Low Levels Of Formal Education Research Articles

Praktik Budi Daya Padi Berwawasan Ekologis: Kasus di Indramayu

Climate change affects the agricultural sector, which has an impact on droughts or floods. Ecological agriculture is expected to be an adaptation method for reducing losses due to climate change. This study aims to describe the characteristics of farmers, ecological rice cultivation practices, and the relationship between the two parameters. The research in Kendayakan Village, Terisi District, Indramayu Regency, involved 60 farmers surveyed using accidental sampling techniques in February 2022. The data collected include farmer characteristics (age, education, land area, land ownership status), length of farming, sources of farming knowledge, participation in groups, and rice cultivation practices. Data on the application level of ecological agricultural practices were analyzed descriptively and tested usin the Spearman Rank correlation between farmer characteristic variables and rice cultivation practices. The results showed that farmers were of productive age, with a low level of formal education but experienced and active in local organizations. The level of application of farmers' ecological agriculture is moderate. The return of straw, tillage, and control of plant pests are the components of cultivation that are least following the principles of ecological agriculture. Internal factors of farmers that correlate with the components of ecological rice cultivation are age, education, length of farming, source of farming knowledge, and land ownership status.
 
 Keywords: climate change, paddy field, paddy’s straw return

Economic effects of the war in Ukraine and recession

Background: The economic effects of wars and recessions can have significant impacts on consumer attitudes and behaviors. Understanding how these attitudes and behaviors change impacts during challenging economic times is crucial for financial education and management. Methods: A survey was conducted to investigate the financial attitudes and behaviors of individuals during a recessionary period. The survey was distributed from January 15th to February 28th, 2023 and included questions about age, financial education level, savings behavior, attitudes towards debt, gender and financial management behavior, age and financial education, and income and savings behavior. Data were analyzed using t-tests and ANOVA. Results: Participants with higher income levels had higher levels of savings and investing behaviors than those with lower income levels. Participants with a higher level of formal education in finance had higher levels of budgeting and investing behaviors than those with a lower level of formal education in finance. Additionally, participants who reported higher levels of self-rated financial knowledge had higher levels of all financial management behaviors (budgeting, saving, investing, and debt management) compared to those with lower self-rated financial knowledge. Conclusions: The findings suggest that financial education and management programs should target individuals with lower income levels and less formal education in finance. Additionally, promoting self-rated financial knowledge may be a useful strategy for improving financial management behaviors. Future research could explore the effectiveness of different financial education and management programs on improving financial attitudes and behaviors during recessionary periods.

Capacity deficit and marginalisation of artisanal fishers hamper effective fisheries governance in Ghana: Insights and propositions for promoting sustainable small-scale fisheries

Ghana’s artisanal small-scale fisheries (SSF) is collapsing despite the existence of numerous governance structures and regulatory and policy frameworks for the development of the sector. To sustainably manage the SSF, a deeper understanding of the complexity of its governance and the precursors for transformation is imperative. Using a qualitative approach and non-probability sampling techniques, we unravel the inherent and exogenous factors driving capacity deficit in SSF governance groups and how this cascades into their marginalisation and consequent disharmony, challenging effective governance and sustainable management of the sector. Low level of formal education, long-held perception of the fishery as a traditional heritage that requires no formalised management regime, lack of structured training in fisheries management for the leadership, and the leadership selection process were identified as the main areas of capacity deficit in the artisanal sector. Artisanal fishers felt inadequately engaged in the fisheries decision-making processes and uninformed about fisheries laws and policies; stemming from a predominantly top-down governance dispensation. The current dispensation discourages grassroots participation and compliance during policy implementation, which has led to the further marginalisation of artisanal fishers, causing disharmony in the industry and ultimately steering overexploitation of the marine small pelagic fishery to the brink of collapse. We make propositions for effective and transformational governance reforms to promote sustainable fisheries in Ghana’s SSF sector, principally capacity building, inclusion, leadership selection reforms, and co-management.

