Lower Levels Of Health Research Articles

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERSONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE OF WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF UNSUCCESSFUL IVF ATTEMPTS

Currently, the demographic situation in modern Russia is not clear. The decline in the nation's reproductive potential is due to negative social trends and the low level of health of women of childbearing age. It is obvious that centralized measures are needed in this situation. A number of authors point to the relevance of the development of psychological assistance to women with infertility, including IVF treatment. However, the system of psychosocial care for women receiving IVF remains underdeveloped. This study is devoted to identifying features of mental States, personal and reactive anxiety in women with a history of unsuccessful IVF attempts. The sociological research was carried out by the method of active questioning of women on special tests. The level of personal and situational anxiety was determined by the Hanin-spielberger tests. The presence of anxiety and depressive reactions at the stage of preparation for treatment should be an indication.

Evaluation of temporal and spatial changes of global ecosystem health

AbstractUnderstanding the spatial distribution pattern and driving factors behind ecosystem health is beneficial to ecosystem management and restoration. However, the literature shows little in‐depth exploration of regional heterogeneity and the factors that influence ecosystem health on a global scale. This study assesses global ecosystem health for the period 2000–2015 based on the vigor, organization, resilience, and service (VORS) model, and it explores the factors that influence regional differences in ecosystem health. Our results show that: (a) regions with high levels of ecosystem health are distributed mainly near the Equator and within the north–south regression line (0°N–13°N, 0°S–18°S); (b) seven critical zones with high levels of ecosystem health are identified (13°N–18°S, 45°N–65°N, 35°S–56°S, 47°W–80°W, 120°W–130°W, 8°E–37°E, 92°E–157°E); and (c) average annual precipitation and soil moisture play a key role in ecosystem health globally, with correlations of 0.574 and 0.399, respectively. Socioeconomic factors act as bridges, linking and reinforcing the influence of other factors in areas with medium to low levels of ecosystem health. Our study contributes to better understanding of ecosystem health, fills gaps in global ecosystem health diagnosis, and provides reference points for management and recovery of ecosystems.

THE MENTAL HEALTH OF FIRST- AND FINAL-YEAR PRECLINICAL MEDICAL STUDENTS

Background: Medical students consistently have higher rates of mental health problems, these include higher levels of stress, anxiety, and burnout, alongside low levels of overall health, and energy. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and the factors influencing the mental health of first- and final-year preclinical students in Unika Atma Jaya.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on all first-year preclinical students (196 respondents) and all final-year preclinical students (115 respondents) using Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ). Data were then analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, chi square, and Fisher’s exact test.Results: 95 out of 196 (48.5%) of first-year students and 22 out of 115 (19.1%) of final-year students have SRQ score of ³6. Mental health of first-year students were found to be related to their religion and personal life events. Meanwhile factors affecting the mental health of final-year students were their motivation in enrolling to medical school and personal life events.Conclusion: There is a significant difference of mental health in first- and final-year students (48.5% and 19.1%). This may be related to their religion, personal life events, and their motivation in enrolling to medical school. Keywords: mental health, medical students, self reporting questionnaire

Health- and skill-related physical fitness profile of Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review

Since 1994, the Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-Br) battery tests has been used to evaluate health- and skill-related physical fitness among aged 6-17 Brazilian schoolchildren. The aim of this study was to delineate the Brazilian children and youth’s physical fitness profile from a systematic review over studies that used the PROESP-Br proposal. The search was carried at PubMed, ScienceDirect, Lilacs, SciELO and Google Scholar. Original studies published between 1994 and 2017 about physical fitness (health and/or motor performance) with schoolchildren (children and/or adolescents) that used the PROESP-Br battery test were included. A total of 13.582 participants were evaluated to health-related fitness and 276 to skill-related fitness from 18 included studies. The methodological quality was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale adapted version. The results show that 27-30% of youngsters are at health “risk zone” for Body Mass Index (BMI), 70% for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), 50% and 65% for flexibility (FLEX) and muscular strength (MST), respectively. The data concerning skill-related fitness were inconsistent. In summary, the results suggest that Brazilian children and adolescents have low cardiovascular health level (BMI/CRF), mainly regarding CRF, and low muscle health level (FLEX/MST). We emphasize that the lack of studies regarding skill-related fitness, make it impossible to describe the profile of the components of this construct.

Roma Health: An Overview of Communicable Diseases in Eastern and Central Europe.

