Low Milk Production Research Articles

Clinical, seroepidemiological and hematological study of Buffaloes Babesiosis in Basrah, Iraq

Objective: Babesiosis is one of the important diseases in cattle and buffaloes, the current study conducting to diagnoses and evaluate the infection by B.pigeamina in buffaloes during the period of November 2022 to September 2023. Methods: The study included 210 animals of both sexes and varied ages. The blood sampling from 220 water buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis) in the north of Basrah governorate during the period of November 2022 to September 2023; the samples collected from both sexes and different ages ranged between 1 to 5 years. At these ten months 20 blood samples was randomly collected each month to compared with the control 10 animals. Results: The blood smear from infected buffaloes show the parasite clearly while the clinical signs reported as: babesiosis confirm 16% (32 affected animals) represented by fever, emaciation, anorexia, low milk production, jaundice of mucous membrane, corneal opacity and hemoglobinuria. The subclinical infected buffaloes which represented 41% (82 affected animals) appear healthy with no clinical signs. Also indicate that were no significant differences (P less than 0.05) between the infected and control group. The hematological parameters show significant differences (P less than 0.05) in RBCs count, total WBC count, deferential LC, Hb concentration and PCV in the infected buffaloes compare to the control animals while there were no significant differences (P less than 0.05) between the subclinical and control buffaloes except the RBCs count. The serological examination revealed to significant differences (P less than 0.05) in the infected group in posit to the control especially the liver enzymes and kidney function test enzymes which include: AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, creatinine and TP. Moreover, According the season and months the study detects the high infection rate in the summer while there were decrease in the infection rate in the mild or cold weather months. Moreover, the study indicates the high infection percentage in females compare to the male sex. Conclusion: Babesiosis is very important disease in Buffaloes in north of Basrah and there are no significant differences in infection rates between male and female.

Breastfeeding Behavior and LATCH Score in Postpartum Mothers days 1-7 with Overweight and Obesity

Background: Lifestyle changes during pregnancy tend to occur less frequently, and unhealthy eating patterns resulting from consuming fast food can trigger overweight and obesity. Existing research has revealed the influence of obesity on delayed lactogenesis II and low milk production but has not revealed the influence of obesity on breastfeeding behavior and the LATCH score as an early identification of breastfeeding success. Purpose: This study aim to analyzing the differences between overweight and obesity on breastfeeding behavior and LATCH scores in postpartum mothers on 1–7 days. Method: This research uses an analytical design with a observational approach. The sample for this study was all third-trimester primigravida mothers with normal pregnancies who checked themselves at the Kediri City Community Health Center and met the research inclusion criteria amount 86 samples. Breastfeeding behavior data and LATCH scores evaluate use quistionare were assessed on days 1, 3, and 7 days postpartum. Data analysis using SPSS version 26 with paired t test. Results: The breastfeeding behavior scores of both groups did not different at 1 day (45 ± 3.34 vs. 45 ± 3.34; P = 0.760), 3 days (78 ± 5.78 vs. 67 ± 9.03; P = 0.213), and 7 days (10 ± 0.59 vs. 8 ± 0.50; P = 0.087). There was no difference in LATCH scores at 1 day (3 ± 0.67 vs. 3 ± 0.45; P = 0.646) and 3 days postpartum (78 ± 5.78 vs. 6 ± 0.03; P = 0.098), but at 7 days postpartum between the two groups were significantly different (10 ± 0.59 vs. 8 ± 0.50; P < 0.001). Conclusion: The breastfeeding behavior and LATCH score can be used to predict difficulties in breastfeeding experienced by overweight and obese mothers postpartum for 1–7 days. Having an appropriate systematic assessment can help with timely intervention and improvements in breastfeeding techniques so increase breastfeeding success.

