0,5 °C) for a week, the analyzed composition showed adhesion strength, which makes it possible to use it for coating.Conclusion. By multistage screening a sample was selected for introduction of a model antibacterial component representing a cocktail of bacteriophages Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. Microbiological studies showed good compatibility of the immunobiological substance with excipients, which indicated the prospects for further preclinical studies.

Short term fouling tests on homogeneous and heterogeneous anion-exchange membranes from food and bio-based industrial streams: Foulant identification and characterization

Electrodialysis is used in food and bio-based industries for selective separation and recovery of target ions and neutral molecules. Anion exchange membranes (AEM) are prone to fouling due to their complex interactions with organics. Currently, research has focussed mainly on fouling tests using model organic foulants. In this study, three different complex industrial feed streams: corn steep liquor (CSL), citric acid by-product (CA), and cheese whey (CW), were used to foul two commercial AEM types: Fujifilm type-10 (homogeneous) and RALEX (heterogeneous). A 1.5 – 2.3 fold higher membrane resistance after fouling was a result of a difference in membrane structure, ion exchange capacity, water uptake, and thickness (depending on the feed used). Liquid Chromatography – Organic Carbon Detection (LC-OCD) analysis of feed revealed highly hydrophilic (CDOC) fractions in CSL (85%), CA (87%), and CW (100%). This analysis was extended to foulant desorption solutions (NaCl (35 g/L) and EtOH-water-H2SO4 mixtures), which revealed that > 90 % of humic substances (HS) and building blocks (BB) desorbed when using NaCl (35 g/L), following a (concentration wise) desorption order: HS > BB > LMWN > BP > LMWA. For the EtOH-water-H2SO4 solution, low molecular weight neutrals and acids (LMW(A + N)) were desorbed majorly (>60%) and followed a desorption order: LMWN > LMWA > BB > BP > HS. Desorption due to the ion-exchange mechanism was dominant for NaCl (35 g/L) solution, while foulant-desorbant polar interactions were prevalent for the EtOH-water-H2SO4 solution. Upon foulant desorption using NaCl (35 g/L) solution, RALEX AEM owing to the presence of nanovoids in them, showed a 1.5 – 4 fold higher concentration difference vs. FF10 AEM, while this difference was not dominantly observed when EtOH-water-H2SO4 mixture was used. This study revealed that LMW fractions could possibly enter into the membrane matrix whereas HS and BB fractions owing to their high molecular weight, majorly adsorbed on surfaces.

Mechanism Influence of Low Molecular Acid on Alcohol Diffusion in Oil–Paper Insulation Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Alcohol indicators in oil are utilized to evaluate the aging status of transformer paper insulation. The fluctuation of alcohol concentration in insulating oil affects the accuracy of aging assessment. Low molecular acid (LMA) is a significant factor influencing the concentration of alcohol in insulating oil. However, the mechanism of LMA on alcohol diffusion in oil-paper insulation has not been intensively studied. Therefore, the microscopic mechanism of alcohol diffusion under the influence of LMA is investigated based on molecular dynamics simulation and experimental verification. The results show that LMA can promote alcohol diffusing from insulating paper to insulating oil, and the promoting effect of acetic acid is more evident than formic acid. Subsequently, analysis based on interaction energy finds that LMA can enhance the van der Waals forces between alcohol and insulating oil, and destroy the hydrogen bond network formed by alcohol and cellulose. Consequently, the free volume in cellulose increases with LMA mass fraction, which results in the promotion of alcohol diffusion. This work expects to provide a theoretical reference for aging assessment of paper insulation based on alcohol indicators.