The Roma are Europe’s largest minority. They are also one of its most disadvantaged, with low levels of education and health and high levels of poverty. Research on Roma health often reveals higher burdens of disease in the communities studied. This paper aims to review the literature on communicable diseases among Roma across Eastern and Central Europe. A PubMed search was carried out for communicable diseases among Roma in these parts of Europe, specifically in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and North Macedonia. The papers were then screened for relevance and utility. Nineteen papers were selected for review; most of them from Slovakia. Roma continue to have a higher prevalence of communicable diseases and are at higher risk of infection than the majority populations of the countries they live in. Roma children in particular have a particularly high prevalence of parasitic disease. However, these differences in disease prevalence are not present across all diseases and all populations. For example, when Roma are compared to non-Roma living in close proximity to them, these differences are often no longer significant.

Awareness and prevention of covid-19 infection among rural populations

COVID infection is the current pandemic outbreak which is a global emergency in more than 150 countries. This has bought the entire nation to a halt. Health officials and medical professionals are strugglingto prevent the transmission of this highly contagious disease. Awarenessof the current outbreak is essential. Risk ofspreading the virus is heightened in rural areas. Reasons for high chances in such areas are due to a number of factors, limited supply of clean water and limited availability of food. Low level of nutrients, ill-equipped and insufficient public health and district hospitals. The survey was distributed online to around 100 participants of various rural areas of Tamil , and the inclusive criteria were age, sex, presence of Medical conditions and awareness on COVID infections, mode of transmission and if any preventive measures were used by them. The results reveal that around 98% of the study population are aware and have enough knowledge about the virus, and 2% of individuals show a lack of awareness. High preventive measures were adopted by the people, like social distancing, covering faces with masks and not touching their faces often. The study concludes that there is awareness of COVID and it’s prevention among the people of the rural areas. Wide preventive measures are taken to control the spread of the infection. Also, there is a high awareness of the symptoms seen in suffering patients.

ВПЛИВ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ КОРЕКЦІЇ НЕГАТИВНИХ ПСИХІЧНИХ СТАНІВ СТУДЕНТІВ ЗАСОБАМИ ОЗДОРОВЧОГО ФІТНЕСУ НА ЇХ ФІЗИЧНИЙ СТАН

Мета дослідження. З’ясувати ефективність технології корекції негативних психічних станів студентів засобами оздоровчого фітнесу. Методи дослідження. Для визначення стану рухових здібностей та фізичної підготовленості студентів використовувалась батарея тестів К. Зухори. Рівень фізичного здоров’я визначали за експрес-оцінкою рівня фізичного (соматичного) здоров’я Г.Л. Апанасенка. Результати. У результаті експерименту значно покращився рівень СЗ студентів педагогічних спеціальностей ЕГ. Зокрема зміни були пов’язані із зниженням на 35,42 % і 18,75 % часток студентів з низьким і нижче середнім рівнями СЗ та збільшенням на 43,75 % їх частки з середнім рівнем (χ2 = 39,58; Р < 0,01). Слід відзначити також, що 10,42 % та 2,08 % студентів ЕГ мали вище середнього та високий рівні соматичного здоров’я відповідно. У КГ кількість студентів з низьким рівнем соматичного здоров’я зросла на 4,26 % за рахунок відповідного зменшення таких з середнім та вище середнього рівнями, що відповідало загальній тенденції щодо рівня здоров’я студентської молоді.У студентів ЕГ суттєво покращився інтегральний показник фізичної підготовленості. Мінімальний рівень фізичної підготовленості мали 2,08 % студентів проти 27,08 % до експерименту, задовільний – 52,08 % проти 54,17 %, добрий та дуже добрий рівні фізичної підготовленості мали 39,58 % та 4,17 % відповідно. Слід зазначити, що у 2,08 % студентів виявлено високий рівень фізичної підготовленості, чого не спостерігалося до експерименту (χ2 = 16,84; Р < 0,01). Проведені дослідження засвідчують позитивний вплив технології корекції негативних психічних станів студентів з використанням оздоровчих технологій на показники психічного та фізичного стану студентів педагогічних спеціальностей.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON SELECTED SECTORS TOWARDS ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MALAYSIA