Determinasi Perlekatan dan Posisi Ibu Menyusui dalam Memberikan ASI terhadap Keberhasilan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Oesapa

Insufficient breastfeeding can cause malnutrition babies, making them more susceptible disease. Breastfeeding baby for 6 months without additional food, drink is called exclusive breastfeeding. Improper breastfeeding position and attachment can result in low breast milk production. Apart from making the nipples feel sore and causing breast milk not to come out optimally, incorrect breastfeeding techniques can also make the baby refuse to breastfeed, which has a negative impact on breast milk production. The aim of research determine the influence of the position and attachment of breastfeeding mothers and their role on the effectiveness of exclusive breastfeeding in the Oesapa Community Health Center working area. The research design is case control which is used together with observational analysis as research methodology. Complete sampling and significance threshold of α=0.05, 27 case samples and 27 control samples. This study, data were analyzed using methods, univariate, bivariate (chi square statistical test to assess the influence position and attachment style of breastfeeding mothers on the success of exclusive breastfeeding in the Oesapa Community Health Center), multivariate (logistic regression). statistical test to identify the most dominant variable). attachment and body posture in relation to effectiveness of exclusive breastfeeding. The results of the study showed that there was relationship between attachment (p-value= 0.000, OR=9.534), position (p-value 0.000, OR=12.025) and the success of exclusive breastfeeding. Recommended that health workers facilitate and motivate the implementation of breastfeeding, especially exclusive breastfeeding, to their citizens, increase the role of health workers educating breastfeeding mothers to apply the correct latch and position.

Pengaruh Pemberian Sari Kacang Hijau Terhadap Produksi ASI Pada Ibu Menyusui

Objective: Abstract Breast milk (mother's milk) is the only natural food for babies. Insufficient breast milk or low breast milk production is one of the problems in postpartum mothers. So, sometimes, mothers replace their breast milk with formula milk. Mothers with low breast milk production can overcome this problem by consuming green beans because the nutritional content of green beans is relatively high and the consistency is perfect. This study aims to determine the effect of green bean juice on breast milk production in breastfeeding mothers. Methods: This research uses a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population in this study consisted of mothers breastfeeding babies 0-6 months. The sample that will be involved in this research is 16 people, using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon test Results: The results of the study showed an increase in breast milk production as seen from the average frequency of breastfeeding before being given green bean juice, which was 7.06, and after being given green bean juice, it was 10.63. Based on the results of the Wilcoxon statistical test, it was found that the p-value was 0.000 < 0.05, which means there was a difference in breast milk production before and after giving green bean juice to breastfeeding mothers. Conclusion: Pada The conclusion in this study is that giving green bean juice affects breast milk production in breastfeeding mothers. It is hoped that breastfeeding mothers will maintain their nutritional intake, one of which is by consuming green beans, which can be processed into green bean juice, porridge, or green bean juice regularly to increase breast milk production so that later, the baby can grow and develop well.

NBCAL violation of products that compete with breastfeeding on the social network Instagram.

The article aims to identify NBCAL violations and analyze the content of messages posted on the Instagram social network. This qualitative-quantitative study consisted of a convenience sample of profiles identified through specific terms preceded by the hashtag symbol (#). Data were collected for two months by trained researchers using a structured questionnaire. We calculated the product promotion frequency that characterized violation of the NBCAL per category and manufacturer. The messages were analyzed using the content analysis technique. We identified 64 personal accounts of mothers with violations in 89 products, mainly food (n = 72), dairy compounds (54.2%), and infant formulas (45.8%) were the most publicized. Two thematic categories emerged from the posted texts, one related to the quality of the products and the other about breastfeeding difficulty, especially low milk production. The study identified NBCAL violations on the Instagram social network, alerting the need to recognize digital marketing to include it in the rules imposed by the Norm in the virtual context, considering the capillarity of social networks in disseminating information to the public in question.