Inhibition of atherosclerosis progression by modular micelles.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease initiated by lipid-mediated vascular inflammation. From the perspective of conventional treatment, it is difficult to achieve good therapeutic effects via regulation of a single lipid or anti-inflammatory effects. Herein, we designed an amphiphilic low molecular weight heparin-unsaturated fatty acid conjugate (LMWH-uFA) that acted as both an antiatherosclerotic agent and a nanocarrier with self-delivery properties. Structurally, LMWH-uFA self-assembled to form micelles with LMWH as the shell and uFA as the core, without any additives, which guaranteed their biosafety. Functionally, the hydrophilic segment, LMWH, prevented monocyte adhesion to inhibit early vascular inflammation, and the hydrophobic segment, uFA, could participate in the regulation of blood lipids. The anti-inflammatory drug rapamycin (RAP) was encapsulated in the micellar core, which improved its water solubility, and cooperated with LMWH to achieve targeted blockade of the vascular inflammation cascade at P-selectin. The three treatment modules, LMWH, uFA and RAP, were integrated into one system for different therapeutic targets in anticipation of better efficacy. In an atherosclerosis mouse model, RAP-loaded NPs significantly reduced the plaque area and showed satisfactory curative effects, which were related to the targeting of lipid regulation and inflammation. Thus, these modular micellar nanoparticles offer a promising approach for the clinical treatment of atherosclerosis.

Treatment of sewage sludge hydrothermal carbonization aqueous phase by Fe(II)/CaO2 system: Oxidation behaviors and mechanism of organic compounds

The Fe(II)/CaO2 system with a stable oxidant and a low-cost homogeneous activating agent has been considered as a prospective process for the disposal of wastewater. The system was constructed to treat sewage sludge hydrothermal carbonization aqueous phase (HTC-AP) in this study. As the hydrothermal temperature increased, the organics in the HTC-AP were first decomposed and then cyclized, while the Maillard reaction occurs throughout the stage. The oxidation efficiency of the Fe(II)/CaO2 system was related to the composition of organics in HTC-AP, and the removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by the system was 38.56 % in the HTC-AP obtained by hydrothermal treatment at 220 °C. Redundancy analysis showed that the low molecular weight organics, hydrophobic acids, and hydrophobic neutral components were beneficial to DOC removal, while Maillard products and cyclization products were hard to be oxidized to CO2 and H2O. The CN functional group of the protein facilitated DOC removal, and some organics in HTC-AP were oxidized to acids and phenols. The energy input to remove DOC in Fe(II)/CaO2 system was 27.74 MJ per kg carbon. This study provides a low-energy consumption Fe(II)/CaO2 system for the post-treatment of HTC-APs and explores the applicability of the system.

Improved Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection and Resolution of Low Molecular Weight Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acid Isomers.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants widely used in a variety of industrial and consumer applications. Due to phasing out legacy PFAS, some manufacturers developed short-chain alternatives like perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECA). Published liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods cover a wide range of these replacement chemicals including PFMPA (perfluoro-3-methoxypropanoic acid) and PFMBA (perfluoro-4-methoxybutanoic acid). However, many methods do not monitor for their branched isomers, PMPA (perfluoro-2-methoxypropanoic acid) and PEPA (perfluoro-2-ethoxypropanoic acid), respectively. Although these isomers are chromatographically separable under certain conditions, using the common MS/MS transitions for PFMPA (m/z 229 → 85) and PFMBA (m/z 279 → 85) can yield low or no detection signals for PMPA and PEPA, thus leading to underestimated values or nondetects. We compared various MS/MS transitions for these isomers and determined the optimal transitions for PMPA (m/z 185 → 85) and PEPA (m/z 235 → 135). We applied the developed method to water sampled near two chemical manufacturing plants and observed these analytes, plus a suspected third isomer. Using these MS/MS transitions will ensure all isomers are detected and will lead to better monitoring and exposure estimates of PFECA in humans and the environment.

