Low Literacy Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ LITERACY USING THE PISA FRAMEWORK

The aim of this research is to describe the literacy profiles, including science literacy, mathematical literacy, and reading literacy, among 9th-grade junior high school students and 10th-grade high school students. This study utilizes a descriptive method involving 104 respondents, with data collected through literacy tests based on PISA questions. The results of the research indicate that the average score for overall student literacy achievement is 56.2%. The average score for science literacy is 46.4%, for mathematical literacy is 40.6%, and for reading literacy is 67.9%. The students' science and mathematical literacy abilities are categorized as moderate, while their reading literacy ability is categorized as high. Based on the data obtained, students' overall literacy achievement in science, mathematics, and language is still within the moderate category. The low literacy abilities are caused by students' difficulty in interpreting graphs and tables in science literacy, as well as students' struggles with formulation skills in mathematical literacy. In reading literacy, students lack the ability to read and explore reading materials. Another factor is that students are not accustomed to working on literacy test questions, and evaluation tools have not led to literacy development.

Comprehension of Long-Term Medications in Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Kap Study

OBJECTIVES The study aimed to assess the comprehension of long-term medications in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODOLOGY A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan, a region with potentially low literacy rates that could affect health outcomes. After acquiring approval from the Institutional Ethical Review Board, the study utilized an appropriately designed and validated questionnaire to collect data from 305 willing participants. The questionnaire assessed demographic information, comorbid conditions, and comprehension of long-term medications. RESULTSThe mean age of the patients was 58.52 ± 10.3 years, with a mean HbA1c of 9.15 ± 2.1%. Regarding T2DM treatment, 55.1% used oral anti-diabetic agents, 34.4% used insulin, and 10.2% used both. The complications were diabetic retinopathy (40.7%), chronic kidney disease (28.9%), diabetic foot ulcers (24.9%), cerebrovascular disease (16.7%), and cardiovascular disease (16.6%). Over 50% had T2DM for more than five years. Regarding affordability and access to healthcare, 8.2% couldn't afford medications, 44.9% occasionally missed medicines due to cost, and 74.4% had easy access to healthcare. Comorbidities included hypertension (47.5%) and dyslipidemia (12.8%). CONCLUSION Medication comprehension is crucial for T2DM patients’ health outcomes. Tailored interventions can improve glycemic control and reduce complications risk.

190 Translating Alzheimer’s Disease Research to Improve Dementia Screening Through Health Message Design in the Community: A Qualitative Study

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This study engaged Black adults who reside in a rural area of Kentucky to explore their beliefs, norms, knowledge, attitudes, and health-related behaviors about Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (RQ1) and what message elements are most relevant for designing a health message aimed at encouraging them to get screened for AD (RQ2). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This qualitative study was guided bythe Integrative Model of Behavior. Participants were recruited from a faith-based institution in rural Kentucky. Black adults aged 50+ years were invited to participate in the study, which consisted of two focus groups. Group 1 gained information about behavioral determinants (RQ1) and examined which message design elements were important to Black adults by asking for feedback on a handout from the Alzheimer’s Association that encouraged AD screening (RQ2). The handout was redesigned based on feedback from Group 1. Group 2 was involved in a discussion of the redesigned handout, asking for further feedback. Focus groups were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis included thematic analysis of transcripts of the focus groups and quantitative analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participants (N=18) were all female and Black with a mean age of sixty-two years. For RQ1, Results revealed that 1) limited knowledge of AD led to feelings of not being able to do anything about the disease, whereas awareness and education led to hope; 2) past healthcare experiences informed subsequent beliefs and behaviors, and 3) culture impacted beliefs, with a cultural norm of “what happens in our house, stays in our house” being prominent. For RQ2, results revealed the importance of regionally specific messaging for AD. Generic statements that applied broadly did not appeal to participants. Message delivery, layout, and format for low literacy individuals are key for maximizing audience impact. Pictures give hints about the message and aid in understanding. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Barriers such as past experiences, lack of knowledge, and cultural norms negatively impact the likelihood that Black adults will get screened for AD, resulting in delayed healthcare or healthcare avoidance. Regionally specific health messaging for AD has the potential to encourage modifications in health-related behaviors.

