Low Lignin Content Research Articles

RNAi-mediated downregulation of endogenous 4-coumarate: CoA ligase activity in Sorghum bicolor to alter the lignin content, which augmented the carbohydrate content and growth.

This study seeks to improve the biomass extractability of Sorghum bicolor by targeting a critical enzyme, 4CL, through metabolic engineering of the lignin biosynthetic pathway at the post-transcriptional level. Sorghum bicolor L., a significant forage crop, offers a potential source of carbohydrate components for biofuel production. The high lignin content in sorghum stems often impedes the extractability of desired carbohydrate components for industrial use. Thus, the present study aimed to develop an improved variety of S. bicolor with reduced lignin through RNA interference of the endogenous 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) gene involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway. The S. bicolor gene was isolated, characterized, and used to construct the RNAi-inducing hpRNA gene-silencing construct. Two independent transgenic sorghum lines were produced by introducing an hpRNA-induced gene-silencing cassette of the Sb4CL through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in the shoot tips of S. bicolor. This was confirmed by PCR amplification of the hygromycin-resistance gene and Southern hybridization. The Sb4CL gene transcript and its enzymatic activity were found to reduce to varying degrees, as shown by northern hybridization and enzyme activity in the independent transgenic samples. Endogenous Sb4CL downregulation in sorghum stem tissue correlates with reduced lignin content to a maximum range of 25%. The transfer of the transgene in the second generation was also analyzed. Decreased lignin content in the transgenic lines was compensated by increased total cell wall carbohydrates such as cellulose (36.56%) and soluble sugars (59.72%) compared to untransformed plants. The study suggests that suppressing the Sb4CL gene effectively develops better sorghum varieties with lower lignin content. This can be useful for industrial purposes, as the enhanced carbohydrate content and favorable alteration of lignin content can lead to economic benefits.

Non-additive effects of leaf-litter flammability on eight subtropical tree species: Implications for forest species composition and fire susceptibility.

The readiness of leaf-litter to burn in the presence of fire differs greatly between species. Thus, forests composed of different species vary in their susceptibility to fire. Fire susceptibility of forests may also differ from the arithmetic means of flammability of their component species, i.e., non-additive effects exist. Here, we assessed nine indices of flammability and five physicochemical properties of the leaf litter of eight common subtropical tree species in China. We then tested the net effects on litter flammability of different mixtures of the eight species. We measured the following variables: time to ignition, combustion time, spread rate, ignition temperature, mass loss, maximum flame height and three temperature indices, moisture, cellulose, lignin and ash contents, and specific leaf area (SLA). Our results show that the flammability of leaf litter: time to ignition, combustion time, ignition temperature, and flame height, varies widely between the eight species. Time to ignition was short (<3s) for the three conifer species and Quercus variabilis and Q. aliena, but long (3.5-8.8s) for Q. fabri, Q. glauca, and Liquidambar formosana. The five species with a short time to ignition all have high cellulose and lignin contents, and SLA, and are highly flammable. In contrast, the three species with long time to ignition have low cellulose and lignin contents, and SLA, and high ash content. Cellulose and lignin contents, and SLA are the major drivers of litter flammability, and ash and moisture contents are important negative drivers. Mixed litters containing species with high cellulose and lignin contents and SLA have positive non-additive effects (synergistic) on overall flammability whereas those containing species with low cellulose and lignin contents, and SLA have negative non-additive effects (antagonistic) on flammability. These results are essential for assessing forest fire-risks and assisting species selection in plantations or fire-break forests as a part of a forest fire-management strategy.

Determining the effects of some plant leaves and harvest residues on feed value and methane production in ruminant

