Low Level Of Protection Research Articles

The interplay between structural flood protection, population density, and flood mortality along the Jamuna River, Bangladesh

Levees protect floodplain areas from frequent flooding, but they can paradoxically contribute to more severe flood losses. The construction or reinforcement of levees can attract more assets and people in flood-prone area, thereby increasing the potential flood damage when levees eventually fail. Moreover, structural protection measures can generate a sense of complacency, which can reduce preparedness, thereby increasing flood mortality rates. We explore these phenomena in the Jamuna River floodplain in Bangladesh. In this study area, different levels of flood protection have co-existed alongside each other since the 1960s, with a levee being constructed only on the right bank and its maintenance being assured only in certain places. Primary and secondary data on population density, human settlements, and flood fatalities were collected to carry out a comparative analysis of two urban areas and two rural areas with different flood protection levels. We found that the higher the level of flood protection, the higher the increase of population density over the past decades as well as the number of assets exposed to flooding. Our results also show that flood mortality rates associated with the 2017 flooding in Bangladesh were lower in the areas with lower protection level. This empirical analysis of the unintended consequences of structural flood protection is relevant for the making of sustainable policies of disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change in rapidly changing environments.

The impact of consumer protection in the digital age: Evidence from the European Union

We investigate the effect of an EU-wide consumer protection regulation on consumer trust as well as consumer behavior. The Unfair Commercial Practice Directive (UCPD) was implemented by EU member states between 2007 and 2010. We utilize data from the Special and Flash Eurobarometer for the years between 2006 and 2014 and experts’ evaluation on consumer protection levels before the introduction of the regulation. This rich data set allows us to apply a difference-in-difference estimator with multiple time periods. We find a significant relationship between the introduction of the UCPD and consumer trust and cross-border purchases for countries with a low consumer protection level before the introduction of the UCPD. The relationship increases over time and stays then relatively constant.

Is the relation between non-controlling interests and parent companies misleading?

This article investigates whether different levels of investor protection affect the equity market’s valuation of non-controlling interests (NCIs) in a consolidated corporate entity. Using a set of publicly listed European firms, our findings suggest a positive (negative) association of NCIs with parent companies’ share prices in countries with low (high) levels of investor protection. We interpret the findings as evidence that when non-controlling investors are not well-protected, parent companies have an opportunity to extract rents from non-controlling owners, leading to a positive valuation of NCIs’ equity. However, in countries where non-controlling investors are well-protected, parent companies are not able to extract rents but still must monitor and govern the related subsidiary; thus, NCIs become a net cost, and the relation inverts. JEL Classification: M41, M48

Исследование силы патентов российских научно-исследовательских организаций

This paper study problem of the efficiency of management of intellectual property (IP) of research institutes and universities, proposes criteria and method of an assessment of the patent strength. The basic patent index and the average strength of patents were calculated for the institutes of SB RAS, Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Indian Institutes of Technology Delhi, and PJSC “Sibur Holding”. The results showed that the IP of institutes and NSU has a low level of protection, which explains its low demand in the market. The average strength of patents and the basic patent index are the indicators that can be recommended for inclusion into the reporting indices of the efficiency of management of IP of research institutes and universities.

Soft Targets: Definition and Identification

Available definitions describe a soft target as a location with high vulnerability, but a low level of protection. However, such general definitions can hardly be used in the process of soft targets identification. The aim of the article is to create a temporary specific definition that could be utilised for this purpose. The suggested definition of a soft target is based on performed statistical analysis of 275 cases of terrorist attacks aimed against soft targets in the European Union from 2000 to 2015. In the definition, a soft target is characterised based on the probability of a terrorist attack occurrence and the expected number of casualties caused by the attack.

