Low-mineralized Water Research Articles

S- and O-isotopic character of dissolved sulphate in the cover rock aquifers of a Zechstein salt dome

Sulfur and O isotope analyses of dissolved SO 4 were used to constrain a hydrogeological model for the area overlying the Gorleben–Rambow Salt Structure, Northern Germany. Samples were collected from 80 wells screened at different depth-intervals. The study area consists of a set of two vertically stacked aquifer systems. Generally, the isotope data show a good spatial correlation, outlining well-defined groundwater zones containing SO 4 of characteristic isotopic composition. Highly saline waters from deeper parts of the lower aquifer system are characterized by rather constant SO 4 isotopic compositions, which are typical of Permian Zechstein evaporites (δ 34 S=9.6–11.9‰; δ 18 O=9.5–12.1‰). Above this is a transition zone containing ground waters of intermediate salinity and slightly higher isotopic values (average δ 34 S=16.6‰; δ 18 O=15.3‰). The confined groundwater horizon on the top of the lower aquifer system below the low permeable Hamburg Clays is low in total dissolved solids and is characterized by an extreme 34S enrichment (average δ 34 S=39.1‰; δ 18 O=18.4‰), suggesting that bacterially mediated SO 4 reduction is a dominant geochemical process in this zone. Two areas of distinct isotopic composition can be identified in the shallow ground water horizons of the upper hydrogeological system. Sulfate in groundwaters adjacent to the river Elbe and Löcknitz has a typical meteoric isotopic signature (δ 34 S=5.2‰; δ 18 O=8.2‰), whereas the central part of the area is characterized by more elevated isotopic ratios (δ 34 S=12.7‰; δ 18 O=15.6‰). The two major SO 4 pools in the area are represented by Permian seawater SO 4 and a SO 4 of meteoric origin that has been mixed with SO 4 resulting from the oxidation of pyrite. It is suggested that the S-isotope compositions observed reflect the nature of the SO 4 source that have been modified to various extent by bacterial SO 4 reduction. Groundwaters with transitional salinity have resulted from mixing between brines and low-mineralized waters affected by bacterial SO 4 reduction.

Influence of Time on the Protection of Steels by Combined Inhibitors in Low-Mineralized Water

Influence of Time on the Protection of Steels by Combined Inhibitors in Low-Mineralized Water

Membrane filtration for the continuous fractionation of species and macromolecules: Component distribution in the Arzhaan spring water

An improved device was proposed for the fractionation and preconcentration of particles and macromolecules. The device provides new means for the separation of water components. In the proposed method, a tangential flow of the test solution is passed through a series of successive membranes with decreasing pore size. The method was applied to the fractionation of low-mineralized water (Ty va Arzhaanes) with low concentrations of trace components.

Low-Salt Water Reduces Intestinal Permeability in Atopic Patients

Background: Clinical remission of atopic dermatitis (AD) after intake of a low-salt water has recently been reported. Methods: We here investigated the effects of a low-salt water in AD patients with increased intestinal permeability to lactulose. From an initial group of 75 atopic patients, who undertook a treatment in a medical spa center, 12 were included because of abnormal urinary excretion of lactulose (>0.6%), which is absorbed in the enterocytic interspaces, at baseline. The excretion of mannitol with an extraenterocytic absorption was also studied as control. During 18 days, the patients followed a medical spa treatment course, including topical application and oral ingestion of a low-mineral water. Patients were asked not to modify their usual food regimen during the cure. At the end of treatment (day 18), the determination of the excretion of both sugars in urine was repeated. Results: At baseline, the mean urine excretion of lactulose in the study population was 1.21 ± 0.08 SEM. At the end of treatment (day 18), the lactulose concentration in urine diminished dramatically by 55% (mean 0.55 ± 0.09 SEM, p = 0.0005). Urine mannitol was also found to be reduced over the cure period, although to a lesser extent (30%, p = 0.04). Conclusion: This study indicates that low-mineral water normalizes the intestinal permeability of patients with AD.