Deep eutectic solvents regulation synthesis of multi-metal oxalate for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction and supercapacitor applications

Design and fabrication of 2D multi-metal oxalate materials with desired electrochemical activities are highly needed in electrocatalysis and supercapacitors. Herein, assisted by the deep eutectic solvothermal (DES) method, multi-metal oxalate consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn with different morphology was the controlled synthesis. It was found that the structure and composition of DES can control the nucleation and growth of multi-metal oxalate. High molecular PEG and gradually slow-release oxalic acid are in favor of the formation of 2D structure, while the low molecular EG and abundant oxalic acid are positive for the formation of 3D nanoparticles. The properties of the obtained multi-metal oxalates are confirmed by multi-analysis, which involves the single Ni-oxalate phase, morphological evolution ranging from particles to nanosheets, and complex composition up to five metal elements including Fe, Co, Ni, Cu as well as Zn. Notably, the well-designed 2D (FeCoNiCuZn)(C2O4)·2H2O nanosheets exhibit an ultralow overpotential of 334 mV at 100 mA cm−2 for OER as electrocatalyst with prolonged durability over 30 h at 10 mA cm−2 and a high specific capacity of 1337 C g−1 for aqueous supercapacitor.

Enhancing esterification of small molecular acids with alcohols by molten salt hydrates

A novel approach is reported for efficient esterifying low molecular acids with alcohols in molten salt hydrate (MSH) without additional catalyst. A series of MSHs (LiCl, CaCl2, ZnCl2 and ZnBr2) were evaluated for catalytic esterification of chloroacetic acid (CA) with methanol to methyl chloroacetate (MC). The effects of coordination water number also examined. It was found that appropriate coordination water number not only can promote the protonation of the reactant acids, but also enhance the activity of the protons as well as esterification equilibrium towards ester formation. A MC yield of 98.1% with concentration of 92.1% in the organic-phase could be readily achieved after reacting at 80 °C for 2.0 h in CaCl2·4H2O. MSH also demonstrated excellent performance in esterification of other acids (acetic, mercaptoacetic, propionic, n-butyric and levulinic acids) with alcohols (ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol). After removing portion of the water from MSH, it can be reused without any difficulty. The promotion effects of MSH on the esterification reaction can be categorized to three aspects: (1) accelerating the reaction rate due to the enhanced protonation of the reactant acids and reduction in the hydration degree of the protons; (2) facilitating phase-splitting by virtue of the poor solubility in MSH and thus expelling the formed esters into organic-phase, as a result, boosting up esterification conversions; and (3) promoting the esterification reaction equilibrium owing to the strong hygroscopicity of MSH.Economic analysis shows, compared with the conventional esterification of CA with ethanol, in which organic solvents is used as the water-carrying agent, that esterification in MSH could not only accelerate the reaction rate and strengthen the equilibrium conversion, but also save energy input.

An assessment of the cheese product’s nutrient profile in implementation the new resource-saving technological solutions

In the сurrent conditions the cheese industry development is determining by perspective trends: medical and social – expansion the products range with dietary properties and reduced a calorie content, technological – mastering а new moulding methods for the production of complex and combined cheese products, economic – reduction of a milk consumption rates due to involvement secondary raw materials, ecological – minimizing the carbon footprint of cheese factories by reducing whey’s discharges. The patented method for producing the combined soft cheese product offers a set of resource-saving technological solutions for introducing into the cheese head an agarised jelly "filling" based on return salty whey with the spicy plant components addition. The original mold design forms a through hole in the center of the cheese head and provides the cheese part to the "filling" in а ratio as 4 : 1. The proposed method of the using salty sub-raw whey in soft cheese’s production is justified from the point of view the adequacy level its macro- and micronutrient composition to physiological requirements in food nutrients and energy. The new cheese product with a jelly "filling" contains 14.5% protein and 15.3% fat, that makes up for 17% of the requirements for adult. The product has a reduced calorie content to 208 kcal with a significant 28% energy contribution by the protein component, that gives it dietary properties. The cheese product’s provision by essential amino acids reaches 90% of the requirement in phenylalanine and tyrosine, 87% in lysine, 74% in isoleucine and leucine. The fatty acid profile is characterized by favorable a relative content values of linolenic and oleic acids. Low-molecular volatile fatty acids form the taste and aroma of cheese product without ripening. Its vitamin composition has functional availability for vitamins A - 40%, K - 31%, group B and PP - 15-20% of the requirement. The technological solutions for making of the cheese product with the "filling" maintain a functionality its nutrient profile, contribute to saving up to 20% of milk and increase the environmental friendliness of production.