177 Placing Participant Experiences at the Center of Improving Research by Empowering the Participant Voice

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Empowering the Participant Voice (EPV) is a 6-CTSA Rockefeller-led collaboration to developcustom REDCap infrastructure to collect participant feedback using the validated Research Participant Perception Survey (RPPS), demonstrate its value in use cases, and disseminate it for broad adoption. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The EPV team developed data and survey implementation standards, and specifications for the dashboard and multi-lingual RPPS/REDCap project XML file. The VUMC built a custom At-a-Glance Dashboard external module that displays Top Box scores (percent best answer), with conditional formatting to aid analysis, and response/completion rates. Results populate site dashboards, and aggregate to a multi-site dashboard for benchmarking. Results can be filtered by participant/study characteristics. Sites developed individual use cases, leveraging local infrastructure, initiatives and stakeholder input. Infrastructure and guides were designed for dissemination through public websites. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Five sites sent 23,797surveys via email, patient portal or SMS. 4,133 (19%) participants diverse in age, race, and ethnicity, returned responses. Sites analyzed their data and acted on selected findings, improving recruitment, communication and feeling valued. Aggregate scores for feeling listened to and respected were hight (>90%%); scores for feeling prepared by the consent process were lower (57-77%) and require action. Some groups experiences were better than others. Sites differed significantly in some scores. Dissemination of EPV is underway. Infrastructure and guides are downloadable free of charge, with advice from the EPV team. In 2023, a sixth site began piloting a lower literacy survey version and syncing data to the consortium dashboard. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The EPV RPPS/REDCap infrastructure enabled sites to collect participant feedback, identify actionable findings and benchmark with peers. Stakeholders and collaborators designed and tested local initiatives to increase responses and diversity, address disparities, and discover better practices.

Improving students' literacy and numeracy skills at Sekolah Dasar Negeri 1 Liabuku, Baubau City

This community service activity is based on the low numeracy and literacy skills of students at SD Negeri 1 Liabuku, Baubau City. The aim of this service is to explore and enhance students' literacy and numeracy skills. The participants in this PKM activity were students from SD Negeri 1 Liabuku, Baubau City. This service activity takes the form of tutoring, which aims to improve and familiarize children with literacy and numeracy. The activity is implemented in three stages: the planning stage, implementation stage, and evaluation stage. The result of this service is a comprehensive and structured numeracy and literacy program at SD Negeri 1 Liabuku, Baubau City. The implementation of the program is aligned with three stages: habituation, development, and learning. Using a learning-through-play model and learning media, students' numeracy and literacy skills both inside and outside the classroom can significantly influence the development of their respective talents and skills.

Measurement of Food Insecurity in Selected Districts of Kabul City

Food Insecurity has significantly increased in both developed and developing countries, causing suffering for people due to lack of food. Food Insecurity has been mostly observed during major crises, such as the global economic crisis in 2008 and the Covid-19 outbreak in 2019. Despite fundamental efforts in fighting poverty, Afghanistan continues to struggle with food insecurity with a large proportion of its population living below the poverty line. Four districts of Kabul city were measured for Food Insecurity in which people were unable to obtain the necessary calories within 24 hours. At the present time, the social problem of Food Insecurity in Afghanistan is becoming more serious as people’s lives depend on humanitarian aid and donations. The Foster Greer Thorbecke method of measuring Food Insecurity was utilized in this paper to measure Food Insecurity in four selected districts of Kabul city. Household opinions have been collected via questionnaires and in-person interviewing. The results of this research show that District 13 has the highest level of Food Insecurity, with 70% of residents unable to have sufficient food. Subsequently, district 1 has 65% of people unable to have sufficient calories, district 16 has 62 %and district 8 has 61 %. This paper aims to highlight the efforts of Afghanistan in alleviating food insecurity with a focus on the impact of COVID-19, unfair government policies, bad security, weak infrastructure, low literacy level, medical services shortage, high unemployment rate and lack of modern technology that hinder Afghanistan from accessing enough food. We conclude that Afghanistan would need to develop update policies to mitigate food insecurity.

