Low Level Of Schooling Research Articles

Sociodemographic Profile Of Syphilis In Pregnant Women In The Municipality Of Norte Do Tocantins

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the sociodemographic profile of syphilis in pregnant women from 2015-2021 in Araguatins in the state of Tocantins. Methodology: The research is an epidemiological study of a quantitative and exploratory-descriptive nature. Regarding the sociodemographic profile of these pregnant women, it was pointed out that they have a low level of schooling, a higher age range between 13-23 years, and (82.5%) self-declared as brown, such information suggests a group of greater social vulnerability. Results: The occurrence of syphilis during pregnancy is directly related to several factors, including color, low level of education, unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, history of obstetric risk, late start of prenatal care and an insufficient number of appointments. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the urgent need to review the procedures adopted and highlights the importance of health professionals taking greater responsibility for a problem that is largely preventable

Medication Literacy Test for Older Adults: psychometric analysis and standardization of the new instrument.

Low medication literacy is prevalent among older adults and is associated with adverse drug events. The Medication Literacy Test for Older Adults (TELUMI) was developed and content validated in a previously published study. To evaluate the psychometric properties and provide norms for TELUMI scores. This was a cross-sectional methodological study with older adults selected from the community and from two outpatient services. Descriptive item-analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), item response theory (IRT), reliability, and validity analysis with schooling and health literacy were performed to test the psychometric properties of the TELUMI. The classification of the TELUMI scores was performed using percentile norms. A total of 344 participants, with a mean age of 68.7years (standard deviation = 6.7), were included; most were female (66.6%), black/brown (61.8%), had low schooling level (60.2%) and low income (55.2%). The EFA pointed to the one-dimensional structure of TELUMI. A three-parameter logistic model was adopted for IRT. All items had an adequate difficulty index. One item had discrimination < 0.65, and three items had an unacceptable guessing index (< 0.35) and were excluded. The 29-item version of TELUMI had excellent internal consistency (KR20 = 0.89). There was a positive and strong association between TELUMI scores and health literacy and education level. The scores were classified as inadequate medication literacy (≤ 10.0 points), medium medication literacy (11-20 points), and adequate medication literacy (≥ 21 points). The results suggest that the 29-item version of TELUMI is psychometrically adequate for measuring medication literacy in older adults.

Analysis of violence and severity index towards women

The severity index identifies the different levels of violence in general and their types, to recognize the type of aggression suffered by the victims and the other risk situations they could suffer. In this work, violence and the severity index against women have been analyzed, achieving a correlation with sociodemographic variables. The study involved 925 intentionally selected women over the age of 18. The main results show that the low level of schooling is a predominant factor for the existence of a situation of violence, as well as the condition of being married or alone with children, where there is a relationship of economic dependence, are predominant factors for a situation of violence.

P5: PREMATURE FUNCTIONAL DECLINE IN WOMEN OVER 40 YEARS OF AGE

Introduction: Early functional changes in women compromise elements such as muscle mass and strength, physical function, and gait speed, leading to a physiological decline that may contribute to frailty in old age.Objectives: This study aimed to relate strength and physical performance to premature functional decline in women aged 40 years and older.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted, and two groups of women were contrasted (40 to 60 years old and 60 and over), completing a sample of 31 women. Functional decline, lower limb muscle power, prehensile strength, physical performance, gait speed, phenotype of frailty status, level of physical activity, and other sociodemographic factors were contrasted. The UCT internal ethicscommittee.Results: Preliminary results showed that, among the demographic variables, women over 60 had a lower level of schooling, with 29% having incomplete basic education. Both groups reported a similar number of children: 93% in those under 60 and 100% in those over 60, with an average of 2.3 and 3.06 children, respectively. Statistically significant differences were detected in physical performance, lower limb strength, and gait speed, which were higher in women under 60.Conclusions: The present report detected that lower limb strength, a determinant of great relevance in the aging population, affects gait speed. Likewise, muscle strength leads to a more rapid decline in older people. In both groups, physical performance played a crucial role in characterizing aging and frailty, particularly at ages over 60, when a decline in performance was evident. Notably, there were no variations in grip strength or physical activity levels, possibly because both groups performed poorly, raising the possibility of functional decline in women who have not yet reached old age.

