Lower Marriage Rates Research Articles

Clinical characteristics of adults with alcohol dependence syndrome comorbid with antisocial personality disorder: a cross-sectional study.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, typically emerging by age 15 years and involving behaviors such as deceitfulness, impulsivity, and aggressiveness. The present study sought to examine the prevalence of the comorbid ASPD in adult people with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (ADS) and identify clinical characteristics associated with ASPD. A cross-sectional study of 100 consecutive subjects diagnosed with ADS was conducted. Subjects were examined between August 2023 and September 2023. Various assessments and questionnaires were employed, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II). A computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain was performed on 47.5% participants. Out of the 100 individuals screened for the study, 20 were excluded. The study found that 35% of the examined study participants had a comorbid ASPD. Individuals with both ADS and ASPD were more likely to be younger, started drinking at an earlier age, had higher hospitalization rates, and scored higher on the AUDIT test (all P < 0.05%). Also, they had lower education levels, higher rates of unemployment, and lower marriage rates (all P < 0.05%). In addition, they reported more family members with ADS, incarceration, or mental illness and a higher frequency of traumatic experiences (all P < 0.05%). Depression, anxiety, stress (all P < 0.05%), and sleep problems (P = 0.058) were correlated with ASPD. Participants with the comorbid ASPD had lower MoCA scores (P = 0.046) and struggled with attention and linguistic subtests compared to subjects with ADS only. The study highlights the high prevalence of comorbid ASPD in participants with ADS, shedding light on their demographic and psychometric characteristics. Individuals with the comorbid ASPD are more likely to face cognitive deficits, especially in linguistic and attention-related tasks. The findings underline the importance of considering the comorbidity of ASPD in ADS subjects. The study implies that the understanding of the associated risk factors can aid in developing more targeted treatment interventions.

Research on the Chinese Marriage Crisis - A Matching Perspective

This article examines the significant influence of parental attitudes on the mating choices of young adults in China. It highlights the stark dominance of Chinese parents in decision-making processes about their children's romantic lives, which can significantly influence the nation's marriage and divorce trends. Past articles revealed changes in parental attitudes towards their children's romantic relationships during university years, highlighting a shift from traditional opposition to increased support, potentially impacting financial assistance. Another stream of research focused on the ongoing marriage crisis in China, where declining marriage rates and rising divorce rates are influenced by socioeconomic changes, urbanization, and evolving marital values. They suggest that economic and cultural shifts play significant roles. This paper integrates sociocultural dynamics with a model of deferred acceptance in matchmaking to explore how shifts toward more progressive parental attitudes could be exacerbating the marriage crisis in China. By applying a matching algorithm, the study reveals that mismatches in parental expectations across different societal segments could lead to higher divorce rates and lower marriage rates. The paper proposes educational reforms and matchmaking optimizations as potential solutions to mitigate these effects.

Burden of Childhood Cancer and the Social and Economic Challenges in Adulthood

Significant advancements in pediatric oncology have led to a continuously growing population of survivors. Although extensive research is being conducted on the short-, medium-, and long-term somatic effects, reports on psychosocial reintegration are often conflicting; therefore, there is an urgent need to synthesize the evidence to obtain the clearest understanding and the most comprehensive answer. To provide a comprehensive review and analysis of the socioeconomic attainment of childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) compared with their unaffected peers. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using data obtained from a comprehensive search of MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) databases on October 23, 2021; the search was updated until July 31, 2023. Eligible articles reported on educational attainment, employment, family formation, quality of life (QoL), or health-risk behavior-related outcomes of CCSs, and compared them with their unaffected peers. Study selection was performed in duplicate by 4 blinded independent coauthors. Data extraction was performed in duplicate by 4 independent authors following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Outcome measures were odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences with 95% CIs; data were pooled using a random-effects model. The search identified 43 913 articles, 280 of which were eligible for analysis, reporting data on a total of 389 502 survivors. CCSs were less likely to complete higher levels of education (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.40-1.18), had higher odds of health-related unemployment (OR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.90-4.57), and showed lower rates of marriage (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.63-0.84) and parenthood (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.49-0.74) compared with population-based controls. Study findings suggest that CCSs face several socioeconomic difficulties; as a result, the next goal of pediatric oncology should be to minimize adverse effects, as well as to provide lifelong survivorship support aimed at maximizing social reintegration.