This study investigated the potential use of hazelnut, black cherry, fig tree leaves, tomato, pepper, and eggplant harvest residues as feed resources or feed additives. Molasses and ecomass were added to vegetable harvest residues. The nutrient composition, in vitro gas production, and methane production of the feeds were determined. The in vitro gas production technique (Hohenheim gas test) was used to determine the gas production of the feeds. The experiment was conducted according to a completely randomized design. Among vegetable residues, eggplant had the highest crude protein (CP) content, while additives increased CP and reduced condensed tannin levels in all residues (P&lt;0.05). Regarding neutral detergent fiber (NDF), additives decreased values in eggplant and pepper residues, potentially enhancing the feed intake of the animals. Fig leaves demonstrated the highest CP and lowest lignin contents among tree leaves, with superior in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and energy values. Hazelnut and black cherry leaves exhibited high tannin levels, limiting their suitability as roughage, but their potential to reduce methane production was noted. Methane production was lowest in tomato residues, while fig leaves demonstrated the highest energy and IVTD values (P&lt;0.05). As a result, hazelnut leaves and tomato residues have a significant effect on reducing methane production. The findings suggest that vegetable residues, particularly eggplant and pepper and tree leaves like fig, can serve as secondary roughage sources in ruminant diets, offering sustainable alternatives for reducing methane emissions. Future studies should explore different additives and their effects on nutritional and environmental parameters.

Catalytic Oxidation of Kraft Lignin in a Trickle-Bed Continuous Reactor.

For the first time, the catalytic oxidation of Kraft lignin over a solid heterogeneous catalyst was studied in a continuous lab-scale trickle-bed reactor. This catalytic process is able to depolymerize Kraft lignin and produce phenolic compounds of interest such as vanillin. The impact of operating conditions such as temperature, residence time, contact time, catalyst loading and lignin concentration was evaluated. The formation of vanillin, the main phenolic compound detected in reaction products, was favored at medium temperature (200 °C), short contact time (<1gcat.min.gfeed -1), high catalyst loading (32 g) and low lignin concentration (5 g.L-1). The vanillin productivity is 30 times higher in a continuous fixed bed reactor than in a batch reactor.

Non-wood Plants as Sources of Cellulose for Paper and Biodegradable Composite Materials: An Updated Review

Background: Non-wood plant parts provide unique opportunities for cellulose for paper manufacture and offer advantages over wood, such as less harsh chemicals and lower lignin content. Objective: This review examined several cellulose extraction procedures from non-wood sources, such as leaves, stems, grass, straw, fruit peels, and husks. Methods: Acid and alkali extraction, oxidation, and bleaching were the main techniques used. Corresponding mechanical properties of cellulose derivatives were also reviewed, with tensile strength being the most reported property, with variability among the species and products. Additives were also explored to improve the properties of non-wood paper. Results: Further processing of cellulose into nanocrystalline cellulose enabled the manufacture of biodegradable composites with a wide range of utilities in wastewater treatment, reinforcing materials, alternatives to plastics and circuit boards for nanotechnology applications. Various methods now available for cellulose extraction provide scientists with several efficient options for different plant materials with beneficial properties. Conclusion: Non-wood cellulose has found its uses in several industries, but further research may consolidate these attempts.

Effects of Manganese Carbonate Addition on the Carbocatalytic Properties of Lignocellulosic Waste for Use in the Degradation of Acetaminophen.

A carbon-based material was synthesized using potato peels (BPP) and banana pseudo-stems (BPS), both of which were modified with manganese to produce BPP-Mn and BPS-Mn, respectively. These materials were assessed for their ability to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in the presence of MnCO3 to degrade acetaminophen (ACE), an emerging water contaminant. The materials underwent characterization using spectroscopic, textural, and electrochemical techniques. Manganese served a dual function: enhancing adsorption properties and facilitating the breaking of peroxide bonds. Additionally, carbonate ions played a structural role in the materials, transforming into CO2 at high temperatures and thereby increasing material porosity, which improved adsorption capabilities. This presents a notable advantage for materials that have not undergone de-lignification. Among the materials tested, BPS exhibited the highest efficiency in the carbocatalytic degradation of ACE, achieving a synergy index of 1.31 within just 5 min, with 42% ACE degradation in BPS compared to BPS-Mn, which achieved 100% ACE removal through adsorption. Reactive oxygen species such as sulfate, hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radicals were identified as the primary contributors to pollutant degradation. In contrast, no degradation was observed for BPP and BPP-Mn, which is likely linked to the lower lignin content in their precursor material. This work addressed the challenge of revalorizing lignocellulosic waste by highlighting its potential as an oxidant for emerging pollutants. Furthermore, the study demonstrated the coexistence of various reactive oxygen species, confirming the capacity of carbon-based matrices to activate PMS.