INFLUENCE OF FAMILY LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND FAMILY SIZE ON STUDENTS’ DROPOUT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS, IN KITAGWENDA DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Background Education is important to any country’s social, economic, and political development. Globally education is recognized as a basic human right. The study aims to assess the Influence of family level of education and family size on students’ dropout in secondary schools, in Kitagwenda district. Methodology A cross-sectional descriptive survey design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study population consisted of teachers, head teachers, officials in the education department of Kitagwenda District, and parents who are members of the committee of PTA students s.3 and s.4. After data collection, the responses to the questionnaire were coded, and then data entered into the computer for analysis. Results Most of the respondents (90.4%) were unmarried and only (9.2%) were married. Most (200) were students from s3 and s4 classes. The majority of the respondents (82.8%) had a PLE level of education (2.8 %) had a diploma level and (5.02%) had degrees. Most (94.4%) agreed that uneducated parents encourage their sons to go to school as a way of compensation for their parents’ education in the area (Mean= 4.48; Standard deviation= 0.666). (89.6%) agreed that parents with low levels of schooling involve their children with home activities that are not academically focused, thus frustrating students who end up dropping out (Mean= 4.34; Standard deviation= 0.694). Most (90.6%) agreed that parents with bigger families have higher chances of dropping out of school (Mean= 4.45; Standard deviation= 0.646). Conclusion Children from uneducated parents are more likely to drop out of school than children from educated parents. Recommendations There is a need to revive community sensitization on the impact of education among rural people who have been noticed to be reluctant to educate their children.

Social inequalities in the diagnosis of cervical cancer in Brazil: a hospital-based study

The scope of this study is to analyze the prevalence of advanced stage diagnosis of cervical cancer and its association with individual and contextual socioeconomic and healthcare service indicators in Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted using cervical cancer cases in women aged 18 to 99 years, from 2006 to 2015, extracted from the Hospital Cancer Registry (HCR) Integrator. Contextual variables were collected from the Atlas of Human Development in Brazil; the National Registry of Health Institutions (NRHI); and the Outpatient Information System. Multilevel Poisson Regression with random intercept was used. The prevalence of advanced stage diagnosis was 48.4%, revealing an association with older age groups (PR 1.06; CI 1.01-1.10), black, brown, and indigenous race/skin color (PR 1.04; CI 1.01-1.07), lower levels of schooling (PR 1.28; CI 1.16-1.40), no marital partner (PR 1.10; CI 1.07-1.13), public referral to the health service (PR 1.07; CI 1.03-1.11), and lower rates of cytological examination (PR 1.08; CI 1.01-1.14). The results reinforce the need for improvements in the national cervical cancer prevention program in areas with low coverage of oncotic cytology.

Ideación suicida, uso de sustancias psicoactivas y sufrimiento mental entre la población sin hogar de un municipio brasileño

Objective: to characterize the presence of suicidal ideation, use of psychoactive substances and mental distress among homeless people. Methodology: a cross sectional study carried out with 127 participants. Data were collected through the application of a questionnaire containing sociodemographic data, economic information related to living and health conditions and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire; the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test; and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Data analysis was carried out descriptively. Results: 37% of the sample reported suicidal ideation, with predominance of the female gender (52.6%), adults (from 30 to 39 years old) (36.3%), non-white skin color (35.2%), low schooling level (39.7%), without a partner (36.4%) and earning no income (36.7%). Problematic consumption of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and cocaine was observed among the participants with suicidal ideation. More than half of the sample that presented suicidal ideation was experiencing mental distress. Conclusion: suicidal ideation was identified in a significant portion of the sample. Problematic use of psychoactive substances and mental distress were also prevalent in those with suicidal ideation.

Violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic: types of occurrences from an ethnic perspective

This study arose from an interest in finding out the profile of women who experienced violence during the Covid-19 pandemic. Given that black and brown women are more vulnerable to these occurrences, the aim was to comparatively describe the occurrence of types of violence in women in the state of Rio de Janeiro, considering their ethnicity and the period before, during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. This is a documentary, descriptive, retrospective study with a quantitative approach. Government documents obtained from the virtual platform of the Public Security Institute of Rio de Janeiro - ISP on the occurrence of violence against women from 2019 to 2022 in the state of Rio de Janeiro were analyzed. Among the main results, it was identified that women with a low level of schooling experience more violence than women with a higher level, as well as black and brown women experiencing more violence than white women. The low level of schooling (directly related to economic conditions) and skin color (being black or brown) showed an increase in women's vulnerability to experiencing violence. It was also possible to identify that the majority of employed women suffered more violence than unemployed women, as well as the fact that the main place of aggression was in the victim's home. Considering the results, there is an urgent need for socio-political actions to combat violence, valuing ethnicity, as well as other indicators of groups of women who are more vulnerable to violence.

REACTIVATION OF WASTE PLANT IN AN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CORE

The generation of waste in poultry farming in Brazil has increased over the years, accompanying the increase in production in the sector. In this scenario, the company in question has been looking for sustainable solutions to minimize possible environmental impacts. To do so, one of the attitudes adopted was to implant the Waste Plant in chicken rearing centers, to give the environmentally correct destination to packaging veterinary medicines, agrochemicals and lamps used in poultry farming. However, staff were not using the space properly, and some of this material was destined for ordinary waste. On the basis of the foregoing, the purpose of that article is to carry out a diagnosis of the reasons for the non-use of the power stations by officials. Data collection tools were used to find out whether the higher average age and low level of schooling influenced these attitudes. However, it was discovered that the main cause of the problem was the lack of guidance and educational activities on the part of the company. After the work of environmental education carried out with the employees, the level of engagement in the use of the waste plant remained above 90%, a result better than that expected by the company.

Dietary patterns of children living in slums and their associated factors: a cross-sectional study, 2019-2022.

To identify dietary patterns and analyze factors associated with the consumption profile of socially vulnerable children, Maceió, state of Alagoas, Brazil, August 2019 to December 2021. This was a cross-sectional study; sociodemographic, anthropometric and food consumption variables were collected, factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns; associations were analyzed using Poisson regression. Among the 567 children studied, two dietary patterns were identified, healthy and unhealthy; age ≥ 24 months (PR = 2.75; 95%CI 1.83;4.14), male gender (PR = 0.66; 95%CI 0.49;0.87) and maternal schooling ≤ 9 years (PR = 0.61; 95%CI 0.46;0.81) was higher in the healthy pattern; the unhealthy pattern was associated with age ≥ 24 months (PR = 1.02; 95%CI 1.01;1.03) and male gender (PR = 1.46; 95%CI 1.08;1.98). The healthy pattern was more frequent in children aged ≥ 24 months, less frequent in male children and mothers with low level of schooling; children aged ≥ 24 months and males showed a higher prevalence of the unhealthy pattern. Two dietary patterns were defined, healthy and "unhealthy", which were associated with male gender, age ≥ 24 months and maternal schooling ≤ 9 years of study. The study data can assist health professionals dedicated to primary healthcare services, such as nutritionists, in planning interventions to promote healthy eating habits aimed at children. Prospective studies with these populations are necessary to assess the causality of the associations found in this study, aiming to plan more effective public health actions.