Credit unions in Croatia: challenges ahead and far forward

Credit unions as one of the prominent examples of mutual or cooperative societies in the financial sector share important tasks ranging from financial intermediation for different affinity groups, fostering financial inclusion and community development to social cohesion. In CEE countries, the mutual and cooperative sector in general and credit unions, as well, are less developed compared to advanced economies. This is due to historical and political reasons but also because of competitiveness in the financial sector, financial integration, regulatory requirements, low level of consumer protection and financial literacy. Low interest rate environment, digitalisation, development of the FinTech sector and demanding regulatory compliance could pose diverse effects on prospects of development of credit unions. The aim of this paper is to discuss development prospects of credit unions in Croatia from the perspective of regulatory changes, contemporary challenges in the financial sector, role in society and consumer perspective.

Bridging gender and human-centered design: a design verification study

This article highlights the importance of adding gender awareness in human-centered design. Aspects of both paradigms are presented, and a lack of understanding of gender in the human-centered design approach was identified. Human-centered design sees gender as static and stable regarding male or female such that the implication of principles in products, systems or services appeals to one gender or another linking gender differences, and stereotypes. Evidence is provided through a design verification study, conducted in the context of fostering sun protection behavior in young men age 18 to 24. The results verify gender-aware sun protection interventions for young men. It also shows the inclusion of gender has great potential to bridge the gap between the world of designers and users. It also presents a discussion of the analytical procedures and the findings which emerged in this investigation led to the verification of design recommendations for sun protection interventions. Evidence is further presented for increasing emphasis on the influence of the designer’s own gender and their gendered perceptions in their designs. Finally, the implication of gender-aware human-centered design would address the low levels of sun protection in young men.

Тенденції трансформації ринку праці в умовах формування цифрової економіки.

The article is devoted to the research of trends of transformation of the labor market in the conditions of formation of the digital economy. Signs of transformation of the world labor market are considered. The features of freelance development in the conditions of digital economy formation are investigated. An analysis of the global trends in freelancing is conducted. It is proven that nowadays freelancing has covered most of the countries of the world and is developing too fast. According to the results of SWOT analysis, the positive aspects of freelance for the freelancer are freedom of choice of work, saving time and being able to earn income above the region of residence of the person. However, such jobs can be unstable, with low levels of social protection and lack of career growth. A positive aspect for the customer is the reduction of costs associated with renting premises, expenses and office equipment and office, bonuses, allowances, social benefits and more. However, there may be problems with quality control of the freelancers’ work. The main problems of freelancers' social and labor relations are revealed, including wage unstable, social insecurity and discrimination. The article analyzes examples of regulating freelancers in some countries in Europe and the USA. It has been proven that it is necessary to improve the legal regulation of freelancing in labor law in order to determine the rights and obligations of the parties who enter into such relations.

Активізація інноваційного розвитку соціально орієнтованих економік Білорусі та України: проблеми та чинники

The purpose of the article is to study and highlight the main problems and factors characterizing the innovative development intensification in the socially oriented economies of Ukraine and Belarus, and to suggest the ways to eliminate the causes of hindering this intensification. Taking into account the correlation-regression analysis results and the characteristic features of the structural elements of the innovative development index of Ukraine in 2007-2017, we have identified the main problem and a significant factor hindering the innovative activity in the economy, namely, “innovative products sales in the industry”, i.e., the low level of commercialization of the scientific and technical activity results, caused by a low level of patent protection and patent research. The analysis of marketing and patent research in Ukraine shows the necessity to perform a number of the following tasks: 1) to adopt the national standard of Ukraine titled “Patent and Market Research”; 2) to introduce changes to the DSTU 35-75-97 “Patent Research. Basic Provisions and Procedure”, which is the national standard for implementing the process of patent and market research; 3) to adopt the Methodology for Patent and Market research; 4) to eliminate the hindrances for providing enterprises and organizations with modern market and marketing information. Emphasis has been placed on the imperfections in the methodology for evaluating the efficiency of projects related to the innovations implementation, which have recently attracted some interest from businesses. This primarily applies to licenses, as the right to use an invention, industrial design or license can become an object of transference in a specially defined area and during a specified period of time. A methodology for paying for license agreements (contracts, agreements) has been suggested, based on assessing the net present value received from implementing licenses, which determines the cost of licenses and operating costs paid to authors from the license income during the time agreed under the contract. This will intensify the businesses’ innovative activity and create appropriate conditions to develop the socially oriented economies of Belarus and Ukraine.