Long-term impacts of a cash plus program on marriage, fertility, and education after six years in pastoralist Kenya: A cluster randomized trial

BackgroundPreventing early marriage by increasing girls education has shown promise. We assessed the effects of a two-year cash plus program on marriage and fertility in a pastoralist setting in Northeastern Kenya, six years after it began. MethodsA prospective 80-cluster randomized trial followed 2,147 girls 11–14 years old starting in 2015, re-interviewing 94.2% in 2021. Interventions included community dialogues (violence prevention), a conditional cash transfer (education), health and life skills training (health), and financial literacy (wealth creation). Villages were randomized to one of four study arms: (1) violence prevention only (V-only); (2) + education (VE); (3) + health (VEH); or (4) + wealth creation (VEHW). We used analysis of covariance to estimate intent-to-treat impacts of each study arm with an education component, as well as a pooled (weighted average) study arm combining VE, VEH and VEHW, in reference to V-only, four years after the intervention ended when girls were 17–20 years old. FindingsBase specification estimates show reductions in the primary outcomes, though none statistically significant in the full sample. Estimates with extended controls are larger and the pooled study arm had significantly lower marriage and pregnancy. There are considerably larger statistically significant effects for the baseline out-ofschool subsample. Pooled estimates indicate 18.2 percentage point lower marriage compared to V-only and 15.1 percentage point lower pregnancy. For the same group pooled estimates indicate a 27.9 percentage point increase in current enrollment (compared to 7.1% in V-only) and a 1.8 grades increase (compared to 1.2 in V-only). ConclusionThis study shows the potential for interventions in early adolescence with an education component to delay marriage and fertility into late adolescence and early adulthood in a marginalized and socially conservative setting with low education and high rates of child marriage.

Stratification of Urban Health Centers of Khorramabad Based on Socioeconomic Status of Households Using Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis

Background: In numerous studies in the field of medical sciences, researchers use health centers as a frame for stratified sampling. Since socioeconomic variables play a major role in health outcomes, the present study aimed to classify urban health centers of Khorramabad in terms of the socioeconomic status of households using factor and cluster analysis. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the statistical population included all urban areas of Khorramabad based on the population and housing census conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran. Firstly, the scatter maps of urban areas and health centers were adopted together. Thereafter, socioeconomic indexes of urban areas were calculated in seven fields, and exploratory factor analysis was used to reduce dimensions. Finally, the similar health centers in terms of factor scores were allocated to the same clusters by k-means cluster analysis using SPSS software (version 26) and were displayed on city maps using Arc GIS software. Results: Three factors identified in factor analysis explained about 73.3% of the total variance of socioeconomic indexes. Based on cluster analysis, 11 health centers were located in cluster 1 (related to lower educational attainment, poorer housing amenities, and higher rate of homelessness and divorce), 16 centers were located in cluster 2 (related to higher studying persons rate, lower marriage rate in women, lower unemployment rate, and higher residence in apartment flats) and 10 health centers were located in cluster 3 (related to higher academic graduates, more profitable jobs, and better housing amenities). Conclusion: The results of this research can be used in health studies in urban areas of Khorramabad as a basis for performing stratified sampling. Furthermore, it is recommended that authorities adopt more effective planning to improve deprived areas in cluster one.