Association between pain and depression in chilean older adults. Reality that requires an immediate approach

Cross-sectional analytical study of the National Survey of Dependence in Chilean older adults 2009, with a sample of 4766 people aged 60 years and older. Pain was described using a Likert scale from "no pain" to "very much pain". Depression was measured using the GDS-15 scale. Adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the association between pain and depression. 70% of the sample reported pain, 21.6% of high intensity. The screening was positive for depression in 23% of the sample, and 5% suspected severe depression. Both conditions were more frequent in women, subjects with low levels of schooling and rural residence. There was an association between pain and depression OR 3.46. The greater the intensity of pain, the greater the association OR 5.2 (95% CI 4.1-6.7) for depressive symptoms and OR 13.9 for suspected severe depression (95% CI 8.1-23.9). The association between pain and depression is high and is related to pain intensity, being higher in people with less education and physical dependency. The high frequency of both conditions in Chilean elderly people and their serious consequences make it an urgent public health problem, aggravated as a consequence of the prolonged isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Homicides in southern South American cities: educational inequalities and economic fluctuations

Information on how economic fluctuations affect educational inequalities in homicides in Latin America is scarce. This study aimed to: (a) analyze the temporal variations of educational inequalities related to homicide mortality and (b) compare these inequalities between years of economic growth and recession in southern South America cities from 2000 to 2019. Data from seven urban areas in three countries in the Southern Cone of South America were used: Mendoza and Rosario (Argentina); Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo (Brazil); and Santiago (Chile). Poisson models were estimated by using age, sex, city of residence, year of economic growth or recession, and schooling level as explanatory variables. Results showed significant differences in the temporal evolution of homicide rates in the seven cities, although populations with a low schooling level always showed the most vulnerability. The four Brazilian cities, analyzed together, showed greater educational inequalities related to homicides in years of economic recession when compared to those of economic growth. On the one hand, the indiscriminate use of force by the State against criminal groups seems to increase social inequality in homicide mortality. On the other hand, criminal fragmentation and economic crisis can exacerbate these inequalities by increasing territorial disputes between criminal groups.

Factors associated with delayed diagnosis of leprosy in an endemic area in Northeastern Brazil: a cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to investigate the factors related to the individual and the health system that contribute to delayed diagnosis of leprosy in an endemic area in the Northeastern Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study of 120 individuals with leprosy. Demographic and clinical data and information on the factors related to the individual and the health system that contribute to delayed diagnosis of leprosy were obtained. Delayed diagnosis in months was estimated for each participant by interviews. A multivariate Poisson's regression analysis was performed between the outcome and the independent variables. The median delay in the diagnosis of leprosy was 10.5 (4.0-24.0) months. Approximately 12.6% of participants had grade 2 disability (G2D) at the time of diagnosis. In the multivariate Poisson regression analysis, males, older age, low schooling level, residing in urban areas, multibacellar or tuberculoid leprosy, not seeking healthcare immediately after symptom onset, suspected leprosy, excessive referrals, and the need for three or more consultations to confirm the diagnosis were associated with longer diagnostic delay. This study found a significant delay in the diagnosis of leprosy in Arapiraca, Northeastern Brazil, which may explain the continuously high rate of G2D among new cases. Factors related to the individual and the health system were associated with longer diagnostic delay. Interventions to raise awareness of the disease among the general population and strengthen primary health care are urgently needed.

Differences between men and women in the prevalence of frailty and associated factors among older adults: evidence from ELSI-Brazil