Participation of low molecular weight antioxidants selenium and caffeic acid in the regulation of respiration in Solanum Tuberosum in hypothermic conditions

To study the effect of low molecular weight antioxidants on the respiration process, the content of auxins and abscisic acid, 15-day-old potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers grown under laboratory conditions were sprayed with 5.8 μM sodium selenite solution or 0.1 mM caffeic acid solution. Control runners were treated with water. Hypothermia (-2 °C) simulating freezing was created for 2 hours. 21-day-old runners were analyzed. Under optimal temperature conditions, the studied antioxidants stimulated the respiration process, while selenite had a greater effect. Caffeic acid increased the maintenance respiration rate. Selenite and caffeic acid increased the auxin content in the runners. Selenite reduced the amount of abscisic acid, resulting in an increase in the indoleacetic acid/abscisic acid ratio. Under hypothermic conditions, caffeic acid significantly reduced the increase in respiration, and in the option with selenite, an insignificant stabilization of this process was noted with a greater decrease in indoleacetic acid/abscisic acid ration as compared with optimal conditions.

Use of feed made from a mixture of cereals and legumes by fresh cows

The ratios of pea and barley seeds for growing in mixed crops for the purpose of preparing juicy feed and obtaining grain fodder in the conditions of low-lying peatlands of the North-East of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia are determined. Heat treatment of grain fodder from peas and barley in a ratio of 50:50 at a coolant temperature of 1100 C a duration of 30 minutes, as well as preservation of silage with LMAC (low molecular acid concentrate) reduced the solubility and cleavability of raw protein in the rumen, contributed to an increase in the use of nitrogen and energy for productive purposes when feeding lactating cows. Feeding of pea and barley silage processed with LMAC in the ratio (25:75) and processed grain mixture (50:50) as part of the main feeding diet of new – bodied cows increased the use of nitrogen taken – by 5.29%, digested-by 8.27 %. During the experiment period, the average daily milk yield of natural milk in the control group averaged 21.18 kg, in II-23.06 and in III – 25.49 kg. The difference in favor of the experimental group III was 4.31 kg (p < 0.05), and in II – 1.88 kg (p < 0.05) or 11.89 and 3.29%, respectively, in terms of 4% milk, the difference was 5.06 and 2.19 kg or 25.08 and 10.86 %. At the same time, the costs of exchange energy for obtaining 1 kg of milk with 4% fat content decreased by 10%, raw protein by more than 7 %.

Delayed onset of fat embolus in the cerebral venous system after breast and hip augmentation: a case report

BackgroundCerebral fat embolism (CFE) is a subtype of fat embolism syndrome which tends to cause ischemic cerebral infarction. Fat embolism in the cerebral venous system have not been reported. We hereby present a rare case of fat embolus formed in the cerebral venous system 10 days after cosmetic surgery, and describe our management of this patient.Case presentationA 26-year-old woman with the disturbance of consciousness and recurrent convulsions of the right upper extremity over a 21-h period was admitted to our hospital. The patient was initially diagnosed with haemorrhagic infarction, and cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) was suspected based on computed tomography (CT). A diagnosis of CFE was confirmed based on surgical findings. Breast and hip augmentation performed 10 days ago was considered the underlying cause. Drug-induced hypothermia, low molecular weight heparin, atorvastatin, dexamethasone, piperacillin/tazobactam, valproic acid, and mannitol were applied. On hospital day 30, she was discharged with a Montreal Cognitive Assessment score of 25.ConclusionsFat embolism can occur in the cerebral venous system, and may mimic CVT symptoms rather than CFE symptoms. Early identification of the nature of the embolus is essential. The use of heparin may prevent secondary thrombus formation, and accelerate fat embolus decomposition.