Fabrication of biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol-based plastics toward technical lignin valorization

The fabrication of composite materials from lignin has attracted increasing attention to reducing the dependence of petrochemical-based resources on carbon neutrality. However, the low content of lignin in the biocomposites remains a challenge. Herein, industrial lignin is fractionated by an organic solvent to reduce its structural heterogeneity. Subsequently, the fractionated lignin samples are integrated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to fabricate plastics characterized by uniform thickness and smooth surfaces. The resultant composite films exhibit tensile strength and strain up to 75 MPa and 1050%, respectively, which surpass state-of-the-art lignin-based bioplastics. The mechanism investigations reveal that the enhanced mechanical properties are due to the internal non-covalent interactions derived from the hydroxyl groups of lignin and PVA. Notably, the PVA/lignin films are biodegradable after 92 days' burial in soil. This study paves the way for the rational design of lignin-based biodegradable polymers as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics.

Converting perennial ryegrass into lipid using the oleaginous yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima

Grass, a low-cost lignocellulosic feedstock with relatively low lignin content, serves as a potential carbon source for microbial processes due to its polymeric sugar content. However, converting carbohydrates into monomeric sugars presents challenges due to complex lignocellulosic matrix. In this study, a mixture of perennial ryegrass and white clover (RG) was pretreated with alkaline before being enzymatically hydrolysed for use as a fermentable sugar source for the oleaginous yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima. The dilute alkaline pretreatment approach resulted in a 3 times improvement in the conversion of RG, yielding a fermentable sugar concentration of 56.5 g/L. The yeast exhibited a growth yield (Ym/m) of 0.47, producing 23.7 g/L of dry cell weight at 20°C over 140 hours, with a lipid content of 37 % with a similar composition to high oleic palm oil. These findings suggest that RG can be utilised for formulating an oleaginous yeast medium containing the necessary nutrients.

Betula platyphylla glucosyltransferase BpGT14;6 is essential for cell wall development and stress response

Glycosyltransferases (GTs) constitute a diverse family of synthetic polysaccharides with important roles in plant growth and development. This study characterized the GT14 family gene BpGT14;6 of birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.). BpGT14;6 was highly expressed in the xylem and stem of birch plants. Subcellular localization analysis suggested that BpGT14;6 was located in the Golgi apparatus. RNA interference (RNAi) silencing of BpGT14;6 revealed lower lignin, hemicellulose, and pectin contents compared to wild type (WT) plants. Following treatment with abscisic acid (ABA), compared to WT plants, RNAi-BpGT14;6 plants were more sensitive to ABA, suffered more membrane lipid damage, and accumulated more reactive oxygen species. The inhibition of BpGT14;6 expression narrowed the birch xylem and thinned the cell wall, and increased the expression of multiple ABA pathway-related genes in birch under ABA treatment. Compared to WT plants, RNAi-BpGT14;6 plants showed increased tolerance to drought stress. Promoter analysis revealed that BpGT14;6 is involved in hormone regulation and adaptation to adversity. Using the 1156 bp BpGT14;6 promoter as bait, two potential transcription factors, BpWRKY1 and BpARF2, were identified through Y1H screening that may regulate its expression. EMSA confirmed that BpWRKY1 and BpARF2 can directly bind to the W-BOX and AuxRE cis-acting elements on the BpGT14;6 promoter, respectively. The collective results suggest that BpGT14;6 affects birch xylem and cell wall development by affecting lignin, hemicellulose, and pectin synthesis, and participates in birch adversity adaptation.

High-solids saccharification of non-pretreated citrus peels through tailored cellulase

Citrus peels, characterized by their low lignin and high sugar content, have been drawing increasing attention as a valuable lignocellulosic biomass with significant potential in biorefinery. Notably, in this study, the citrus waste was found to be enzymatically accessible without any pretreatment. Moreover, to promote the high-solids saccharification of the citrus peels, a tailored cellulase cocktail was formulated by response surface methodology (RSM), along with a fed-batch strategy aiming to obtain a high substrate loading. The study resulted in an optimized cellulase cocktail (7.08 U/g DM of β-glucosidase, 164.17 U/g DM of hemicellulase, 47.38 mg/g DM of sophorolipid, and 64.68 mg/g DM of Tween 80) and achieved solids loading of 22 % with a total sugar concentration of 123.84 g/L, corresponding to a yield of 93.12 % (65.28 % in batch operation). These findings provided essential validation for the efficient utilization of citrus waste, ensuring them promising potential as feedstock for sugar platforms.