Awareness of Preeclampsia among Antenatal Clinic Attendees in Northwestern Nigeria.

Background Preeclampsia (PE) is among the five main causes of maternal mortality in low resource countries. This study was designed to assess PE awareness and its socioeconomic determinants among antenatal clinic attendees in northwestern Nigeria. Methods Two hundred twenty-one antenatal clinic attendees in northwestern Nigeria were selected through systematic random sampling for this quantitative study. Women who were 9 months pregnant and had consented to participate were included; those with chronic illnesses such as diabetes mellitus were excluded. Data on respondents' sociodemographic variables, and PE awareness were collected using a validated questionnaire. Associations between variables were tested using chi-square test and multiple regression analysis. Results Ninety-one percent of respondents were aged 20 to 40 years, 53.9% were multiparous, 27% had no or low level of formal education, and 52% had attended antenatal care (ANC) at least four times in the index pregnancy. Only 37% ( N = 83) were aware of PE. Women with formal education were 3.8 times more likely (odds ratio [OR] = 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-10.3) to be aware of PE compared with those with no formal education ( p < 0.05). Also, women who experienced hypertension in their previous pregnancies were 2.8 times more likely (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.37-5.71) to be aware of PE than those women who had not ( p < 0.05). Conclusion There was a low level of PE awareness among pregnant women in this study; being formally educated and having had hypertension in a previous pregnancy were positively associated with PE awareness. PE education should be part of ANC.

The short-term effects of activity engagement on working memory performance in older age.

Does a single bout of activity engagement have short-term effects on cognition in daily life? Using a smartphone-based ambulatory assessment design, this study examined the duration of the effects of three types of activities (i.e., sociocognitive, passive leisure, and physical activities) on working memory performance. For seven times per day (i.e., approximately every 2 hr) over 15 days, 150 healthy older adults (aged 65-91 years) in Switzerland reported their present activities and completed working memory assessments. In an examination of within-person concurrent associations, results from a multilevel model showed that passive leisure activities were negatively associated with working memory. Extending this to time-lagged dynamics, results from multilevel vector autoregression models showed that the negative effect of passive leisure activities and a positive effect of sociocognitive activities on working memory performance appeared 6 hr later and faded out completely by 8 hr later. Follow-up analyses showed that the time-lagged effects of activity engagement were evident among relatively younger individuals with lower levels of formal education. In sum, our findings suggest that a single bout of activity engagement has an impact on cognitive performance as quickly as 6 hr. In line with the "use it or lose it" hypothesis, our findings highlight the importance of continuous and active engagement in sociocognitive activities in older age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Reference Infliximab (Remicade) Compared to its Biosimilar (Remsima) in Iraqi Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (Conference Paper )#

The study objective was to conduct Pharmacoeconomics study (cost-effective analysis) between infliximab reference (Remicade) and its biosimilar (Remsima) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Iraqi hospitals.&#x0D; This is a retrospective multicenter pharmacoeconomic analysis conducted at two large teaching governmental hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq which provided infliximab to patients with RA. Data were collected from patient’s medical records and face-to-face interviews with the patients from December 2021 to April 2022.&#x0D; The study included 57 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The patients were categorized into two groups according to the type of infliximab they received over 30 weeks: 27 patients received reference infliximab (Remicade) and 30 patients received biosimilar infliximab (Remsima). The two groups had comparable demographic and baseline disease parameters, with a mean age of 49.6 years and a BMI of 30.0. The vast majority of participants were women (82.5%) with low level of formal education (65%). Overall, both infliximab biopharmaceuticals had good effectiveness to reduce the RA disease activity (CDAI) and improve patient quality of life. They both had comparable adverse reactions including UTI, fatigue, and headache. There was no significant difference (P-value &gt;0.05) in disease activity between the two groups according to RA clinical disease activity index (CDAI) score across all three-time measures: before biological therapy, 14 weeks post-therapy and 30 weeks post-therapy.&#x0D; In 2019, Remicade was slightly more effective and provide better quality of life, but costlier ($41,896 per QALY) compared to Remsima. It was not clear whether the reference biologic (Remicade) or its biosimilar (Remsima) was more cost effective. In 2021, Remicade was more cost effective compared to Remsima because Remicade was less expensive and relatively more effective according to CDAI and EQ-5D-5L scores. Registering and purchasing both reference infliximab and its biosimilar was good idea to keep the competition in the price and maintain infliximab for RA patients.