Проблеми фінансування сфери соціального захисту населення в Україні

The article explores the problems and prospects of further reforming and improving financial support for social protection of the population in Ukraine. The modern problems of financing the sphere of social protection of the population in Ukraine are identified and ways to overcome them are outlined. The analysis of expenses of the consolidated budget of Ukraine for education in 2010-2018 is carried out. It has been revealed that the most significant source of financing for healthcare institutions is the funds of state and local budgets, while funds received from other sources are only an additional financial resource. Therefore, the main form of financial support for the health sector is budget financing. It is determined that the source of financing social security is the budget and extrabudgetary sources. The types of sources of financing social security are given. It is proved that one of the significant obstacles to the effective implementation of social policy in our country is the insufficient level of its financial support, combined with the irrational planning, distribution and inefficient use of available financial resources. The dynamics of the size of the main state social standards of Ukraine in 2014-2019 is presented. An analysis of the data showed that the size of the minimum pension in Ukraine is several times less than the value of the minimum consumer basket, which is the basis for determining the level of the living wage and, in fact, the level of the living wage. Such an imbalance indicates an extremely low level of social protection of the country's population. A set of measures is proposed to solve the problems of financing the sphere of social protection of the population in Ukraine. The main directions of ensuring high-quality social protection of the population of Ukraine are determined.

Liberal transformation of healthcare in Russia and dynamics of motivation of professional activity of staff of state medical organizations

As the liberal transformation of healthcare in Russia is realized, the professional motivations manufacturers of medical services change, more than 70% of which indicate an unfair treatment of patients by them, as well as a low level of social and legal protection. Among a significant part of medical service providers, in the structure of motivations, external motivations begin to gain weight, and internal motivations tend to weaken. Among professional motivations, the desire to avoid criticism from the head or colleagues, as well as the desire to avoid possible punishments, is of paramount importance.

ТЕРМОМОДЕРНІЗАЦІЯ ОГОРОДЖУВАЛЬНИХ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ БУДІВЕЛЬ І СПОРУД

Urgency of the research. It is well known that most of the building envelopes are occupied by external walls, so their influence on the loss of heat by the building is the main one. Therefore, when using facade insulation systems, not only a high rate of thermal conductivity is ensured, but also a normal moisture-resistant mode of structures during operation, and hence comfortable conditions for people to live. As a rule, heat-insulating materials are used for thermal insulation of exterior walling, and in multilayer walling, heat-insulating materials are used as a heat-insulating layer. Target setting. When carrying out construction work, it should be borne in mind that the thermal modernization of buildings is a whole range of works aimed at rationalizing the heat engineering indicators of building envelopes, indicators of energy consumption by engineering systems and ensuring the energy efficiency of buildings at a level not lower than that established by the minimum requirements for energy efficiency. Actualscientific researches and issues analysis. The work reviewed the latest publications on this topic, which are presented in the public domain, including existing regulatory documents. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. A significant proportion of the currently existing buildings is characterized by an extremely low level of thermal protection and unacceptably high heat costs to maintain the necessary microclimate parameters. Among the main reasons for the low energy efficiency of buildings, there is a low level of thermal resistance of the main building structures. Therefore, in this scientific work, the task is to provide for a device of heat-reflecting thermal insulation between the heating devices and the outer wall and also the choice of heat-insulating material for building envelopes. The research objective. The purpose of this scientific work is to formulate measures for the modernization of building envelopes of buildings and structures based on a comprehensive analysis of space-planning, structural and engineering solutions, as well as for planning, organizing and conducting energy audits of existing buildings with the development of recommendations for improving the energy efficiency of relevant facilities. The statement of basic materials. The thermal insulation layer can be performed by various methods, depending on the type and density of the thermal insulation products. The geometrical parameters of the 22 building of the CNUT for energy protection of the building were determined, and on their basis the thermal engineering parameters of the building were calculated with the subsequent experimental determination of thermal imaging diagrams and their processing in the software package.