Exploring the constituents and thermal characteristics of miscanthus floridulus for biomass composites

Miscanthus floridulus (MF) possesses notable attributes including high photosynthetic efficiency, rapid growth, robust adaptability, and substantial biomass yield. It is widely researched in fields such as genetics, special materials, bioenergy, and ecological protection. However, the research on the addition of MF for biomass composites remains limited due to the absence of comprehensive analysis concerning the composition, internal molecular structure, and properties of MF. A thorough exploration of the fundamental properties of MF has the potential to broaden their advantages and facilitate the advancement of biomass. This investigation delves into the structural characterization and properties of MF, focusing on its stems, leaves, and tassels. Firstly, the primary constituents of MF comprise cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cellulose predominates in the stem, exhibiting the highest crystallinity, while lignin content peaks in the tassel with the lowest crystallinity. The leaf falls between these extremes in terms of crystallinity. Secondly, carbon and oxygen elements constitute over 95 % of MF's primary components, alongside trace elements like phosphorus and sulfur. Additionally, chemical structure of MF features abundant characteristic functional groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and benzene rings. Studies indicate that samples with low hemicellulose and high lignin content demonstrate superior thermal stability. Consequently, the stem of MF exhibits optimal low-temperature thermal stability, while the tassel excels in high-temperature conditions. Finally, the data highlights a significant influence in the mechanical properties of polylactic acid materials upon the addition of MF. With a 5 % addition of MF, the tensile modulus and flexural strength of the PLA composite reached their optimal values of 933.91 MPa and 55.28±8.77 MPa, respectively. This research establishes a theoretical groundwork for integrating MF into biomass composite materials.

Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase-hydrolase 1 is a negative regulator of drought tolerance in barley via modulating lignin biosynthesis and stomatal closure

The projected increase in drought severity and duration worldwide poses a significant threat to crop growth and sustainable food production. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) family is essential in cell wall modification through the construction and restructuring of xyloglucan cross-links, but their role in drought tolerance and stomatal regulation is still illusive. We cloned and functionally characterized HvXTH1 using genetic, physiological, biochemical, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches in barley. Evolutionary bioinformatics showed that orthologues of XTH1 was originated from Streptophyte algae (e.g. some species in the Zygnematales) the closest clade to land plants based on OneKP database. HvXTH1 is highly expressed in leaves and HvXTH1 is localized to the plasma membrane. Under drought conditions, silencing HvXTH1 in drought-tolerant Tibetan wild barley XZ5 induced a significant reduction in water loss rate and increase in biomass, however overexpressing HvXTH1 exhibited drought sensitivity with significantly less drought-responsive stomata, lower lignin content and a thicker cell wall. Transcriptome profile of the wild type Golden Promise and HvXTH1-OX demonstrated that drought-induced differentially expressed genes in leaves are related to cell wall biosynthesis, abscisic acid and stomatal signaling, and stress response. Furthermore, overexpressing HvXTH1 suppressed both genes and metabolites in the phenylpropanoid pathway for lignin biosynthesis, leading to drought sensitivity of HvXTH1-OX. We provide new insight by deciphering the function of a novel protein HvXTH1 for drought tolerance in cell wall modification, stomatal regulation, and phenylpropanoid pathway for lignin biosynthesis in barley. The function of HvXTH1 in drought response will be beneficial to develop crop varieties adapted to drought.

Fibrolytic Enzymes and Lactic Acid Bacteria Improve the Ensiling Characteristics of Ramie and Elephant Grass Mixed Silage

Understanding the effects of bacteria and enzyme addition on mixed crop silage is imperative for dairy producers to make informed decisions. The current study evaluated the chemical changes in silage prepared from different ramie and elephant grass ratios (30:70, 50:50, 70:30, and 100:0) in response to bacteria (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) and enzyme addition (0, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg) in a complete randomized design. The results indicated that the proportion of ramie in silage (p &lt; 0.01), level of bacteria (p &lt; 0.05), and level of enzyme added (p = 0.05) affected the CP, fiber, volatile fatty acids, and lactic acid contents and pH of silage. By comprehensive analysis, low lignin content and pH of silage with high lactic acid content was observed with a 30% ramie proportion. High CP and lactic acid contents with low ADF, lignin, and pH values were observed with the addition of bacteria (p &lt; 0.05). High lactic acid with low ADF content was observed with the addition of enzyme in silage (p ≤ 0.05). The optimum quality of silage was observed when the ramie, bacteria, and enzymes were added at the levels of 30%, 200 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg, respectively, in ramie and elephant grass mixed silage.