Cognitive evaluation in Parkinson's disease: applying the Movement Disorder Society recommendations in a population with a low level of formal education

The diagnosis of cognitive disorders in Parkinson disease (PD) can be very challenging. Aiming at establishing uniform and reliable diagnostic procedures, the International Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorder Society (MDS) commissioned task forces to delineate diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in PD. To investigate the applicability of the MDS recommendations for cognitive evaluation in a Brazilian sample of patients with PD with low levels of formal education. A total of 41 patients with PD were subjected to a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation based on tests proposed by the MDS, which included the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS), the Trail Making Test (TMT) parts A and B, in addition to language and memory skills assessment. Neuropsychiatric and daily functioning features were also evaluated. Spearman correlation analyses were used to evaluate the association between the scores obtained in the cognitive scales and demographic/clinical variables. Although none of the participants had a formal diagnosis of dementia, 50% presented some degree of cognitive impairment when considering the results of the MDRS. Of note, a noticeable number of patients was not able to complete the full neuropsychological assessment. The TMT part B was the most difficult task, being completed by only 22 participants (54%). As expected, the greater the educational level, the better the performance on the cognitive tests. Better motor function was also associated with better scores in cognition. Adopting strict inclusion/exclusion criteria and a comprehensive clinical evaluation, we found remarkable limitations for the MDS recommendations when individuals with low educational levels are considered. A revision of the current guidelines is necessary considering differences among populations, especially related to formal education.

Os efeitos do represamento fluvial sobre pescadores artesanais no Médio Rio Tocantins, Brasil

Abstract: Aim The present study investigated the social impacts caused by the construction of a large hydropower dam (Lajeado Dam) on artisanal fishers in the Middle Tocantins River, evaluating how the impoundment affected fishing techniques (locations, transport and gears), operation (income, effort and costs), and fisher’s well-being. Methods The study interviewed 30 artisanal fishers (Colony Z-04, Porto Nacional, TO) between August and October 2018 with the application of a structured questionnaire. Results Results indicated that fishing is socially important as a source of income and occupation, carried out essentially by men with low levels of formal education. Fishers reported, however, significant changes in the fishery system after the impoundment of the Tocantins River. The main fishing area was maintained, but fishers abandoned some sites. There were significant changes in fishing equipment, with an increase in the use of aluminum boats and outboard engines, and a reduction in the use of various gears, replaced by the use of gillnets. Almost all fishers (96.6%) declared that fishing effort and the financial costs increased after damming. Many also reported an increase in financial income (70%), but part reported a decrease, no change or could not say. The majority reported that the impoundment damaged the fishing activity (80%) and their well-being (individual and their families; 83.3%); dissatisfaction with the profession also increased. Conclusions Results indicated that the impoundment created by Lajeado Dam impacted several aspects of artisanal fisheries in the Middle Tocantins, with a wide perception of damage, which indicates that working conditions of fishers have declined. This information is relevant and can support fisheries management in the Tocantins River Basin, in order to balance societal demands with sustainability goals and fisher’s needs.