Based on a national representative sample of the population aged 50 years or older, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of frailty among men and women, identify associated sociodemographic and health factors, and estimate the population attributable fraction. Data from the second wave (2019-2021) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) were used. Frailty was classified based on the number of positive items among unintentional weight loss, exhaustion, low level of physical activity, slow gait, and weakness. The main analyses were based on multinomial logistic regression stratified by sex. The prevalence of frailty was lower in men (8.6%; 95%CI: 6.9; 10.7) than in women (11.9%; 95%CI: 9.6; 14.8), with the most frequent item being the low level of physical activity in both. Age and schooling level were the sociodemographic factors associated with pre-frailty and fragility among men and women. The population attributable fraction was different for frailty between genders. In men, the highest population attributable fraction was due to not having a partner (23.5%; 95%CI: 7.7; 39.2) and low schooling level (18.2%; 95%CI: 6.6; 29,7). In women, higher population attributable fraction values were due to memory deficit (17.1%; 95%CI: 7.6; 26.6), vision deficit (13.4%; 95%CI: 5.1; 21.7), and diabetes mellitus (11.4%; 95%CI: 4.6; 18,1). Similar population attributable fraction levels were observed for heart disease (8.9%; 95%CI: 3.8; 14.1 in women and 8.8%; 95%CI: 2.0; 15.6 in men). Strategies aimed at physical activity have the potential to prevent frailty in both men and women, and the prevention of chronic conditions is more important in women.

Profile and characteristics of violence against older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.

to identify the sociodemographic profile and the characteristics of interpersonal violence against older adults during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in a capital city from the Brazilian Southeast region. a descriptive and exploratory research study with a cross-sectional design based on the notifications of suspected or confirmed cases of violence against older adults between March 2020 and March 2021. A univariate statistical analysis and Fisher's exact test (p<0.05) were performed. a total of 2,681 notifications were recorded during the period. The main victims were individuals aged between 60 and 64 years old, female, white-skinned and with low schooling levels. The instances of violence were more frequent in the victims' homes. Physical and psychological violence predominated, through physical force/beatings and threats, respectively. Most of the aggressors were male, younger than the victims and generally their children or intimate partners. The aggressions were perpetrated more than once and were driven by generational conflicts. There was low referral to entities for the protection of older adults. the sociodemographic profile found evidences vulnerable victims, subjected to many types of violence, and at a potential risk against their overall health.

Clinical Characteristics and Medical Utilization of Smokers with Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry.

To investigate the clinical characteristics and medical utilization of smokers with preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm). We used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007 and 2012, linked to the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Clinical characteristics and medical utilization, including inpatient admission, emergency department visit, prescribed medication, and medical cost, were retrospectively compared among three groups: normal spirometry, PRISm, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A total of 7115 smokers were included (4743 normal spirometry, 689 PRISm, and 1683 COPD subjects). The mean age was the highest in the COPD group, followed by the PRISm and normal groups, and the proportion of women was the highest in the PRISm group. The tobacco exposure, socioeconomic status (SES), and schooling level of the PRISm group were at levels between those of the normal and COPD groups. However, the PRISm group had the highest proportion of current smokers, highest body mass index (BMI), and lowest mean FEV1 and FVC % predicted. During the study period, the medical utilization of 92 smokers (13.4%) in the PRISm group and 436 smokers (25.9%) in the COPD group was related to respiratory diseases. Emergency department visit or hospitalization and overall medical cost of the PRISm group were comparable to those of the COPD group, except for outpatient clinic visit. Old age, women, low BMI, low SES, low schooling level, high amount of tobacco exposure, wheezing, and decreased FEV1 and FVC % predicted were factors associated with medical utilization in PRISm. Medical utilization was comparable between the PRISm and COPD groups. Smokers with PRISm who were older, women, or heavy smokers with low BMI, low SES and schooling level, wheezing, or low FEV1 and FVC might need close observation and early treatment.