Neospora caninum antibodies in bulk tank milk from dairy cattle herds in Italy in relation to reproductive and productive parameters and spatial analysis

Among the available diagnostic techniques, antibody detection in bulk tank milk (BTM) represents a useful tool to estimate and monitor Neospora caninum herd prevalence.To evaluate the prevalence of N. caninum and the effect of parasite infection on herd performances, BTM samples collected from 586 dairy herds located in one of the largest dairy production areas in Italy (Lombardy) were analyzed by an indirect ELISA to detect anti-N. caninum specific antibodies. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were developed. A purely spatial analysis scanning for clusters with high or low rates for N. caninum using the Bernoulli model was performed. A maximum entropy approach was used to estimate the probability of distribution of the parasite based on occurrence records together with environmental variables.Overall, 180 herds resulted positive for N. caninum antibodies on bulk tank milk (P = 30.7 %). A higher risk of seropositivity was evidenced in the provinces of Milano, Cremona, Brescia, and Bergamo (P = 32–40 %); a lower risk was evidenced in Lodi, Pavia, and Mantova (P = 13–24 %). A higher risk of seropositivity was revealed for small-medium farms (101–300 animals) (O.R.=2.8) and for older animals with more than 4 years (O.R.=4.4).Regarding the effect of N. caninum infection on herd performances, the number of inseminations for conception was higher (> 3 inseminations), and the period from calving to conception was longer (> 150 days) for positive farms (O.R.=2.0 and O.R.=2.3, respectively); besides, lower head daily milk production (<20 kg and 21–25 kg) and mature equivalent milk yield (<11,000), and somatic cell counts higher than 300,000 cells/ml were observed for N. caninum positive herds (O.R.=0.4, O.R.=0.4 and O.R.=1.9 respectively).The geographical distribution of N. caninum positive farms with the highest level of probability covers the central sector of the Po Plain where a significant cluster for high risk of parasite infection was shown by spatial scan statistic and Maximum entropy ecological niche modelling. A further significant cluster of low risk occurred in the southern. The climatic and environmental variables with the highest training gain when used in isolation resulted altitude, land use/land cover, and other variables related to temperature and precipitation.Neosporosis is widely distributed in Italian dairy herds and an impact of the parasite on herd performances could be hypothesized. Even if the role of N. caninum in alterations of reproductive and productive parameters should be further explored, veterinarians and farmers should be aware of neosporosis, and control plans should be adopted.

Genetic analysis of phenotypic indicators for heat tolerance in crossbred dairy cattle

Climate change-induced rise in global temperatures has intensified heat stress on dairy cattle and is contributing to the generally observed low milk productivity. Selective breeding aimed at enhancing animals’ ability to withstand rising temperatures while maintaining optimal performance is crucial for ensuring future access to dairy products. However, phenotypic indicators of heat tolerance are yet to be effectively factored into the objectives of most selective breeding programs. This study investigated the response of milk production to changing heat load as an indication of heat tolerance and the influence of calving season on this response in multibreed dairy cattle performing in three agroecological zones Kenya. First-parity 7-day average milk yield (65 261 milk records) of 1 739 cows were analyzed. Based on routinely recorded weather data that were accessible online, the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) was calculated and used as a measure of heat load. THI measurements used represented averages of the same 7-day periods corresponding to each 7-day average milk record. Random regression models, including reaction norm functions, were fitted to derive two resilience indicators: slope of the reaction norm (Slope) and its absolute value (Absolute), reflecting changes in milk yield in response to the varying heat loads (THI 50 and THI 80). The genetic parameters of these indicators were estimated, and their associations with average test-day milk yield were examined. There were no substantial differences in the pattern of milk yield response to heat load between cows calving in dry and wet seasons. Animals with ≤50% Bos taurus genes were the most thermotolerant at extremely high heat load levels. Animals performing in semi-arid environments exhibited the highest heat tolerance capacity. Heritability estimates for these indicators ranged from 0.06 to 0.33 and were mostly significantly different from zero (P < 0.05). Slope at THI 80 had high (0.64–0.71) negative correlations with average daily milk yield, revealing that high-producing cows are more vulnerable to heat stress and vice versa. A high (0.63–0.74) positive correlation was observed between Absolute and average milk yield at THI 80. This implied that low milk-producing cows have a more stable milk production under heat-stress conditions and vice versa. The study demonstrated that the slope of the reaction norms and its absolute value can effectively measure the resilience of crossbred dairy cattle to varying heat load conditions. The implications of these findings are valuable in improving the heat tolerance of livestock species through genetic selection.