The Implementation of Independent Curriculum at State Vocational High School 2 Tebing Tinggi

This article discusses the evolution of the education curriculum in Indonesia from 1947 to the present day, undergoing changes eleven times to align with the goals outlined in Law Number 20 of 2003. The shift from the 2013 curriculum to the independent curriculum was prompted by challenges such as low literacy and numeracy skills of students, highlighted by the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) study in 2018. The Covid-19 pandemic further emphasized the need for curriculum changes to recover from learning loss. The independent curriculum provides schools, especially students, the freedom to choose based on their needs, focusing on freedom and creative thinking. The study employs a qualitative research approach with a case study design, conducted from October 2023 to December 2023. The object is the implementation of the independent curriculum at SMK Negeri 2 Tebing Tinggi, and the subjects include two lead teachers and one curriculum teacher. Data collection involves interviews, direct observation, and documentation of relevant materials. The independent curriculum at SMK Negeri 2 Tebing Tinggi focuses on fostering independent and self-reliant students. The implementation involves various stages, including participation in training activities, workshops, and self-training through the Merdeka Mengajar Platform. Challenges include changing regulations, low teacher experience, and limited facilities. Challenges in the implementation include changing regulations, low teacher experience, limited references, digital access limitations, and inadequate facilities. Despite challenges, SMK Negeri 2 Tebing Tinggi has been successful in implementing the independent curriculum, focusing on intracurricular, curricular, and extracurricular learning principles.

The Enhanced Literate Mind Hypothesis.

In the present paper, we describe the Enhanced Literate Mind (ELM) hypothesis. As individuals learn to read and write, they are, from then on, exposed to extensive written-language input and become literate. We propose that acquisition and proficient processing of written language ("literacy") leads to, both, increased language knowledge as well as enhanced language and nonlanguage (perceptual and cognitive) skills. We also suggest that all neurotypical native language users, including illiterate, low literate, and high literate individuals, share a Basic Language Cognition (BLC) in the domain of oral informal language. Finally, we discuss the possibility that the acquisition of ELM leads to some degree of "knowledge parallelism" between BLC and ELM in literate language users, which has implications for empirical research on individual and situational differences in spoken language processing.

Logical Relations and Noun Phrase Complexity of EFL Students’ Academic Writing to Promote Literacy Development Cycle Teaching Model

Academic writing has become more important, especially for academicians who are required to publish articles in a reputable journal. However, meeting journals’ quality standards is not an easy task. Graduate students as prospective academicians need to improve their writing style to be competent academic writers because previous studies revealed that writing style covering clause simplex, clause complex, and complex noun phrase are problematic for them. This qualitative case study explored the logical relations of clause complexes and complex noun phrases of clause simplexes found in graduate students' unpublished academic writing. It employed genre analysis for examining 20 graduate students' unpublished research papers collected using purposive sampling technique. The findings revealed that the students mostly produced choppy texts. They utilized parataxis (47.3%) and hypotaxis (52.7%). Concerning logico-semantic relation, the expansion relation is dominant (76.8%). In terms of complex noun phrase, 20.7% occurrences were found in clause simplexes, in which attributive adjective pre-modifiers and prepositional phrase post modifiers were dominant. Furthermore, the interviews revealed that the students' writing problems derived from their lack of awareness and low literacy of academic writing characteristics. Based on the research findings, a teaching model of the literacy development cycle is recommended to enhance students’ skills in academic writing.