The Impact of Consumer Protection in the Digital Age: Evidence from the European Union

We investigate the effect of an EU-wide consumer protection regulation on consumer trust as well as consumer behavior. The Unfair Commercial Practice Directive (UCPD) was implemented by EU member states between 2007 and 2010. We utilize data from the Special and Flash Eurobarometer for the years between 2006 and 2014 and experts' evaluation on consumer protection levels before the introduction of the regulation. This rich data set allows us to apply a difference-in-difference estimator with multiple time periods. We find a significant relationship between the introduction of the UCPD and consumer trust and cross-border purchases for countries with a low consumer protection level before the introduction of the UCPD. The relationship increases over time and stays then relatively constant.

ПОТОЧНИЙ СТАН, ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ ПЛАТІЖНИХ СИСТЕМ В УКРАЇНІ

The basic prerequisites for the emergence of payment systems, their terminological definition and the main essence are analyzed. The importance of the role of payment systems in the development of the country's financial sector is emphasized. The legal framework for the functioning of payment systems in Ukraine, the tasks solved by payment systems and the requirements that modern payment systems must satisfy in order to be useful for all participants of the payment process and the economy of the country as a whole are outlined. Particularly emphasized is the important function of the payment systems they perform, namely the transmission of a flow of information that contains not only the details of the payment, but also, directly, the transfer of funds. The structure of the modern market of payment systems of Ukraine is outlined. Selected classification of payment systems operating in the Ukrainian market is a system of electronic payments of the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU EPS); card payment systems (NPC "Space", Mastercard, Visa, etc.) and funds transfer systems. The categories of payment systems that are entered in the register of the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) and which have the right to operate in the territory of our country are distinguished and characterized. The dynamics of the main indicators of the payment systems market for the period from 2017 to 2019 are estimated, the linear growth trend and average growth rates are determined. The key current market problems are identified, namely: monopolization of the national market by international payment systems (MPS); low level of protection of the rights of consumers of payment systems and the companies providing services; lack of financial and payment literacy of some categories of the population; insufficient development of technological payment infrastructure, etc. In view of the existing problems the ways of their solution and overcoming of obstacles are determined. Based on the analysis, the nearest prospects for the development of payment systems in Ukraine are determined. Significantly improved prospects for the future, as well as the ability to analyze the management and organizational aspects of the development of the process of managing payment systems in Ukraine, both in the power and the corporate technology, as well as in the industrial Victoria in the territory of Ukraine.

SOCIAL POTENTIAL OF HIGHER EDUCATION TEACHERS OF THE THIRD AGE: PROBLEMS AND NEW CHALLENGES

Introduction Russian teachers of the third age are a social group that is currently in a difficult and ambiguous situation. On the one hand, raising the retirement age in Russia sets them the task of further professional development. On the other hand, the level of professional requirements associated with increasing the competitiveness of Russian higher education in the global educational space is sharply increasing. The purpose of the article is to answer the question - how the accumulated social potential of the third age's teachers allows them to adapt to new conditions, to increase the level of competitiveness, to act as a factor in the development of the University teaching community and higher education in general. Materials and methods The article is based on the materials of research team in the Ural Federal University (2017-2019). The article uses quantitative data of the mass survey of teachers in the Ural Federal district, implemented by the method of questioning. The population is 51 University of the Ural Federal district. Quota sampling was implemented in the study. The volume of the teachers' sample is 810 people. Social community of the third age's teachers was 38.5% of the total sample. The results of research The social potential of University teachers was considered in the context of the following structural elements: professional qualification, innovation, cultural, civil. Teachers of the third age have higher professional and qualification potential (qualification and status characteristics) than other age groups. The innovative potential realized in research activity and educational process is also high. This applies to innovation activity implemented in research projects and scientific communication. Their cultural practices are quite diverse, and the activity of cultural consumption is even higher than that of colleagues of other age groups. Civic activity of the third age's teachers is manifested in various forms of public participation, implemented through interaction with authorities of different levels and public organizations. The specificity of their civic activity is the implementation of expert functions that require high qualification, which has this group of teachers. At the same time, the teaching community of the third age notes the lack of sufficient institutional conditions for effective development, manifested primarily in the low level of social protection in the professional sphere. General conclusions University teachers of the third age have sufficient adaptive potential in the new challenges of the social environment. At the same time, the basic problem of their development is the creation of institutional conditions for professional activities and the effective realization of their social potential. Keywords Educational reforms, university teachers, teaching community, public participation, higher education, third age