Narrative Review of Known Plants which Have Potential Benefits as Natural Galactagogues in Indonesia

Human milk is the gold standard for infant nutrition during the first six months of life. According to Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey in 2017, about 45% of mothers in Indonesia provided pre-lacteal feeding within three days postpartum. Low or no milk production and perceived insufficient milk for the infants need were common reasons for pre-lacteal feeding. Galactagogues are believed to help augment human milk production. Therefore, galactagogue consumption is highly recommended, especially natural galactagogue, to help overcome low milk production problem. Most natural galactagogues are used as a local tradition only. Scientific studies regarding the phytochemical compounds and the mechanisms involved are still very limited. This narrative review aimed to describe selected research articles reporting the potency of torbangun, katuk, kelor, and papaya leaves as known plants acting as natural galactagogues in Indonesia. A total of 22 original research articles from Indonesia written in Indonesian or English over a 20 years period were included in this review. Studies were selected if selected natural galactagogues were evaluated at least for the proposed mechanism of action and effects. The data have shown strong evidence about the positive effect of torbangun, katuk, kelor, and papaya leaves as natural galactagogues on increasing human milk production. The five leaves contain different phytoestrogens that have an estrogen effect to stimulate prolactin production and increase milk production.

Edukasi Tanaman Herbal sebagai Booster ASI di Desa Rindu Hati Kecamatan Taba Penanjung, Bengkulu Tengah

One of the failures of exclusive breastfeeding is the mother’s perception that breast milk production is small or insufficient, giving rise to concerns that the baby will not be able to get enough. Another problem that arises if exclusive breastfeeding coverage is inadequate is nutritional problems and this causes stunting. Efforts made to increase mother’s knowledge about increasing breast milk boosters, where these local plants are Moringa leaves and Kepok banana blossoms. The aim of implementing this educational activity is to change the knowledge of educational participants about the use of local plants as breast milk boosters. The activity will be carried out on October 18, 2023 where the increase in knowledge can be seen from pre-test, given education using prepared materials, and continued post-test. This activity was attended by 22 breasfeeding mothers who have children in Rindu Hati Village, Taba Penanjung District, Central Bengkulu Regency. The evalution result during the activity showed that the participants were very enthusiastic and had active discussions. There was an increase in knowledge of breastfeeding mothers after aducation was conducted about the use of local plants as breast milk boosters in Rindu Hati Village. It is hoped that breastfeeding mothers can apply the knowledge gained so that breastfeeding mothers’ breast milk production increases and reduce mothers’ concerns about low breast milk production by utilizing Moringa leaves and Kepok banana blossoms which are easily available around the home.

Determinants of health care worker breastfeeding experience and practices and their association with provision of care for breastfeeding mothers: a mixed-methods study from Northern Thailand