Government expenditure plays an important role in the country’s economic growth. Budget allocations through the annual budget presented have their strategies to ensure that the allocated budget can improve the growth and development in Malaysia and also can be enjoyed by all Malaysian. The government’s expenditure has contributed to the expansion of this country’s development from various sectors. However, there are various problems involving government expenditure such as low level of health, homeless poor people, weak public transportation and illegal immigrants. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between government expenditure on health, education, housing, transportation and defence sectors towards economic growth. The data used is secondary data from 1980-2017 for 38 years from the Department of Statistics, Malaysia and World Bank Data. The method used in this study is Descriptive Analysis and Autoregressive Distributed Lagged Model (ARDL). The result showed that economic growth and government expenditure on health, education, transportation, and defence has a long-run relationship. Therefore, the government should increase more expenditure on crucial sectors such as education, transportation, defence and health that will strengthen economic growth in the long run.

Клінічні аспекти у жінок із порушеннями менструальної функції у пубертатний період

The reproductive system is exposed to various adverse factors and harmful effects at all stages of the functioning of the body. Against the background of a decrease in the level of reproductive female health in recent years, there is a clear tendency towards an increase in the number of patients with pathology of the puberty period. The low level of somatic and reproductive health before pregnancy causes a high frequency of complicated births, which leads to a deterioration in the development of subsequent generations. The objective: based on clinical and anamnestic data, laboratory and instrumental methods of research, analysis of risk factors, clinical presentation, treatment effectiveness and clinical observation, to give a clinical description of women who had menstrual dysfunction in the pubertal period. Materials and methods. According to the nature of the violations, the main group of women (n=210) who had a pathology of menstrual function in the puberty period was divided into 3 subgroups (n=70): the first – women with primary oligomenorrhea and timely average population menarche, the second – with a late age menarche, the third – with puberty bleeding. The control group included women (n=70) with the correct rhythm of menstruation in puberty. Results. During a clinical prospective study, the social status of women with impaired reproductive function in the puberty was analyzed, the frequency and structure of existing concomitant somatic diseases, the duration of the menstrual cycle, the nature of diseases of the female genital organs; an assessment of the complex treatment of the revealed violations was made, which allowed to obtain a favorable reproductive prognosis. Most of the women examined (53.3%) planned a pregnancy, which occurred in 75.9% of those planning. Conclusion. A study of the clinical and anamnestic analysis of the reproductive function of women with menstrual irregularities in the puberty period will increase the effectiveness of the treatment of identified disorders and develop algorithms for the management of such women during planning and during pregnancy. Keywords: puberty, menarche, oligomenorrhea, puberty bleeding, luteal phase insufficiency, pregnancy.

Self-assessed health among older people in Europe and internet use

BackgroundAbout ten years ago, an age-related digital divide was identified, where ‘the elderly’ denoted a group of people at risk of losing the benefits of a digital society. The aims of this work are to find a relationship between self-assessed health and internet use by older people in European countries and to ascertain whether this relationship differs in countries with a more developed eHealth policy. Materials and methodsAn ordered logistic regression is estimated for all countries in the sample and for two countries subsets which differ in their eHealth performance. Individual data is collected by SHARE. The classifying criterion of eHealth performance is based on the ‘eHealth’ policy dimension of the indicator used to construct the Digital Economy and Society Index. The average marginal effects are computed for the variable of internet use. ResultsResults show that older people who use the internet tend to report better health status. This relationship however may not hold for low levels of health and it is stronger in countries with low eHealth performance. ConclusionPolicy measures on eHealth not only contribute to people’s health but also help to alleviate critical situations such as the one created by the Covid-19 pandemic.

Analysis of the state of physical health of capoeiristas aged 22-35 years

The formation of a health culture is an integral part of the social policy that is pursued in the country. At the same time, it should be noted that despite the considerable attention of the state and scientists to health issues, still this problem is not solved properly. An analysis of recent scientific studies has shown that there is a lot of the health status research of schoolchildren, students and of the first adult age women, but the somatic health of the 22-35 years men is hardly investigated by scientists. Purpose of the study: to analyze the somatic health of the 22-35 years capoeirists. Research methods: analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature; pedagogical observation; pedagogical experiment; assessment of somatic health by the method of G.L. Apanasenko; methods of mathematical statistics. Organization of research. The studies were conducted at the Capoeira school "RABO DE ARRAIA", Dnipro. The study involved 27 first adult age men who are engaged in capoeira training. Research results. According to the general estimation of the first adult age men`s somatic health level by the method of G.L. Apanasenko, 69.2% of that men had a low health levels. Only 15.4% of men have the somatic health indicators that are average. The positive impact of physical activity on improving the level of somatic health has been proven by scientists. Improving the men`s health by the physical education means opens up opportunities for managing of the capoeirists` health, and therefore there is a need to develop a fi tness program for the 22-35 years aged men, engaged in capoeira training. Further research prospects: Development of a capoeira`s classes fitness program for the 22-35 years old men, according to their physical condition`s level.