Chosen Family? Rethinking “Relationship Status” in LGB Cognitive Aging Research

AbstractBackgroundExisting studies have shown the importance of marital status and quality on later‐life cognitive health, including dementia risk and likelihood of timely dementia diagnosis. Yet, much evidence comes from different‐sex couples’ experiences, for whom marriage remains the norm and unmarried persons face social and material costs. In contrast, where same‐same marriage is legal in North America and Europe, marriage has not yet become the norm: same‐sex couples (SSCs) have lower marriage rates than different‐sex couples. SSCs also tend to structure their relationships differently across a range of domains, from household labor to sexual nonmonogamy. Throughout Europe and North America, older lesbian and gay people are also more likely to be single, to live alone, and to have no living children than straight or bisexual people; as a result, the former tend to rely less on partners or biological family to meet their social needs. Unlike straight men, for example, gay and bisexual men tend to rely less on their partners or daughters to forge and maintain social and community connections, instead relying on “chosen families”.MethodGiven their unique prominence for sexual minorities, this paper uses population‐based surveys from the US (HRS) and Europe (ELSA and SHARE) to investigate measures of non‐biologically familial social bonds, including whether measures of friendship, social connectedness, and community involvement function similarly to marital status.ResultIn the US, which has the highest marriage rates and a deeply entrenched “marriage culture”, LGB participants in the HRS (1998‐2018; n = 23,035) who indicate having never been married perform better cognitively at baseline than married LGB people (β = 1.5; p = 0.05), while never‐married straights perform worse (β = ‐0.9; p &lt;0.01).ConclusionRelationship factors have a different association with cognitive health for LGB people than straight people, yet these remain unexplored in their effects on cognitive aging and queerer pathways to good cognitive health.

The evolution and persistence of women's roles: Evidence from the Gold Rush

Industrial development has ramifications for women's participation in labor markets and society, in the short and long run. We explore the Gold Rush that took place in the Western United States in the second half of the 19th century. The Gold Rush led to high male-skewed inward migration and created gender-specific job market opportunities, with men entering mining employment and women entering the service sector. In gold mining counties, both men and women worked less in farming. After revealing the baseline patterns, we disentangle the direct effect of gold mining from the mediating effect of the skewed sex ratio, using formal mediation analysis. The skewed sex ratio is driving lower marriage rates for men, and higher female participation in the service sector. The results are consistent with surviving written accounts from the time, suggesting a high premium for traditionally female services. Using census data spanning almost a century, we show that these differences persisted long after the initial conditions of the Gold Rush had passed.

The Paradoxical Clinical Course of Persons with Gambling Disorder and Comorbid Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

The co-occurrence of gambling disorder (GD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been widely reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the social background, clinical characteristics, and clinical course of initial-visit GD patients with and without ADHD in a Japanese psychiatric hospital. We recruited 40 initial-visit GD patients and collected comprehensive information by self-report questionnaires, direct interviews, and medical records. 27.5% of the GD patients had comorbid ADHD. Compared to the GD patients without ADHD, those with ADHD had significantly higher comorbidity rates of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), lower rates of marriage, slightly less years of education and marginally lower employment rates. On the other hand, the GD patients with ADHD showed higher treatment retention rates and participation rates in the mutual support group. Despite presenting with disadvantageous characteristics, GD patients with ADHD exhibited a more favourable clinical course. Therefore, clinicians should be mindful of the possibility of ADHD comorbidity and the potential for better clinical outcomes among GD patients with ADHD.

지역의 소득수준과 주택가격이 출산율에 미치는 영향

This study constructed a regional panel data set in order to investigate the impact of regional income and house price on fertility rate in 17 cities and provinces from 2013 to 2021. The fixed effects regression model is used to estimate the effect of intrinsic characteristics of individuals in the panel data set. According to previous studies, the increase in housing prices in the region negatively affects the fertility rate, but it is necessary to analyze it in connection with the income level of the region rather than simply considering housing prices. The results show that PIR has statistically significant negative impact on fertility rate. GRNI per capita also shows significant negative effect on marriage rate and fertility rate. It implied that regions with active economic activities and high house prices are more likely to have low rates of marriage and childbirth. Furthermore, the age at which a woman first gets married and private education expenditure have corresponded negatively to fertility rates. Our results suggest that each city and province should monitor the supply and demand of housing in order to prevent housing prices from soaring and substantially provide housing financial support to lower PIR. We conclude that the high fertility of region might be achieved by stable jobs and affordable housing for the young people.