BackgroundImproving breastfeeding rates is one of the most cost-effective ways to prevent infant deaths, but most of the world falls far below WHO recommended breastfeeding practices. Confident, informed healthcare workers are an important resource to promote breastfeeding, but healthcare workers are at risk of early breastfeeding cessation themselves. Culture, ethnicity and socio-economic status impact breastfeeding rates with some of the highest and lowest rates in Southeast Asia reported from Thailand. This study explores the relationship between workplace determinants of breastfeeding, personal breastfeeding outcomes for healthcare workers, and the breastfeeding care healthcare workers provide their patients.MethodsThis study used a sequential exploratory design guided by a conceptual framework based on social ecological/ecological psychology models. Participants came from four clinical sites in Northern Thailand, from ethnically Burman or Karen communities with high breastfeeding rates, and Thai communities with low breastfeeding rates. In-depth interviews (July 2020-November 2020) were followed by a quantitative survey (November 2020-July 2021) derived from validated questionnaires (Australian Breastfeeding Knowledge and Attitudes Questionnaire and the Workplace Breastfeeding Support Scale) with minor local adaptations.ResultsInterviews highlighted the beneficial effects of supportive workplace policies, the importance of physical spaces to facilitate proximity between mothers and infants, and the problem of low milk production. Meeting the WHO recommended practices of exclusive breastfeeding to 6 months or total breastfeeding to 2 years or more was more common in sites with higher levels of breastfeeding support (aOR 7.3, 95%CI 1.8, 29.1 for exclusive breastfeeding). Exclusive breastfeeding was also higher when staff set breastfeeding goals (aOR 4.4, 95%CI 1.7, 11.5). Staff who were able to see their infants during the work day were less likely to terminate breastfeeding because of work (aOR 0.3, 95%CI 0.1, 0.8). Staff who met both WHO recommendations themselves were more likely to report high levels of confidence caring for breastfeeding patients (aOR 2.6, 95%CI 1.1, 6.4).ConclusionsWorkplace protections including supportive maternity leave policies and child-friendly spaces can improve breastfeeding outcomes for healthcare workers. These improved outcomes are then passed on to patients who benefit from healthcare workers who are more confident and attentive to breastfeeding problems.

Constraints Perceived by Women Dairy Farmers and Veterinarians regarding Dairy Farming in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh

An investigation was conduct to study the constraints perceived by women dairy farmers and veterinarians on dairy farming in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. In technical constraints, majority (94.70%) of women dairy farmers in Narasaraopeta division perceived lack of preservation facility for milk as major constraint whereas majority (85.30%) of women dairy farmers in Guntur division perceived lack of preservation facility for milk as major constraint and majority of women dairy farmers (76.00%) in Pedaravuru division perceived low milk production by local breeds and lack of knowledge in identifying diseases of animals as major constraints. In economic constraints, 90.70% of women dairy farmers in Pedaravuru division perceived high cost of concentrate and other feeds as major constraint whereas 64.00% in Narasaraopeta division perceived low market price for milk as major constraint. and 58.70% in Guntur division perceived low market price for milk as major constraint. Overall majority of farm women (68.44%) in the study area perceived lack of preservation facility for milk was the major technical constraint. Low market price for milk was the major economic constraint perceived by farm women (60.90%) in the study area. It was observed that 75.56% of veterinarians perceived high investment for establishing an entreprise as major constraint in the study area.

Too hot to thrive: a qualitative inquiry of community perspectives on the effect of high ambient temperature on postpartum women and neonates in Kilifi, Kenya

ObjectiveTo understand community perspectives on the effects of high ambient temperature on the health and wellbeing of neonates, and impacts on post-partum women and infant care in Kilifi.DesignQualitative study using key informant interviews, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with pregnant and postpartum women (n = 22), mothers-in-law (n = 19), male spouses (n = 20), community health volunteers (CHVs) (n = 22) and stakeholders from health and government ministries (n = 16).SettingsWe conducted our research in Kilifi County in Kenya’s Coast Province. The area is largely rural and during summer, air temperatures can reach 37˚C and rarely go below 23˚C.Data analysisData were analyzed in NVivo 12, using both inductive and deductive approaches.ResultsHigh ambient temperature is perceived by community members to have direct and indirect health pathways in pregnancy and postpartum periods, including on the neonates. The direct impacts include injuries on the neonate’s skin and in the mouth, leading to discomfort and affecting breastfeeding and sleeping. Participants described babies as “having no peace”. Heat effects were perceived to be amplified by indoor air pollution and heat from indoor cooking fires. Community members believed that exclusive breastfeeding was not practical in conditions of extreme heat because it lowered breast milk production, which was, in turn, linked to a low scarcity of food and time spend by mothers away from their neonates performing household chores. Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) was also negatively affected. Participants reported that postpartum women took longer to heal in the heat, were exhausted most of the time and tended not to attend postnatal care.ConclusionsHigh ambient temperatures affect postpartum women and their neonates through direct and indirect pathways. Discomfort makes it difficult for the mother to care for the baby. Multi-sectoral policies and programs are required to mitigate the negative impacts of high ambient temperatures on maternal and neonatal health in rural Kilifi and similar settings.