THE ROLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE FORMATION OF STUDENTS’ HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

The article analyzes the problem of forming a healthy lifestyle of students. The current approach to deteriorating youth health encourages the search for new ways to generate positive motivation for a healthy lifestyle and scientific research.
 According to the literature data analysis, less than 15 % of students are considered healthy, 70 % of them have low and below-average levels of physical health, more than half (52.6 %) of them have different morphofunctional abnormalities, 36–40 % have chronic non-infectious diseases, which complicate the process of adaptation to physical and mental activity, impede learning lecture material as well as effective training at universities.
 The aim of the research was to evaluate and analyze the components of a healthy lifestyle of students and on this basis to determine approaches to the introduction of health-saving technologies in the educational process of higher schools.
 A survey of students revealed a lack of understanding of the simplest aspects of health care and an inability to assess one’s level of health adequately. 53 students (39.5 %) consider themselves healthy; 38 students (28.3 %) adhere to healthy lifestyles; and only 9 % of students regularly do physical exercises and sports. Only 25 % of them follow the diet. 82 % of students were well informed about the negative impact of bad habits on their health, but 66 % of respondents smoked cigarettes, including 43 % of women. 90 % of students occasionally consume alcoholic beverages, of whom 14 % often consume, and 8 % do not consume. Most of the respondents are confident in the absolute harmlessness of beer, which ranks the first place in the structure of alcoholic beverages consumed by students. But only 9 % of students regularly do physical exercises and sports.
 Therefore, the priority goals of the modern stage of higher education modernization should be the preservation and strengthening of students’ health, the formation of value orientations, their awareness of the importance of a healthy lifestyle, the introduction of health-saving technologies into the educational process, as significant components in achieving career and life success of youths.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUSTAINABLE NEED-MOTIVATION ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS TO PHYSICAL AND SPORT ACTIVITIES

The aim of the research is to substantiate the place and role of the need-motivation factor in the structure of personal professional activity and its influence on the development of value orientation in the process of physical culture and sport activities (PCSA). Methods and organization of the research. In our research we used the following methods: theoretical analysis of literary sources and educational programs of universities, conversation, questionnaires, and pedagogical observations. The study was conducted on the basis of the Saint Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions during the academic year. The survey involved 100 students of 2nd year of study. Research results. The research revealed needs, main motives and factors determining the degree of students' involvement in PCSA. The authors demonstrated the role of communication in solving educational problems. The analysis of literary sources revealed the need-motivation attitude of students to PCSA. We have found that one of the reasons for the low level of physical fitness and poor health is the lack of stable motives, interests and needs in systematic PCSA. The issue of improving physical fitness of students requires a well-grounded approach forwarding the educational process towards the comprehensive development of the personality on the basis of a motivational-value attitude to PCSA. Conclusion. Personal demand for the PCSA determines its focus on achieving a goal and acquires a motivation factor when it is recognized by the subject as an opportunity to satisfy a desire. Sustainability of the motivational-value attitude of students to PCSA is largely ensured by the use of stimulating organizational and methodological measures in the educational process. The use of visuals and electronic resources in combination with summing up the results of sport events and rewarding the best sport teams and athletes contribute to enhancing students' motivational-value attitude to PCSA.

Репродуктивне здоров’я жінок, які мали порушення менструальної функції у пубертатний період

The woman’s health and its integral component – reproductive health – are largely determined by the conditions of her development in the womb, during the neonatal period, childhood, and adolescence. The article provides an analysis of modern research on the relationship of reproductive dysfunction since its inception, where there is a clear tendency to increase the number of patients with puberty pathology. The low level of somatic and reproductive health before pregnancy causes a high frequency of complicated births, leading to a deterioration in the development of subsequent generations. The woman’s reproductive system is the most dynamic biological object, which is extremely sensitive to adverse external and internal factors by the emergence of new adaptive reactions that acquire, under certain conditions, the properties of the pathological process. At the same time, many issues of the pathogenesis of fertility disorders have not been fully studied and remain controversial. Accordingly, not only the development of informative methods for assessing the state of the reproductive system, but also the problem of restoring reproductive health are becoming increasingly important. In such conditions, to improve the indicators of female reproductive health at all stages of its formation, it is necessary to improve and optimize the provision of gynecological and obstetric care. Keywords: reproductive health, menstrual function, puberty, menstrual disorders, pubertal uterine bleeding, amenorrhea, pathological birth.