Designed synthesis of demethylated-hydroxymethylated lignin-based adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) ions from wastewater

Lignin-based adsorbents for the removal of Cr(VI) ions have attracted intensive attention due to the advantages of renewability, biodegradablity, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, there are still a lot of challenges such as poor adsorption capacity, low lignin content in adsorbents, and harsh preparation conditions. Here, a tandem hydroxymethylation-demethylation method is proposed for preparing an excellent lignin-based Cr(VI) adsorbent (DHKL), which features with high lignin content (>85 wt%) and high hydroxyl content (up to 6.26 mmol/g) under milder conditions. The prepared DHKL exhibits an adsorption capacity reaching up to 1040.9 mg/g and can maintain this capacity even in the presence of other metal ions in the solution. Model analyses indicate that chemisorption occurring in a monolayer is the main process, which is spontaneous and endothermic. Structural changes of DHKL before and after adsorption indicated that Cr(VI) ions are mainly reduced to Cr(III) ions by hydroxyl groups with some of the absorbed Cr ions dispersed into the inner part of DHKL. Based on these results, the detailed possible adsorption mechanism is deduced, providing guidance for designing, producing and utilizing lignin-based adsorbents.

Impact of deep eutectic solvent pre-treatment on the extraction of cellulose nanofibers

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising eco-friendly pre-treatment agents for lignocellulosic biomass, offering considerable advantages for the nanofibrillation process. This study investigates the impact of DESs on cellulose fibers morphology, focusing on solubilization phenomena in the amorphous regions that may facilitate cellulose nanofiber production. The pre-treatment process combining a DES (triethylmethylammonium chloride and imidazole, TEMA:IMD) with microwave (MW) energy was optimized to enhance the solubility of cellulosic fibers. A response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the DES-MW-assisted pre-treatment. Results show that the reaction time and the temperature significantly influence the solubility of cellulosic fibers. The optimized conditions resulted in cellulose fibers with low content of hemicellulose and lignin, high crystallinity index, and improved thermal stability. The effectiveness of DES-MW pre-treatment in producing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from native and pre-treated fibers was investigated. Cellulose fibers pre-treated with a DES yielded CNFs with a narrower diameter distribution. Overall, optimized DES-MW pre-treatment offers a promising strategy for the efficient and sustainable extraction of CNFs.

Utilization of duckweed-derived biomass for polyhydroxybutyrate production in Escherichia coli via dual enzymatic saccharification using amylase and cellulase complex.

Duckweed is a rapid-growing plant with a high starch and low lignin content. The duckweed was saccharified via dual enzymatic treatment using amylase and cellulase complex. The duckweed-derived glucose was utilized for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production in engineered Escherichia coli. In addition, the low concentration supplementation of the duckweed extract promoted cell growth compared to the analytical grade glucose.

Preparation and Characterization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch-Based Cellulose for Levulinic Acid Production

This study investigates the process of isolating and characterizing cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) fibers collected from Sime Darby Plantation, Selangor. The OPEFB fibers underwent a sequence of chemical processes including dewaxing, alkali pretreatment and bleaching, to isolate the cellulose. The resulting cellulose was analyzed for its composition, crystallinity and yield of hydrolysis products. Comparative analysis with recent studies indicates that the cellulose content of the isolated fibers falls within the reported range, with relatively lower lignin content suggesting a successful lignin removal during chemical treatments. The crystallinity index of the cellulose significantly increased after the post-treatment, reaching 76.43%, which is higher than some reported values. The hydrolysis of the isolated cellulose from OPEFB yielded levulinic acid (LA) levels comparable to commercial cellulose, with the OPEFB-based cellulose producing an LA yield of 8.98% lower than the 9.73% from commercial cellulose. This study highlights the potential of OPEFB as a viable source of high-quality cellulose for the production of sugars and LA.