Peningkatan Pengetahuan Ibu Menyusui Tentang Hypnobreastfeeding dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Produksi ASI

One of the obstacles in the breastfeeding process is low milk production. This can be influenced by the mother's psychological condition. The happiness, comfort and calm of breastfeeding mothers has a positive impact on the breastfeeding process. This positive psychological condition can be obtained with hypnobreastfeeding, which is a relaxation technique to help smooth the breastfeeding process. Deep and regular relaxation makes the endocrine system, blood flow and other systems in the body function better, causing the endorphin hormones produced by the mother to flow to the breast. the baby through breast milk and also makes the baby feel comfortable and calm. This educational activity about hypnobreastfeeding was carried out at PMB Soraya Palembang 4 times, targeting post partum mothers and mothers who exclusively breastfeed their babies. The activity is planned to begin with education about hypnobreastfeeding and the factors that influence breast milk production and the factors that cause little breast milk. Next, distribute a pretest questionnaire containing the mother's attitude towards the ongoing breastfeeding process. Next is direct practice of hypnobreastfeeding and continued with evaluation using a posttest questionnaire with questions about the mother's attitude towards the breastfeeding process. Mothers' knowledge about hypnobreastfeeding on breast milk production has increased by 70%. It is hoped that all parties will improve their skills in realizing exclusive breastfeeding, one of which is through hypnobreastfeeding.

Use of a commercial feed supplement based on diatom earth and yeast products on oxidative status and in vitro immune response in buffaloes during peripartum.

The transition period is a critical metabolic phase for dairy ruminants, especially those with high production levels. In spite of this, little is still known about dairy water buffalo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a commercial feed additive based on diatomaceous earth and hydrolyzed yeasts on health status, milk quality, and immune response of buffalo cows during the transition period. Eighty healthy Water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) of Italian Mediterranean breed were included in the trial. They were subdivided into two groups: one group received the additive (n = 40) while the control group (n = 40) received a placebo. The trial lasted 120d, from 60d before calving to 60d in milk. Blood samples were collected from each buffalo at -60 (60d from the expected calving), -30, 0 (calving), +15, +30, and +60 d (respectively, i.e., 15, 30, and 60d in milking). The biochemical as well as the oxidative profile, and the antioxidant power and enzymatic activity were evaluated in the samples obtained. Moreover, acute phase proteins, reactive proteins, and interleukin plasma levels were determined. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocytes were isolated and viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species were measured on PBMC and monocytes. The introduction of additives enhanced the total antioxidant capacity and enzyme activity, while no differences were observed in oxidation products throughout the trial. Additionally, it significantly reduced the synthesis of ROS in polymorphonuclear cells, supporting a potential positive response in animals experiencing inflammation. The impact of oxidation on the products was not evident. Despite higher enzyme levels in plasma, this did not necessarily correspond to significantly increased enzymatic activity but rather indicated a higher potential. From these results, it was evident that the transition period in buffaloes differs notably from what reported in the literature for cows, probably due to the absence of common postpartum production diseases in dairy cows and lower metabolic challenges linked to lower milk production in buffaloes. Few parameters exhibited notable changes during the transition period in buffaloes, notably certain antioxidant enzymes, PBMC viability, PBMC ROS production, and Hp levels.

Influence of production level, number, and stage of lactation on milk quality in compost barn systems.