Unstable angina in female smokers: features of clinical course and treatment optimization

The aim — to improve the diagnosis and treatment of unstable angina (UA) in female smokers based on the study of clinical features, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction and their relationship.Materials and methods. 225 women were examined, including 150 patients with UA (group I) and 75 women of comparable age without signs of coronary heart disease (group II). The groups identified subgroups A (smokers) and B (non‑smokers). The main risk factors were identified: arterial hypertension (AH), diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia (DLP), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoproteins A1 (ApoA1) and apolipoproteins B (ApoB), C‑reactive protein (C‑RP), fibrinogen, transforming growth factor (TGF‑b2), endothelin‑1 (ET‑1), endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), malondialdehyde, ceruloplasmin. To assess the influence of risk factors on the development of UA, a multivariate correlation and regression analysis was performed using the Fisher criterion. To study the effectiveness of quercetin in the standard treatment complex of UA in women with/without a smoker status, an analysis of the dynamics of its clinical course, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and systemic inflammation, markers of endothelial dysfunction and lipid peroxidation was conducted on the 1st and 10th day of treatment.Results and discussion. In smoking women with UA compared with women of a similar age without coronary heart disease, incidence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, DLP and obesity, combination of ≥ 3 risk factors (84.9 and 62.5 %) and ≥ 5 risk factors (34.9 and 13.9 %), statistically significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, ApoB, the ratio of ApoB/ApoA1 and low levels of HDL cholesterol and ApoA1 was recorded 1.4 — 2.5 times more often. The severity of these disorders was directly proportional to the intensity of smoking. In female smokers, the presence of UA was associated (p < 0.05) with DLP (OXS > 4 mmol (relative risk (RR) — 12.02, 95 % confidence interval (CI) — 8.12 — 16.32), LDL cholesterol > 1.8 mmol/l (RR 9.32; 95 % CI 6.13 — 12.56), HDL cholesterol < 1.2 mmol/l (RR 3.91; 95 % CI 2.12 — 5.45)), hypertension (RR 3.49; 95 % CI 2.96 — 4.25), endothelial dysfunction (ET‑1 > 7.87 pg/ml (RR 7.44; 95 % CI 2.89 — 6.21), eNOS < 180 pg/ml (RR 3.42; 95 % CI 2.16 — 4.78), TGF‑b2 < 168 pg/ml (RR 4.13; 95 % CI 2.78 — 5.92)), activity of systemic inflammation and peroxidation (C‑RP > 3 mg/l (RR 3.62; 95 % CI 2.15 — 4.56), malondialdehyde > 0.45 nmol/mg (RR 2.89; 95 % CI 1.55 — 3.91), ceruloplasmin > 380 mg/(l · h) (RR 2.34; 95 % CI 1.46 — 3.25)). Smoking women with UA, unlike women who do not smoke, showed a strong multiple correlation between TGF‑b2, ET‑1 and smoking (R = 0.60, p = 0.000003). A high predicted risk of developing UA with tobacco smoking > 12 years, ET‑1 > 30 pg/ml, TGF‑b2 < 145 pg/ml, body mass index > 30 kg/m2 and C‑RP > 14 mg/l was established. In women smokers who were additionally prescribed quercetin, a statistically significantly (1.4 — 1.7 times) positive dynamics of the above indicators was recorded both in comparison with smokers who received only the recommended therapy and non‑smokers who were prescribed quercetin.Conclusions. The development of unstable angina in female smokers occurs under conditions of a high activity of systemic inflammation and free radical oxidation and a low level of endothelial protection. Quercetin as part of standard therapy improves the treatment of unstable angina in female smokers.