On the Why of Same-Sex Marriage in Cuba

Cuba is expected to revise its family code soon and the legal availability of marriage to a person of the same sex will be among the anticipated revisions. This essay pushes past the assumption that same-sex marriage operates as an obvious item along any nation’s progressive path, or a universally desirable and sensible legal advance, and inquires as to the why. In a country that is markedly less religious than its neighbors, has a low marriage rate accompanied by a comparatively high divorce rate, and socializes resources such as health care such that they do not depend on marital ties, why is same-sex marriage a legal objective?

Parents’ influence on children’s marital decision case study: China

Problem of a low marriage rate is aggravating nowadays in China. It reached a lowest marriage rate of 5.8‰ in 2021. From previous studies, it has been found that the low marriage rate is caused by the factors including economic level, social liberalization, education level, and so on. However, family, as an important factor on this issue especially in a society like China that abides by Confucius’ filial piety very much, was seldom mentioned. In this paper, a study on how parents’ external conditions affect their children’s attitude toward a marriage relationship and how parents’ own attitudes toward a marriage relationship affect their children’s marriage choices indirectly is carried out based on the dataset of China Family Panel Survey (CFPS) in 2018 and the multiple linear regression and logistic regression models are employed for the purpose. The influences of parents’ marital status, parents’ education level and parent’s financial support on children’s expected marriage age and actual marriage status are investigated. It is hoped that the findings in this study could provide valuable reference for a better understanding of young generation’s attitude toward marriage from a different aspect.

The Long-Term Impact of College Education on Women’s Attitudes Toward Marriage and Children

Social attitudes toward marriage and motherhood have shifted away from the traditional norms of universal marriage and childbearing. While the second demographic transition theory stresses the importance of education in bringing ideational changes behind low fertility and low marriage rates, a causal link between college education and attitudinal change has not been studied much. To fill this literature gap, this study demonstrates the enduring impact of college education on women’s family attitudes using South Korea’s policy shock, which offered people the opportunity to attend college in the 1980s. This study finds that college education in the 1980s encouraged women to have non-traditional attitudes toward marriage and motherhood. Women who attended college via the graduation quota program reported that marriage and giving birth at a young age were not necessary more than women without the opportunity. We constructed a composite index of family formulation which showed the same result.

Diverging Neisseria gonorrhoeae Morbidity in Non-Hispanic Black and White Females: Application of Group-Based Trajectory Modeling to Trends in County-Level Morbidity 2003-2018.

National trends in gonorrhea rates may obscure informative local variations in morbidity. We used group-based trajectory models to identify groups of counties with similar gonorrhea rate trajectories among non-Hispanic White (NHW) and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) females using county-level data on gonorrhea cases in US females from 2003 to 2018. We assessed models with 1-15 groups and selected final models based on fit statistics and identification of divergent trajectory groups with distinct intercepts and/or slopes. We mapped counties by assigned trajectory group and examined the association of county characteristics with group membership. We identified 7 distinct gonorrhea trajectory groups for NHW females and 9 distinct trajectory groups for NHB females. All identified groups for NHW female morbidity experienced increasing gonorrhea rates with a limited range (11.6-183.3/100,000 NHW females in 2018); trajectories of NHB female morbidity varied widely in rates (146.6-966.0/1000 NHB females in 2018) and included 3 groups of counties that experienced a net decline in gonorrhea rates. Counties with higher NHW female morbidity had lower adult sex ratios, lower health insurance coverage, and lower marital rates among NHW adults. Counties with higher NHB female morbidity were more urban, experienced higher rates of poverty, and had lower rates of marriage among NHB adults. Morbidity patterns did not always follow geographic proximity, which could be explained by variation in social determinants of health. Our results demonstrated a highly heterogenous gonorrhea epidemic among NHW and NHB US females, which should prompt further analysis into the differential drivers of gonorrhea morbidity.