This study evaluated the influence of milk production, number of lactations, and days in milk (DIM) on the quality and composition of milk from dairy cows housed in a compost barn (CB) system. The study was carried out using a six-year database, counting 31,268 observations from 2,037 cows of European breeds. Multiparous cows showed higher fat and protein production. Lactose showed high levels for primiparous and the initial stage of lactation (4.65%) and was negatively influenced by somatic cell count (SCC). Milk urea nitrogen was higher (14.01%) from 106 to 205 days in milk, and the other components were higher at >305 days. Therefore, the solids content was higher in the first and second lactations due to the high contents of lactose, fat, and milk protein, but lactose was reduced over lactations. In contrast, high DIM increased SCC and concentrated solids due to lower milk production. The effect of milk production, stage, and lactation order on the composition and milk quality of herds housed in CB showed the same pattern as in other production systems.

Cattle Pinkeye Disease Classification using Machine Learning

Pinkeye (infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, or IBK) is a bacterial infection of the cattle eye that causes inflammation and, in severe cases, temporary or permanent blindness. It is a painful, debilitating condition that can severely affect animal productivity. Due to lower weight gain, lower milk production, and higher medical costs, the cattle industry could experience large losses. Previous studies tried to classify livestock diseases using machine learning, but there has been a lack of studies conducted on pinkeye disease classification. The proposed study aims to design a classification model to classify whether the infected cattle have pinkeye or not at an early stage by analyzing a set of attributes. The study collected data from the Wolaita Sodo Kenido Koyisha Wereda Livestock and Fishery Office. The significance of this study is to prevent the expansion of disease among the cattle with an early detection for taking precautionary measures. The researchers used the percentage splits 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, and 90/10 to build classification models. Based on the results of the experiments, the researcher chose the 70/30 split due to the better performance obtained. The study trained four different models, including Random Forest, AdaBoost, Artificial Neural Network, and Extreme Gradient Boost algorithms. These models are selected based on an exhaustive study conducted. To assess the algorithm's performance, confusion matrix, accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score have all been utilized. By a 99.15% accuracy, the Artificial Neural Network outperforms the other algorithms by all the metrics except recall.&#x0D; Keywords: Machine learning, Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, IBK, Cattle pinkeye, Pinkeye disease classification

Milk Yield Prediction and Economic Analysis of Optimized Rearing Environment in a Cold Region Using Neural Network Model

The milk yield of dairy cows in a non-stressed state in the cold region in China is lower during cold seasons. In this study, the correlations between indoor environmental factors and milk production were analyzed. Temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity were found to be the main factors affecting milk yield. The warning values of these factors for lower milk production were 5 °C, 60%, and 300 lx, respectively. A neural network model predicting milk yield based on environmental factors was established, and the optimal model parameters were determined, resulting in a high accuracy of R2 = 0.802. This model was used to investigate the optimal measure for improving the indoor environment, which helps to increase milk production and economic benefits, including LED lights, heating radiators, and dehumidifiers. In conclusion, each type of device led to the growth of milk yield, reaching 2.341, 1.706, and 1.893 kg cow−1 Day−1. The combination of heating radiator and LED light resulted in the highest increased net benefit of 16.802 CNY cow−1 Day−1. This is the first time that a neural network model was successfully built to predict milk yield based on climatic features which was also applied to economic analysis of indoor environment improvement for dairy barns in extreme cold regions.

The pattern of herbal medicines use for breastfeeding mother in Jogonalan, Klaten, Indonesia: a mini survey