CRIMINAL AND LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY FOR MEDICINES: PROBLEMS OF JUDICIAL PROTECTION

The socio-economic, political and legal situation of Ukraine is burdened by a military-armed conflict, a regime of martial law in its certain regions, and in general, intensifies the actualization of the protective function of the state in all spheres of vital activity of society, and especially in the sphere of ensuring the human right to life and health.The heart of modern state policy of Ukraine is based on the European and international vector of state development, its main institutions, including legal ones, which are reflected in the strategies, concepts, programs of development and covered by the reforms that are carried out in our country. The prerequisites for economical, politicaland social stability in our country today are the guarantee of economic security of the state, and one of its directions are the ensuring of criminal protection of intellectual property, whose objects, through their profitability, attract the attention of the criminal world and become the object of criminal encroachment. Crimes against intellectual property rights for medicinal products combine economic and intellectual property crimes, which further complicate the organization of counteraction to them, both from the point of view of criminal prosecution and the use of organizational, administrativeand criminal measures to prevent them. The competitive environment that is characteristic of a market economy is due to an urgent need for the security and protection of intellectual property rights for medicines as a vital object of intellectual property right that ensures the fundamental human right to life and health. The role of criminaljustice and the institute of judicial protection of intellectual property rights for medicines is conditioned by the real needs of society in legal protection. Today it can be argued that intellectual property rights for medicines have both a low level of legal protection and problems of judicial protection, that is, a practical realization of these rights. In view of the organizational and legal obstacles, the newly created The High Court of Intellectual Property in Ukraine for several years have never started its work, which in turn creates obstacles to the protection of intellectual property rights in court. In the field of criminal law, further active research today requires the study of objects of intellectual property rights as objects of criminal law protection in order to create proper protection of them by the rules of criminal law and to provide the legal basis for the activity of The High Court of Intellectual property.

The implications for conservation of a major taxonomic revision of the world’s birds

AbstractA recent comprehensive revision of the taxonomy that underpins the global IUCN Red List for birds led to an increase of 10.7% (over 1000 species) in the number of recognized bird species. We assessed the implications for conservation of this revision by (1) comparing extinction risk between newly recognized and unrevised species, (2) calculating the extent to which newly recognized species’ ranges are covered by Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) and protected areas, and (3) identifying new hotspots of extinction risk, where high numbers of newly recognized threatened species intersect areas of low protected area coverage. Unexpectedly, newly recognized species derived from taxonomic division (splitting) were on average significantly less threatened in terms of their IUCN global threat categories than species whose taxonomic status remained unchanged, despite their significantly smaller mean range size. Newly recognized species listed as globally threatened had higher average coverage of their ranges by IBAs and protected areas than their pre‐revision ‘parents’, although 25 and 21 species had no coverage by IBAs or protected areas respectively. The absolute number of globally threatened species increased slightly overall, particularly in Java and the Philippines, already recognized as hotspots of extinction risk, and in eastern Amazonia, which emerged as a new hotspot of extinction risk. All three regions have low levels of protection and should be prioritized for expansion of the protected area network. Our results suggest that while major taxonomic revisions may lead to an increase in the absolute number of species requiring conservation attention, they do not necessarily lead to a rise in average extinction risk, a decrease in the coverage of species’ ranges by site‐level conservation designations or a significant increase in the number of priority areas for conservation investment.

Efficacy of the AS04-Adjuvanted HPV16/18 Vaccine: Pooled Analysis of the Costa Rica Vaccine and PATRICIA Randomized Controlled Trials.