Levels and determinants of health literacy and patient activation among multi-morbid COPD people in rural Nepal: Findings from a cross-sectional study.

Health literacy (HL) and patient activation (PA) are necessary foundations to engage patients in self-management intervention. Each concept plays a unique role in improving access to the effective self-management of chronic disease. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the levels and determinants of HL and PA among the multi-morbid COPD patients in Nepal. We conducted interviews with a simple random sample of 238 multi-morbid COPD people from July 2018 to January 2019. The questionnaire included sociodemographic profiles, five domains of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ), 13-item Patient Activation Measure (PAM) and patient's illness perception by Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the associations. Most people with COPD had low health levels across each of the five domains of the HLQ. The proportion of people with low literacy level across each of the domains was: (i) feeling understood and supported by healthcare providers (79.0%), (ii) having sufficient information to manage my own health (76.5%), (iii) social support for health (77.3%), (iv) ability to find the good health information (75.2%), and (v) understand the health information well enough to know what to do (74.8%), respectively. The majority of patients also reported low levels of patient activation (level 1: 81.5%; level 2: 11.8%), with only 6.7% (level 3: 5%; level 4: 1.7%) reported higher patient activation level. We found significant associations between poor HL levels in the HLQ domains and having no education, being female or from Indigenous and Dalits communities, and having a monthly family income of less than USD176. Having no education and poor illness perception were significantly associated with poor activation level on PAM scale. A high proportion of multi-morbid COPD peoples had low levels of HL and were less activated than what would be required to self-manage COPD. These were in turn associated with socioeconomic factors and poor illness perception. The findings from this study are being used to design a COPD self-management program tailored to the low health literate population.

Measurement and space-time evolution of health level under constraint of environmental pollution, China: 2002-2016.

China's massive energy consumption and low energy efficiency have caused severe environmental pollution and posed great threat to the national health level. The general occurrence of health complications caused by cumulative environmental pollution in China is on the rise. This paper attempts to shed light on the evolutionary trajectory of health level in China under the constraint of environmental pollution. Firstly, on the basis of environmental pressure and environmental elasticity, an evaluation system of environmental pollution is constructed, and China's environmental pollution level is obtained with combination evaluation method. An evaluation system for measuring health level is proposed based on three dimensions of health, namely health foundation, health behavior and environment, and health protection. To avoid possible bias caused by neglecting environmental pollution in estimating health level and emphasize the health depletion by environmental pollution, this paper adopts pollution levels to correct health levels. Finally, an analysis is made concerning the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of health level on the basis on the Theil index and spatial distribution map. The results reveal three facts: (1) Environmental pollution level in China is lowering with improvement in environmental quality; (2) The overall health level in China is rising, but the local health level is deteriorating; and (3) The spatial distribution of the health level is characterized by unbalance. From the perspective of difference, intra-regional difference is greater than inter-regional difference. The health level difference between the provinces in the same region is the main contribution to the overall difference. In terms of spatial distribution, the lower health level is mainly concentrated in the north, while the higher health level is found in the southern provinces and parts of the western provinces.