Socio-economic Determinants of Low Literacy Rate in Rural Areas of Punjab Pakistan

Socio-economic Determinants of Low Literacy Rate in Rural Areas of Punjab Pakistan

The Effect of Stock Market Literacy on Individual Investor’s Investment Decisions: Evidence from Borsa Istanbul

In stock market investing, there are many factors that affect the decision-making process. Investors’ financial literacy is one of these factors that affect investment decisions. In this study, financial literacy regarding the stock market was determined by a questionnaire applied to 1140 individual investors and the factors that affect decision-making were clustered according to the K-means technique. Then, the effect of stock market literacy levels on investment decisions was analyzed with random forest regression. As a result of the analysis, the demographic characteristics of the investors and their stock market literacy were also associated. From the findings, it was concluded that the factors of unbiased information in the group with low stock market literacy, and the factors of advice and unbiased information in the group with high stock market literacy are effective in investment decisions.

ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN LITERASI MATEMATIS SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL AKM DITINJAU DARI GAYA KOGNITIF REFLEKTIF IMPLUSIF

The study aims to determine and describe students' mathematical literacy skills in solving AKM problems in terms of reflective and implusive cognitive styles. The subjects in this study were grade XI students at SMA Negeri 2 Pandeglang who had reflective and implusive cognitive styles. The method used is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The selection of research subjects was carried out by purposive sampling technique based on using the cognitive style test instrument Matching Familiar Figure Test (MFFT). After that, a test was carried out to collect mathematical literacy skills by completing AKM questions and interviews. Analysis of mathematical literacy ability tests refers to three indicators of mathematical literacy, namely reasoning/argument, communication, and application/representation. Based on data analysis and discussion, it can be concluded that: (1) Students with refractive cognitive styles have medium category mamthematic literacy skills. (2) Students with implusive cognitive styles have low category mathematical literacy skills. The results showed that the mathematical literacy of students with reflective cognitive style was in the medium category with a percentage of 61.54%, while the mathematical literacy of students with cognitive implusive style was in the low category with a percentage of 57.14%.

Empowerment of Muslim Women in Char Areas: A Study of the Morigaon District of Assam

This study embarks on an in-depth exploration of the socio-political and economic dimensions of womens empowerment in the char areas of the Morigaon district in Assam, a region marked by its unique geographical and demographic characteristics. Despite accounting for nearly half of the nations population, women in India, particularly those in the under-researched char areas, grapple with low literacy rates and limited access to educational resources, starkly contrasting with the national growth figures. This research aims to dissect the multifaceted layers of empowerment, or the lack thereof, among Muslim women in these regions, scrutinizing their socio-economic status, political awareness, and the systemic obstacles impeding their holistic development. Leveraging both primary and secondary data, and employing empirical, descriptive, and analytical methods, the study seeks to unveil the nuances of empowerment and the factors contributing to the continued backwardness of the char areas, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the life and challenges faced by the women residing in these isolated riverine islands of the Brahmaputra.

Virtual Reality Laboratory Laws of Inheritance Enhancing Students' Technological Literacy

The lack of introduction and habituation to using interactive media in learning can cause students to have low technological literacy. Virtual reality technology can help us learn the law of inheritance of traits. This research aims to develop learning media using virtual reality technology that is valid, practical, and effective in improving students’ technological literacy. The stages we carried out refer to the development model of William W. Lee and Diana L. Owens. Media feasibility is based on the results of material validation, media, small group trials, and media implementation to high school students. Technological literacy was measured using a questionnaire and observation sheet. The subjects consisted of 127 students taking the material on the law of Inheritance of Traits. The results of the study obtained a material validation percentage of 100% (very valid), media validation of 89% (valid), and small group trials of 90% (very practical). The results of the virtual reality laboratory effectiveness test show the significance value of the ANCOVA test of 0.000 is smaller than α (α = 0.05). These results indicate that the developed media are valid, practical, and effective for improving students’ technological literacy in learning the law of Inheritance of Traits.