The AS04-adjuvanted HPV16/18 (AS04-HPV16/18) vaccine provides excellent protection against targeted human papillomavirus (HPV) types and a variable degree of cross-protection against others, including types 6/11/31/33/45. High efficacy against any cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or greater (CIN3+; >90%) suggests that lower levels of protection may exist for a wide range of oncogenic HPV types, which is difficult to quantify in individual trials. Pooling individual-level data from two randomized controlled trials, we aimed to evaluate AS04-HPV16/18 vaccine efficacy against incident HPV infections and cervical abnormalities . Data were available from the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial (NCT00128661) and Papilloma Trial Against Cancer in Young Adults trial (NCT00122681), two large-scale, double-blind randomized controlled trials of the AS04-HPV16/18 vaccine. Primary analyses focused on disease-free women with no detectable cervicovaginal HPV at baseline. A total of 12 550 women were included in our primary analyses (HPV arm = 6271, control arm = 6279). Incidence of 6-month persistent oncogenic and nononcogenic infections, excluding known and accepted protected types 6/11/16/18/31/33/45 (focusing on 34/35/39/40/42/43/44/51/52/53/54/56/58/59/66/68/73/70/74), was statistically significantly lower in the HPV arm than in the control arm (efficacy = 9.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7% to 17.4%). Statistically significant efficacy (P < .05) was observed for individual oncogenic types 16/18/31/33/45/52 and nononcogenic types 6/11/53/74. Efficacy against cervical abnormalities (all types) increased with severity, ranging from 27.7% (95% CI = 21.7% to 33.3%) to 58.7% (95% CI = 34.1% to 74.7%) for cytologic outcomes (low-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia lesion or greater, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia lesion or greater, respectively) and 66.0% (95% CI = 54.4% to 74.9%) to 87.8% (95% CI = 71.1% to 95.7%) for histologic outcomes (CIN2+ and CIN3+, respectively). Comparing Costa Rica Vaccine Trial and Papilloma Trial Against Cancer in Young Adults results, there was no evidence of heterogeneity, except for type 51 (efficacy = -28.6% and 20.7%, respectively; two-sided P = .03). The AS04-HPV16/18 vaccine provides some additional cross-protection beyond established protected types, which partially explains the high efficacy against CIN3+.

Development of a mathematical model of scrambler-type speech-like interference generator for system of prevent speech information from leaking via acoustic and vibration channels

The protection of speech information is one of the main tasks of information protection and is a sign of a responsible attitude of an organization (company) both to its information resources and respect for partners. The object of research is the process of protecting speech information from leakage by acoustic and vibrational technical channels at the objects of information activity. An exceptional feature of such facilities is the circulation, processing and discussion of issues containing information of limited access, including state secrets. A peculiarity of Ukraine is the requirement to use exclusively technical means that have passed the relevant certification at such facilities. The basis of the active noise jamming system is a noise generator. At the same time, one of the most problematic issues is that in Ukraine only noise interference generators of the “white” noise type and its clones are allowed to be used. The systems have a number of significant drawbacks – the low protection level of intercepted speech signals from noise filtering (interference), a significant noise level in the premises to be protected, and others. A block diagram of an interference generator is proposed. And its mathematical model is also developed and researched in Matlab. In the course of the research, a comparative analysis of the signals input and synthesized by the generator was carried out, their temporal and spectral characteristics were investigated. The obtained results indicate the high efficiency of the proposed method of protecting speech information. This is due to the fact that the method of forming a speech-like interference has a number of features that provide a significant destructive effect on speech information, namely the use of a combined scrambler model with time and frequency transforms. The method takes into account the use of dynamic keys for coding systems, and the connection of third-party sources of speech signals, as well as ringing (mixing of the input and output signals) at the input of the scrambling unit. This decision excludes reengineering. The results are confirmed by the research of an experimental sample. The destructive effect of typical noise interference ( « white » noise and its clones) and the noise interference created by the proposed method are compared by the criterion of residual speech intelligibility of the speaker’s speech. Studies have shown that, provided that no more than 10 % of the level of residual intelligibility is provided, the volume level of the output signal of the noise interference generator can be reduced by almost 6 dBA.