Biomedical and biotechnological aspects of the production of functional ingredients based on yeast biomass

The results obtained in recent studies shown that use of the biologically active substances of microbial origin is prospect as natural components of nutrition, including the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, applying in the food industry. The aim of this work was to study the peptide and amino acid composition of yeast fermentolysates as factors that form their functional properties and biomedical activity. As a result of biocatalytic destruction during 6 and 12 hours, yeast biomass fermentolysates were produced, that mainly contained low molecular weight peptides (57.3% and 85.0% of the protein substances total mass) and free form amino acids (15.7% and 50.2% of the total amino acids). Spectral composition analysis of low molecular weight peptides confirmed a high degree of the protein hydrolysis. It was established that after 12 h of the hydrolysis, fermentolysate mainly contained peptides with a molecular weight of 80 to 300 Da, as well as free amino acids. The efficiency and safety of yeast fermentolysates that are sources of low molecular weight peptides and free amino acids, that determine their functional properties, was proven using in diets of experimental animals. Biomedical research and clinical trials confirmed that yeast fermentolysates had a high digestibility, promoted the normalization of metabolism, improved the functional state of the body, the recovery of patients and the restoration of their operability, had a general fortifying and immunomodulatory effect.

Review on hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase as a valuable resource for biofuels, bio-hydrogen and valuable bio-chemicals recovery

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of biomass results in the formation of bio-oil, aqueous phase (HTL-AP), bio-char, and gaseous products. Safer disposal of HTL-AP is difficult on an industrial scale since it comprises low molecular acid compounds. This review provides a comprehensive note on the recent articles published on the effective usage of HTL-AP for the recovery of valuable compounds. Thermo-chemical and biological processes are the preferred techniques for the recovery of biofuel, platform chemicals from HTL-AP. From this review, it was evident that the composition of HTL-AP and product recovery are the integrated pathways, which depend on each other. Substitute as reaction medium in HTL process, growth medium for algae and microbes are the most common mode of reuse and recycle of HTL-AP. Future research is needed to depict the mechanism of HTL process when HTL-AP is used as a reaction medium on an industrial scale. Need to find a solution for the hindrance in commercializing HTL process and recovery of value-added compounds from HTL-AP from lab scale to industry level. Integrated pathways on reuse and HTL-AP recycle helps in reduced environmental concerns and sustainable production of bio-products.

Nanoconfined gelation in systems based on stearic and 12-hydroxystearic acids: A calorimetric study

This study applies differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to probe the effect of nanoconfinement on gelation of mineral oil (MO), soybean oil (SO), ethylene glycol (EG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polypropylene glycol (PPG) by low molecular weight gelators, stearic and 12-hydroxystearic acids. Nanoconfinement is accomplished by embedding the gels into silica nanopores. In agreement with our previous work on high molecular weight polymeric gelators, nanoconfinement invariably causes a decrease in the heat of gelation. The effect is linked to restricted molecular mobility, which hampers integration of the gelator molecules into the network as well as spatially limits its growth. A new effect discovered in this work is a decrease in the gelation temperature of the nanoconfined MO and SO systems. By combining an advanced isoconversional method with the Turnbull-Fisher nucleation model it has been possible to link this effect to deceleration of gelation that originates from an increase in the nucleation energy barrier. It has been proposed that whether nanoconfinement causes a decrease or an increase in the gelation temperature can depend on polarity of liquid. The proposal is upheld by measurements on the systems involving polar liquids (EG, PEG, PPG) that have demonstrated an increase in the gelation temperature under nanoconfinement.