Identifying the Economic Rationale for Criminal Behavior within the Context of Kidnapping for Ransom in Nigeria

This study endeavoured to formulate an economic rationale for why human beings commit crime, particularly the heinous crime against persons known as kidnapping. This forms the major objective of this study. The issue of kidnapping has attained such significance in Nigeria that the country was recently listed as sixth on the global kidnap index, putting Nigeria amongst countries with serious kidnapping problems, behind Philippines, Venezuela, Columbia, Brazil and Mexico. Utilising secondary data, the study applied functionalist theoretical assumptions and employed Qualitative Document Analysis (QDA), thereby utilising a qualitative approach to gain an in-depth understanding of the causes, nature and quantum of kidnapping for ransom in Nigeria. The theoretical framework that governed this study was Becker’s Rational Choice model, where an individual’s decision to commit a crime is based on the costs and benefits analysis. The study revealed that kidnapping for ransom in Nigeria is a multifaceted phenomenon with social, economic, political, cultural and demographic ramifications. Our study further showed that there are many economic causes of the spate of kidnapping in Nigeria. Prominent among them are unemployment, poverty, low literacy level and high rate of school dropouts, increasing urbanisation, multidimensional inequality, low real income, and spiraling inflationary trends, among others. We recommended that government should tackle this menace head-on by instituting measures to reduce poverty, creating enabling environment for more productivity; thus, leading to increased employment, increasing school enrolment and improving educational infrastructure, reducing rural-urban migration to make the rural areas worthwhile to live in, discouraging ransom payments to free captives and instituting stiffer laws against kidnapping.

Identifying the Economic Rationale for Criminal Behavior within the Context of Kidnapping for Ransom in Nigeria

This study endeavoured to formulate an economic rationale for why human beings commit crime, particularly the heinous crime against persons known as kidnapping. This forms the major objective of this study. The issue of kidnapping has attained such significance in Nigeria that the country was recently listed as sixth on the global kidnap index, putting Nigeria amongst countries with serious kidnapping problems, behind Philippines, Venezuela, Columbia, Brazil and Mexico. Utilising secondary data, the study applied functionalist theoretical assumptions and employed Qualitative Document Analysis (QDA), thereby utilising a qualitative approach to gain an in-depth understanding of the causes, nature and quantum of kidnapping for ransom in Nigeria. The theoretical framework that governed this study was Becker’s Rational Choice model, where an individual’s decision to commit a crime is based on the costs and benefits analysis. The study revealed that kidnapping for ransom in Nigeria is a multifaceted phenomenon with social, economic, political, cultural and demographic ramifications. Our study further showed that there are many economic causes of the spate of kidnapping in Nigeria. Prominent among them are unemployment, poverty, low literacy level and high rate of school dropouts, increasing urbanisation, multidimensional inequality, low real income, and spiraling inflationary trends, among others. We recommended that government should tackle this menace head-on by instituting measures to reduce poverty, creating enabling environment for more productivity; thus, leading to increased employment, increasing school enrolment and improving educational infrastructure, reducing rural-urban migration to make the rural areas worthwhile to live in, discouraging ransom payments to free captives and instituting stiffer laws against kidnapping.

Peningkatan Literasi Melalui Program Study Tour di Sekolah Dasar

The purpose of this service activity is motivated by the low literacy culture of students which can be seen from the low interest in reading of children in Kalampa Village, the low interest in reading is caused by several factors including family, environment, peers, and mobile phones. As an effort to improve children's literacy in Kalampa Village, a programme called Study Tour was designed with an integrated learning concept and outclass learning activities were carried out. The parties involved in this service activity are elementary school children in Kalampa Village, and students of PGMI Study Programmes of IAI Muhammadiyah Bima. In this service, the PAR (Participatory Action Research) method is used, which consists of several implementation phases, such as observation, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The results of the implementation of the study tour are very influential on increasing children's literacy and can foster children's learning motivation. through Study Tour activities children can express themselves through several games applied in learning. With intense guidance and an individualised approach, it has made a difference in improving children's literacy.