An eco-friendly enzymatic treatment to prepare spinnable banana fibers as an alternative to cotton for textile applications

Banana fibers are a sustainable material with natural mechanical strength and antibacterial properties. These fibers are extracted from the large amount of waste produced by banana pseudo stems annually. However, despite their numerous advantages, their stiffness and rough texture impede their full use in the textile. This research investigates the degumming treatment of banana fibers using enzyme combination and chemical methods to achieve spinnable soft banana fibers. An L9 orthogonal array was used in a Taguchi design of the experiment to optimize the process parameters. For enzyme combination degumming, the experimental setup comprised different quantities of hemicellulase, laccase, amylase, and pectinase; for chemical degumming, varied amounts of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used. The results indicate that enzyme-based degumming procedures produce better results than chemical treatments. Optimum enzyme combinations for various fiber qualities were found using the Taguchi design of experiments. These combinations included Hemicellulase 5 %, Laccase 5 %, Amylase 3 %, and Hemicellulase 5 %, Laccase 3 %, Pectinase 5 %. Without degrading the cellulose structure, these ideal enzyme combinations produced fibers with lower lignin content and higher cellulose percentages, moisture content, and tenacity values. By determining the most efficient enzyme combinations and their effects on fiber qualities, the study offers sustainable fiber processing methods for textile grade banana fiber.

Preparation of Pulp, Microfibrillated Cellulose, and Paper Hand Sheets from Bakong (&lt;i&gt;Hanguana malayana&lt;/i&gt; (Jack) Merr.)

Bakong (&lt;i&gt;Hanguana malayana&lt;/i&gt; (Jack) Merr.) is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows abundantly in certain parts of the Philippines. This study investigates Bakong fibers' potential as a pulp source for papermaking. Furthermore, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) produced from the fibers was used as an additive in the Bakong fiber-based hand sheets at 2%, 6%, and 10% w/w, and their effects on their strength properties were observed. The soda pulping method produced Bakong pulp with a total yield of 47.36%. Proximate chemical analysis showed that the method reduced the lignin content from 13.19% to 8.76%, and the resulting pulp was successfully formed into paper hand sheets. The strength properties of the hand sheets were tested, and the resulting burst index, tear index, tensile index, and folding endurance values were 5.98 kPa/m2∙g, 6.41 mN∙m2/g, 105.97 N∙m/g, and 626 double folds, respectively. Aside from the tear index, the Bakong hand sheets' strength properties were much higher than that of locally produced commercial printing paper. The addition of MFC on the hand sheets negatively affected the burst and tensile index values of the Bakong hand sheets but significantly improved the tear index up to 6% w/w. These results show that the pulp produced from the Bakong fibers can potentially be used as an alternative source of pulp for papermaking, but further optimization of the pulping process is recommended to increase the yield, lower lignin content, and improve compatibility with the MFC.

Production of lignin-containing nanocellulose from six types of unpretreated lignocellulosic biomass by a one-step process

Lignin-containing nanocellulose (LCN) shows great potential in the fabrication of high performance bio-based materials, and suitable raw materials may achieve the production of LCN in a more economical approach. Therefore, in this study, the morphology, chemical and supramolecular structure of six types of lignocellulosic biomass (Broussonetia papyrifera bark, moso bamboo, rattan, balsa wood, poplar wood and fir wood) were analyzed for the production of LCN by using pure oxalic acid dihydrate (OAD). The results revealed that BPBs is a natural available cellulose-rich materials with extremely high cellulose content, low lignin content, and loosely connected cellulose chains. Compared with the other five types of lignocellulosic biomass materials, the hydrolysis of BPBs without any pretreatments by using OAD produced higher yield of LCN with much more uniform size distribution and smaller size. LCN from BPBs had higher crystallinity and thermal stability than that from the other five lignocellulosic biomass. The finding in this study indicated that Broussonetia papyrifera bark without any pretreatment was a favored material for high yield production of LCN compared with the other woody materials, which provided an economically realizable method on the efficient and high yield production of LCN from unpretreated BPBs by using OAD hydrolysis.