Characterization of dairy farms in a family-farm system in the municipality of Senador Guiomard, Acre State, Western Amazon

National dairy production is characterized by significant heterogeneity in production techniques and herd and farmer profiles. Our objective was to characterize 18 dairy farms under family farming in Senador Guiomard, Acre State, from January to December 2019. Data were gathered through 255 question semi-structured forms applied to farmers in monthly visits. The data were then stored in Excel® spreadsheets and subjected to descriptive statistics. A joint analysis showed the following characteristics: farmers with low schooling level (89%); farmers of advanced age (61%); nonadoption of good dairy practices (100%); inadequate milk transport (72%); adequate brucellosis vaccination (100%); non specialized herds (40%); pasture production system (100%); low productivity per area (873 L/ha/year) and per cow (4.0 liters/cow/day); low number of lactating cows (53%); and gross milk income (29,466.65 R$/year) representing 69% of the total gross income. The region studied has positive factors such as market guarantees, proximity to large market centers, reasonable land prices, suitable climate, ease of credit, rural education, and technical assistance. Overall, the farms are managed under a traditional production system, with low use of technology and unsatisfactory zootechnical indexes. However, the region has favorable conditions for dairy farming development.

Formal education vs. informal education in the Roma community—a silent confrontation where nobody wins

ObjectivesOur main aim was to identify the advantages and disadvantages that the Roma relate to formal education vs. informal education, a discrepancy in the balance between the two can enrich the explanations regarding their low level of schooling—which hinders their social inclusion.MethodThere were 28 participants of Roma ethnicity, aged between 19 and 52 years old, who took part in the study: 15 were married, 13 were single, all of them school graduates. The design of the study is a qualitative one and the data was collected by means of three focus groups, based on a semi-structured interview. The data was analysed by using the method of content analysis.ResultsIn addition to the disadvantages related to institutional and economic factors, the Roma encounter in schools that belong to the cultural majority difficulties related to language and a lack of elements belonging to their culture. While they get used to the culture of the majority, they feel that they lose their own identity and that they are silently excluded from their community.ConclusionFormal education is seen as a way of personal development and as a path to an advantageous job, a door of access to the majority culture. However, informal education seems to win all the time, as a result of the family sovereignty and the fact that it is the central factor in the transmission and preservation of the Roma culture.

THE AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENT TEACHER’S PERSPECTIVE AND PRACTICE AT STKIP MUHAMMADIYAH ACEH BARAT DAYA

Teaching experience has a high contribution to many aspects of effective teaching. Through experiences, teachers learn to conquer different teaching strategies, manage classrooms, and improve their professionalism in the field. Higher education students are given the chance to have a pre-work experience known as teacher practice or Student-Teacher Practice Program. At STKIP Muhammadiyah, in their third year of study, students are required to join this program which becomes their chance and venue to apply the learned theories to practical work. The current study, therefore, aimed to describe the student’s perception, and practice of the teacher practice at the lower school level. Further, these experiences were described and categorized to see how students perceive the experience and how it contributes to their teaching competence. This research used a descriptive qualitative design. The data was collected through an interview protocol. The sources of data were the 7th-semester students of STKIP Muhammadiyah Aceh Barat Daya who joined the program. The finding of the research revealed that student teachers’ perspectives and practices of teaching experience are positive. Teaching practices gave them lots of positive experiences, and help them to understand real classroom situations and students’ character. Furthermore, the research was expected to give a significant contribution to students, teachers, or researchers who were interested in a similar issue.

Food habits and risk factors for child malnutrition in rural families in the municipality of Soracá, Boyacá, Colombia

ABSTRACT Child malnutrition is a global public health problem which causes irreversible damage to physical and cognitive development in early childhood. In 2015, the National Survey of Nutrition reported that Boyacá, Colombia had a prevalence of chronic malnutrition of 11.6% above the national average, considering that Boyacá is predominantly rural territory. This article analyzes the risk factors that influenced the diets of children between 16 and 38 months among 27 rural families. Through a descriptive cross-sectional study, a survey of the socio-family characterization and knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) were applied with participating families. It was found that among the nutritional risk factors in early childhood are low levels of maternal schooling, low economic income, and barriers to accessing health and education services. The results of this research enable contributions to the contextualization of public policies in health and nutrition with a territorial approach that allow the improvement of the quality of life in early childhood in rural areas.