Reaching the unheard: overcoming challenges in health research with hard-to-reach populations

PurposeAddressing obstacles such as logistical complexities, social stigma, and the impact of historical traumas is essential for the successful inclusion of underrepresented groups in health research.MethodsThis article reviews engagement and interview techniques used to ethically engage recently settled Afghan refugees in Oklahoma and rural Mexican-born women in Illinois in research. The paper concludes with a reflective discussion on the challenges and lessons learned.ResultsCreative strategies to engage hard-to-reach populations in research included considering the participants’ socioeconomic and cultural contexts in their interactions and developing community partnerships to establish trust and obtain reliable data. Other engagement strategies were communicating in the participants’ preferred language, providing assistance with reading and responding to study questions for those with low literacy, employing research staff from the population of interest, and recruiting in specific locations where the populations of interest live.ConclusionsCommunity engagement is essential at all stages of research for building trust in hard-to-reach populations, achieving inclusivity in health research, and ensuring that interventions are culturally sensitive and effective.

PENGUATAN ENGINEERING LITERACY SISWA MELALUI KEGIATAN PERAKITAN HYDRAULIC ROBOTIC ARM (HYDRA) DI SDN 21 SUNGAILIAT

The lack of activities to strengthen engineering literacy implemented at the elementary school level and the dominant learning carried out using text books are the main factors in the low engineering literacy of elementary school students. This community service activity aims to strengthen the engineering literacy of elementary school students through the Hydraulic Robotic Arm (HydRA) assembly activity at SDN 21 Sungailiiat. Through this activity, it is hoped that it can increase students' knowledge and skills related to engineering literacy, which can be used and developed further to welcome the era of society 5.0. This community service activity is carried out through a series of activities, starting with an initial survey carried out at partner locations, followed by preparing activity plans and creating activity materials, up to the activity implementation stage. This activity took place for one day at SD Negeri 21 Sungailiat and was attended by 26 students of class V A. The activity of strengthening elementary school students' engineering literacy through the Hydraulic Robotic Arm (HydRA) assembly activity at SDN 21 Sungailiiat went well, as seen by the increase in knowledge and skills students related to engineering literacy.

Nurse and midwife involvement in task-sharing and telehealth service delivery models in primary care: A scoping review.

To synthesise and map current evidence on nurse and midwife involvement in task-sharing service delivery, including both face-to-face and telehealth models, in primary care. This scoping review was informed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Methodology for Scoping Reviews. Five databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL and Cochrane Library) were searched from inception to 16 January 2024, and articles were screened for inclusion in Covidence by three authors. Findings were mapped according to the research questions and review outcomes such as characteristics of models, health and economic outcomes, and the feasibility and acceptability of nurse-led models. One hundred peer-reviewed articles (as 99 studies) were deemed eligible for inclusion. Task-sharing models existed for a range of conditions, particularly diabetes and hypertension. Nurse-led models allowed nurses to work to the extent of their practice scope, were acceptable to patients and providers, and improved health outcomes. Models can be cost-effective, and increase system efficiencies with supportive training, clinical set-up and regulatory systems. Some limitations to telehealth models are described, including technological issues, time burden and concerns around accessibility for patients with lower technological literacy. Nurse-led models can improve health, economic and service delivery outcomes in primary care and are acceptable to patients and providers. Appropriate training, funding and regulatory systems are essential for task-sharing models with nurses to be feasible and effective. Nurse-led models are one strategy to improve health equity and access; however, there is a scarcity of literature on what these models look like and how they work in the primary care setting. Evidence suggests these models can also improve health outcomes, are perceived to be feasible and acceptable, and can be cost-effective. Increased utilisation of nurse-led models should be considered to address health system challenges and improve access to essential primary healthcare services globally. This review is reported against the PRISMA-ScR criteria. No patient or public contribution. The study protocol is published in BJGP Open (Moulton etal., 2022).