Boron isotopic analysis of natural fresh and saline waters by negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry

Negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry (NTIMS) is an effective and robust analytical method which allows to analyze the boron isotopic composition (δ 11B) of natural waters directly with an analytical uncertainty of ± 0.5‰ (2σ m, corresponding to 2σ/n 0.5, where n = 3 − 8 replicate analyses), determined by analysis of a large number ( N = 70) of natural fresh and saline waters. A similar reproducibility has been determined for the NIST SRM-951 standard ( 11B/ 10B = 4.00125 ± 0.00264 (2σ m), n = 5). It is shown that B concentrations of aqueous samples can be increased by a simple dry down procedure ( T = 45–50°C) to allow even low-mineralized waters ( B ≤ 0.1mg/1) to be analyzed directly, without separation of boron prior to NTIMS isotope dilution analysis.

G9 Blood pressure changes near the dead sea: Evaluation of the effects of low altitude and mineral water immersion

G9 Blood pressure changes near the dead sea: Evaluation of the effects of low altitude and mineral water immersion

Water resources transformation and water quality variation in the Urumqi River Basin

Like other inland basins in arid regions, the natural vertical zones create special conditions for water resources transformation in the Urumqi River Basin. In the course of water resources transformation and utilization, the chemical composition and degree of mineralization are influenced by both geographic conditions and human activities. Although the Urumqi River is rather small in runoff and rather short in flow distance, the water quality changes substantially along the river. However, ion concentrations of surface and ground water in the whole basin are relatively low, generally less than 1 g/L. Therefore, the basin is good at providing low-mineralized water. The pollution is not so serious and the water impurity does not surpass the national standard for drinking. As long as people are conscious with protecting water quality and reducing the further water pollution, it is possible for harm of the slight pollution to be eliminated.

Influence of Calcium Content in Mineral Water on Chemistry and Crystallization Conditions in Urine of Calcium Stone Formers

19 idiopathic recurrent calcium stone formers were examined on a constant diet supplemented with mineral water of high (386 mg/l) and low (10 mg/l) calcium content. The effects of calcium and oxalate loading were studied separately. Ingestion of mineral water with high calcium content lead to an increase of urinary calcium and a decrease of urinary oxalate compared to mineral water with low calcium content. On the calcium-rich mineral water, urinary saturation with Whewellite was lower and it hardly reached the critical level for calcium oxalate crystallization after oxalate loading, which was in contrast to the results on low calcium mineral water. Urinary Brushite saturation was generally low and showed no significant differences between the two mineral waters.

Corrosion Monitoring and Control in the Pacific Northwest

An 18‐month monitoring program evaluated the relationship between copper plumbing corrosion and variations in delivered water quality in several communities in the Pacific Northwest. Significant relationships were found for copper corrosion rate dependence on pH and free chlorine residual. Regression analysis provided a statistical means of identifying the important predictors of copper corrosion rates in low mineral waters.

Cleaning low mineral water by electrodialysis

One way to intensify mass transfer when cleaning low-mineral water is to use ion-exchange filler in electrodialyzer cells. A model is proposed of an electrodialysis process which takes into account the effect of process parameters, geometrical dimensions of cells, and the physicochemical properties of electrolytes on the efficiency of demineralization. On the basis of our investigations and tests in working conditions, a design for an electrodialyzer with fibrous ion-exchange filler is recommended and a flow sheet is presented which combines the demineralization of low-mineral water with the simultaneous removal of potentially hazardous impurities from it.

APPLICATION OF WATER WITH INCREASED CONCENTRATION OF SALTS FOR IRRIGATION

The possibility of irrigation with low-mineralized water, the peculiarities of salt accumulation in the soil under drip irrigation, and the use of this method to remove accumulated salts from the root zone of the soil are considered. Technologies to reduce negative effect of salt content in irrigation water, including those protected by patents of the Russian Federation are presented. Irrigation of weakly-mineralized water containing up to 3 g/ l salts is possible under certain restrictions it specific processing in installations, which reduce total salt content and provide balance in ionic composition, which eliminates salinization and the development of soil alkalinity. Without special preparation water with a salinity more than 0.7 g / l can be used only against the background of high natural drainage of the site or artificial drainage with percolative moisture regime. More effective method of mineralized water preparation to irrigation is membrane technology application for selective deionization more dangerous for plants.