Women and Marriage: Hazel Ellis' Gate Theatre Plays of the 1930s in Context

This essay considers two unpublished plays written by Hazel Ellis in the 1930s and produced by the Gate Theatre, Dublin, where Ellis had started out as an actor. While the two plays appear to have little in common, the substance of each echoes the public debate in Ireland at the time regarding marriage, divorce, and women in the workplace. These were the years leading up to the adoption of the 1937 Constitution, which sanctified the nuclear family and the central role of the wife and mother within it as the moral cornerstone of society. In both plays the female characters struggle to make meaningful choices within a restrictive, patriarchal environment. Portrait in Marble (1936) is a historical biographical drama dealing with Lord Byron’s turbulent relationships with two very different women: his lover, the outrageous (and married) Lady Caroline Lamb, and his wife, the intellectual and prudent Annabella Milbanke, who eventually chooses to separate from her husband. Women without Men (1938) features an all-female cast and is set in the teachers’ sitting room of a private girls’ boarding school modelled on the French School in Bray, Co. Wicklow, which Ellis had attended. It focusses on the anxieties, obsessions and grievances of the school’s teachers, all of whom are unmarried. This essay considers Ellis’ plays in the context of contemporary newspaper reporting about the low marriage rate in Ireland, legislation curtailing the right of married women to work in certain positions (the ‘marriage bar’), and the clerical and legal debate concerning divorce.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Hazel Ellis, Gate Theatre Dublin, Irish theatre, women, marriage, divorce, marriage bar.

"Greater Numbers of Fair and Lovely Women": White Women and the Barbadian Demographic Crisis, 1673–1715

In Sugar and Slaves, Richard Dunn used the 1680 census of Barbados to depict the island as a place where stunted population growth and brittle bonds of community plagued the island's white settler society. Dunn attributed Barbados's demographic disruption to low marriage and nuptiality rates. However, by reexamining population reports from Barbados between 1673 and 1715, "Greater Numbers of Fair and Lovely Women" reveals that low nuptiality and birth rates were symptoms of a greater problem: Barbados was hemorrhaging white men. Between 1673 and 1715, the number of white women and children on Barbados remained stable, while more than four thousand men drained from the colony. This new demographic analysis of late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Barbados explores how white women came to form the foundation of their communities as white men left the island to seek new opportunities. Despite Barbados's reputation as a masculine and exploitative space largely bereft of the "civilizing" influence of white women and families, by the turn of the eighteenth century, the preservation of Barbados's settler society had fallen almost entirely to white women.

Economic Development, Sociocultural Change and Quality of Life in Korea: Analysis of Three Generations Growing up in Colonial, Industrial and Digital Age

The article reviews key questions that are central to developing countries and provide a case study of South Korea (abbreviated as Korea): How could one of the poorest country in the world transform to become the 10th largest economy in the world? What are the psychological, relational, social and cultural impact of rapid economic development in Korea? How do these factors influence the subjective well-being, quality of life and happiness among three generations of Koreans? The first part of this article reviews the cultural history of Korea. The second part of this article reviews the rapid economic development that lifted Korea out of poverty into prosperity. The third part of this articles reviews the social and cultural changes that impacted the family, incentive structure and lifestyle of three generation of Koreans. The fourth part of this article reviews the impact of digital revolution on the psychological, economic and cultural life of Millennials and Gen Z (abbreviated as the MZ generation), and examine how they are different from their parent and grandparent generation. The fifth part of the articles reviews quality of life and social problems in Korea. In contrast to the economic prosperity that Koreans enjoy, the country is facing serious social problems with low marriage and fertility rate, high unemployment, divorce and suicide rate, and a bleak economic future for the MZ generation. The current situation in Korea is an example of Innovator’s Dilemma ( Christensen, 2016 ), where the economic and political model that accelerated economic growth is serving as an obstacle to innovation and change. The fifth part of this article reviews empirical studies conducted in Korea during the past 20 years focusing on subjective well-being, quality of life and happiness. The results indicate that social support received from close relationships and self, relational and social efficacy predict high subjective well-being, quality of life and happiness. In contrast, income and socio-economic status had very little impact on subjective well-being, quality of life and happiness. For the MZ generation, friends have become much more important than their parents in promoting happiness and online social support is emerging as an important factor. The information, knowledge and skills that they obtain from the online community are changing how they view the world, relate to others and live. The MZ generation represents the most educated, globally connected and socially conscious generation. They are starting a quiet revolution, demanding changes to social inequalities, discrimination and climate change that were create by and for the baby boomer generation.