EDUCATIONAL PROCESS AND HEALTH OF MEDICAL UNIVERSITY TEACHERS

Introduction. University pedagogical activity and unfavorable factors typical for the educational process have a negative impact on the health and contribute to the morbidity of teachers Objective. To evaluate the influence of occupational activity on the resistance of the body of medical school teachers. Material and Methods. Objects of study: teachers of Karaganda Medical University of three age categories (up to 30 years, 30-49 years and 50 years or more). An analysis of the incidence was carried out on sheets of temporary disability. The sociological survey was conducted on the questionnaires to assess the preventive, medical activity and self-assessment of the teachers’ own health. Statistical processing was made with the use of Statistica 8.0. Results. The incidence rate of university professors with temporary disability due to underestimated cases of diseases was revealed to be hidden (latent) in nature. A questionnaire survey revealed that 66.6% ÷ 85.0% of respondents had health problems. Only half of the respondents (55.6 ÷ 45.7%) rated their state of health as good, but this rating decreased with age (21.9%). According to nosology, in the structure of diseases among teachers of medical schools in the second and third age groups (30-49 years and 50 years and more), diseases of the cardiovascular system (52.6% and 61.9%, respectively), the musculoskeletal system (55.3% and 47.6%), the digestive system (36.4% ÷ 42.9%). The main reasons for the low level of health and the high incidence of medical teachers were: insufficient physical activity, poor nutrition, insufficient attention to their own health, failure to comply with treatment-and-prophylactic recommendations, self-treatment. Conclusion. An assessment of the resistance of an organism of university teachers in terms of incidence rates with a temporary disability, based on disability records, cannot be a reliable criterion. Using sociological methods of a questionnaire survey allows getting reliable information about the true incidence rates, identifying the causes of their growth, and can also be a related tool in the development of medical and preventive measures aimed at preserving the health of university teachers.

The subjective well-being effect of public goods provided by village collectives: Evidence from China.

Village collectives are important providers of rural public goods in developing countries with dual urban-rural structures. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between the public goods provided by village collectives and the subjective well-being (SWB) of rural residents. This study aims to fill that gap. Based on the 2014 round of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) survey data, this study estimates an ordered logit model of a SWB function to examine the role of the public goods provided by village collectives. The results indicate that village collectives’ provision of public goods has a significantly positive effect on the SWB of rural residents by promoting the dual growth of household income and consumption. Village collectives’ public expenditures on production, education, and public services also positively affect the SWB of rural residents. The public goods provided by village collectives have a significantly positive effect on the SWB of young and middle-aged rural residents but not on the SWB of elderly rural residents. Finally, rural residents with low levels of education and health obtain more SWB effects than do residents with high levels.

KAJIAN GEOGRAFI EKONOMI: STUDI KASUS KONDISI SOSIAL EKONOMI MASYARAKAT SUKU BAJO DI POPAYATO, GORONTALO

The purpose of this study was to analyze the conditions and forms of social and economic interaction of the Bajo people in Pohuwato Regency. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach. The results showed that the social and economic conditions of the Bajo tribe had a low level of health and education in the Torosiaje Jaya and Bumi Bahari villages. In the village of Torosiaje, the level of environmental awareness is still lacking. In terms of work, they work as fishermen, the income is higher in the Torosiaje Village compared to the income in the Torosiaje Jaya Village and Bumi Bahari Village, which is classified as poor. The social-economic characteristics of the Bajo in the Torosiaje village in terms of education and health are still low. While income is high. In the village of Torosiaje Jaya in terms of education and health is low. But environmental awareness is high. Some work as fishermen and some choose other workers. Her income is low and belongs to the poor category. In the village of Bumi Bahari in terms of education and health is still low. But environmental awareness is high. Some work as fishermen, some choose other jobs. Income is low and belongs to the poor category. The social interaction carried out by the Bajo is generally good. With the characteristics of rural interaction that relies on cooperation and mutual help to help fellow Bajo and Bajo tribes with the surrounding community.

Evaluating prevalence of depression, anxiety and hopelessness in patients with Vitiligo on an Iranian population

IntroductionVitiligo is caused by partial or complete destruction of melanocytes in the affected skin area and influences the patient’s quality of life. Besides physical involvement, vitiligo patients experience a high level of stress. Depression and Anxiety are common psychiatric disorders in vitiligo patients.AimThis study, as the first study, evaluates hopelessness, anxiety, depression and general health of vitiligo patients in comparison with normal controls in an Iranian population.MethodHundred patients with vitiligo and hundred healthy controls were examined. General health, depression, hopelessness and anxiety were evaluated based on general health questionnaire. Anxiety, depression and hopelessness levels were analyzed using Chi–Square, and the mean value of general health was evaluated through t-test.ResultsThe results showed that anxiety and hopelessness levels were significantly higher in vitiligo patients than those who are in healthy controls. This significant difference refers to high levels of anxiety and hopelessness among women with vitiligo.It was also found that the single patients were more anxious, hopeless and depressive, while the married patients were only more anxious and hopeless than those who are in the control group, respectively.General health of patients was significantly worse than in healthy controls. The low level of general health in patients was related to poorer level of general health among women with vitiligo.ConclusionIt seems that women with vitiligo are more mentally stressed than men with vitiligo. Both singles and married vitiligo patients suffer from anxiety and hopelessness.