Background and objectivesIndonesian society extensively uses herbal medicine due to its abundant natural resources that have been utilized for generations for health purposes. Herbal medicine is also employed by specific community groups, such as breastfeeding mothers, to address issues like low milk production. However, there has yet to be much research conducted on its usage patterns in the Jogonalan District, Klaten Regency, Indonesia. It is crucial to understand this aspect to gain an overview of herbal medicine utilization in the community, thus preserving local’s healthy traditional culture and traditions and continuing their development. This study aims to describe the pattern of herbal medicine usage among breastfeeding mothers in the Jogonalan District, Klaten Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia.MethodsThe quantitative descriptive study conducted as a mini survey to breastfeeding mothers who used herbs, visited minimal three (3) times in integrated service posts for babies/toddlers in the Jogonalan sub-district and agree to overcome the research. Calculating the frequency distribution was used to analyze the study's findings. The advantages and disadvantages of these results are evaluated in relation to the findings of earlier investigations.Results and conclusionsThe respondents were dominated housewives (84.4%), aged 20–35 years (71.1%), had secondary education (60.0%), and multiparous (66.7%). The daily use of uyub-uyub as a breast milk enhancer dominates the pattern of herbal medicine use. Papaya leaves, turmeric, and aromatic ginger are further herbal remedies. Nursing mothers’ health and fitness and breastfed children’s health is other advantages. The only adverse effects reported by three respondents (6.7%) were nausea and dizziness. Breastfeeding mothers can safely utilize evidence-based herbal medicines by increasing their knowledge, consulting with health professionals, and using them under supervision to preserve their use.

EDUKASI PEMBERIAN SARI KACANG HIJAU (VIGNA RADIATE) SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI ASI PADA IBU NIFAS

Exclusive breastfeeding refers to the practice of providing breast milk solely to infants aged 0-6 months without introducing any additional solid foods or liquids such as formula, fruit juice, honey, or tea. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of administering green bean juice (Vigna Radiate) on enhancing postpartum breast milk production among mothers receiving care at the Yeni Clinic in the Tinggi Raja District, Asahan Regency, in the year 2022. This research follows a quantitative approach and employs a quasi-experimental design known as the "slum experiment," involving both pre-test and One Group post-test designs. Data analysis involved the application of a paired t-test on a sample of 10 postpartum mothers facing challenges in providing exclusive breastfeeding, and the study was conducted in June 2022. The findings of the study indicated that prior to the introduction of green bean extract, the majority of mothers (90%) experienced low breast milk production, with only one mother (10%) achieving sufficient breast milk production. Following the reintroduction of green bean extract, two mothers (20%) observed an increase in breast milk production, while eight other mothers (80%) achieved adequate breast milk production. Data analysis results revealed a p-value of 0.000, which is less than 0.005, indicating a significant influence of administering green bean juice (Vigna Radiate) on breast milk production among postpartum mothers at the Yeni Clinic, Tinggi Raja District, Asahan Regency, in 2022.

Organic selenium and vitamin E for gilts and sows bred in equatorial climate.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary supplementation of organic selenium (Se) and vitamin E for sows from 1st and 2nd parity order, without adiabatic cooling on physiological parameters, reproductive performance, milk composition, litter performance and blood concentrations of antioxidant enzymes. A total of 96 sows were allotted in a 4 × 2 completely factorial design, with 4 experimental groups and 2 parity orders (1st and 2nd). The experimental groups consisted of: ACCon-sows receiving adiabatic cooling and no dietary supplementation of organic Se and vitamin E; WACCon-sows without adiabatic cooling and no dietary supplementation of organic Se and vitamin E; WACSe-sows without adiabatic cooling with dietary supplementation of 0.3 mg/kg organic Se; WACSeE-sows without adiabatic cooling with dietary supplementation of 0.3 mg/kg organic Se and 90 UI of vitamin E. ACCon Sows had lower respiratory rate, rectal temperature and body surface temperature when compared to the others sows (p < 0.05). Sows without evaporative cooling had lower daily milk production and weaned litters with lower weight and average daily gain when compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). ACCon sows presented higher weaned piglets to WACSeE sows. WACSeE Sows had higher concentrations of GSH-Px when compared to other experimental groups and higher levels of SOD than sows from ACCon and WACSe. Piglets of sows from WACSeE group presented higher levels of GSH-Px and SOD when compared to the other experimental groups. ACCon sows have higher milk yield and higher litter weight than others groups. Under equatorial climate conditions, dietary supplementation of organic Se and vitamin E from first and second parity order sows does not respond efficiently on thermoregulatory physiology and performance compared to adiabatic cooling, but modulates the enzymatic antioxidant balance of sows and piglets.