Country of Women? Repercussions of the Triple Alliance War in Paraguay

The War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870) in South America killed up to 70% of the Paraguayan male population. According to Paraguayan national lore, the skewed sex ratios resulting from the conflict are the cause of present-day low marriage rates and high rates of out-of-wedlock births. We collate historical and modern data to test this conventional wisdom in the short, medium, and long run. We examine both cross-border and within-country variation in child-rearing, education, labor force participation, and gender norms in Paraguay over a 150 year period. We find that more skewed post-war sex ratios are associated with more out-of-wedlock births, more female-headed households, better female educational outcomes, higher female labor force participation, and more gender-equal gender norms. The impacts of the war persist into the present, are seemingly unaffected by variation in economic openness or ties to indigenous culture, and appear to be driven by social attitudes towards gender.

The Study of Sibship Size and the Likelihood of Marriage Satisfaction in China

According to the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the national divorce rate of China has constantly climbed from 1.85 per 1000 inhabitants in 2009 to 3.36 per 1000 inhabitants in 2019 (Ma, 2020). Growing up under the one-child policy, the younger generation is vulnerable to stress and sensitive to interpersonal problems due to the lack of peer support. Furthermore, the low marriage rate reflects a lower reproduction rate and a higher divorce rate in the future, which will potentially cause social issues in China. It is necessary to consider the issue from different aspects. The study collected people's marital satisfaction in different generations under a specific one-child policy using a questionnaire. Based on the final data, the study showed that married people born before the one-child policy (1969-1979) were significantly more satisfied with their marital happiness than those born after the policy (1980-1990). It confirms that the current low fertility rate, marriage rate, and high divorce rate among young people are inextricably linked to the one-child policy that has been in place for about three decades, given China's unique cultural policies. Although the Chinese government has now officially abolished the policy in 2016, this study can still provide a new way of thinking about the development of society.

The Role of Religious Organizations in Child Marriage Prevention and Handling during Pandemic

In Indonesia, religious leaders are in a strategic position. Their existence can affect people's lives in various aspects, not least in the context of marriage. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of child marriages in Central Java rose sharply. Based on the background above, the questions are how religious leaders view this problem and what the roles to be performed in the context of prevention and treatment. This type of research is field research with a qualitative approach. The data collection technique is done by interview and documentation. The informants are administrators of two major religious organizations in Indonesia, namely NU and Muhammadiyah. The results showed that; First, the existence of religious organizations did not have a significant role in preventing and handling child marriage cases in Central Java. Secondly, the existence of religious organizations has no relevance to the high and low rate of child marriage in Central Java. Third, the existence of religious leaders is still seen as having authority in the community to support the success of the prevention and handling of child marriage programs

Childhood Emotional Abuse Is Associated With the Desire to Get Married and Have Children in Korean Young Adults

ObjectiveYoung adults putting off marriage and having less children have become recent trends in many modern societies. Yet less is known about the psychological factors underlying the drastically low marriage and fertility rates. We hypothesized that childhood maltreatment experience may have a negative association with one’s marriage and childbearing intention. MethodsA total of 1,004 college students (mean age of 20.8±2.3 years, 56.1% female) completed self-questionnaires including sociodemographic information, marriage and childbearing intention, Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect of childhood trauma on marriage and childbearing intentions after controlling for sociodemographic variables and depression. Results29.7% had no intention to get married and 40.4% had no intention to have children in the future. The prevalence of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse was 33.1%, 18.5%, and 22.3%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that female (p<0.001), poor health status (p=0.001), and childhood emotional abuse (p=0.01) were independent predictors of no desire to get married. Female (p<0.001), poor health status (p<0.001), and childhood emotional abuse (p=0.038) were also predictors of no desire to have children. ConclusionChildhood emotional abuse may be the most damaging form among other types of childhood maltreatment because it can occur more pervasively and persist for a longer period, causing extensive damage to a child’s emotional, social and cognitive development. Raising awareness regarding the life-long consequences of childhood emotional abuse and the need to prevent and detect childhood emotional abuse should be emphasized.