Patterns associated with hunting with dogs in a semiarid region of northeastern Brazil

BackgroundHunting has been an important cultural and subsistence activity for the survival of the human population. In the Brazilian semiarid region (Caatinga), the extreme seasonal changes and socioeconomic conditions have made local people dependent on the natural resources available, including wildlife. Although hunting with dogs can result in higher efficiency for hunters, it can also have implications for game species conservation.MethodsUsing an ethnozoological approach (semi-structured questionnaires, free interviews, informal conversations, and free listing technique), this study aimed to analyze the patterns of hunting with dogs activities in a semiarid region of northeastern Brazil by characterizing hunters’ and hunting dogs’ profiles, investigating target and nontarget prey species, hunters’ practices, motivations, and perceptions regarding the efficiency of hunting with dogs.ResultsWe found that hunters that use dog assistance were mostly men, of different ages, with an occupation in agriculture, receiving less than a minimum wage, and with a low level of formal education. Hunters use two or more mixed-breed dogs with no clear preference regarding dogs’ sex. The motivations for hunting with dogs included mainly food, sport, and trade. Hunters cited twenty species captured by dogs without distinction between prey’s sex and age (14 mammals, 4 birds, and 2 reptiles). Only six of these were mentioned as being target prey when hunting with dogs. From nontarget species, eight carnivores are usually left at the site of kill, as they have no use to the hunters. Hunters perceived that hunting with dogs could be three times more efficient than hunting without dogs.ConclusionOverall, hunting with dogs represents a complex set of local variables, including characteristics of dogs and prey species, hunters’ motivations, and practices that should be considered according to each particular situation. Considering the human dependence on natural resources in the semiarid region, hunters should be included in wildlife management debates to mitigate the threat to game species while allowing sustainable hunting practices.

Factors Which Influence the Patterns of Built Structures in the Riparian Areas of Nairobi River Basin

This study sought to investigate major factors that have influenced the patterns of built structures along Nairobi riparian zones using an analytical approach and some aspects of correlations. The study employed a descriptive research design with various data collecting methodologies, including questionnaires, photos, interviews, and secondary empirical support. The areas covered by the study fall within the Upper Nairobi river basin, which includes Upper Mathare, Motoine, and Nairobi river tributaries. A population of 270 households was sampled within the three areas. Main economic activities in these areas include small businesses, farming, informal and formal employment, as well as Juakali activities. About 59% of the Motoine catchment households understand the term riparian, and 27% do not. In the Nairobi river catchment, 73% understand the term riparian, while the other 27% of the population do not, while in Mathare River, 83% of the household understand a riparian, and 17% do not. Corruption and greed was the main cause of encroachment as observed by 86% of the population, 34% attributed poor leadership, 71% cited lack of law enforcement, and 40% cited ignorance among the people and in government. A positive correlation was identified between the knowledge of riparian and problem of encroachment. In the Motoine River (Pearson’s R= 0.715). Nairobi river (Pearson’s R=0.54) very strong correlation (Pearson’s R= 0.946) was established in the. The study found that the main drivers that influence built structures in riparian zones are overpopulation, poverty, lack of alternative land, ignorance, lack of law enforcement in the government, and corruption. The study established that a high level of ignorance and low levels of formal education as the main contributor to discounting riparian protection among the residents. Lack of law enforcement, political interference, and high levels of corruption in the government attributes to be the cause of undue degree ..........

Time-to-treatment initiation for cutaneous melanoma reflects disparities in healthcare access in Brazil: a retrospective study

ObjectivesThis study aimed at identifying the sociodemographic and first treatment characteristics affecting time-to-treatment initiation (TTI) of patients with cutaneous melanoma assisted by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). Study designRetrospective observational study using cutaneous melanoma cases recorded in the Brazilian Hospital-Based Cancer Registries (HBCR). MethodsA total of 12,783 cutaneous melanoma cases were included in the analysis. Based on the legislation, TTI in Brazil is 60 days; therefore, the cohort was dichotomized into TTI within 60 days and over. The association among variables was evaluated through the Chi-squared test. Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank hypothesis test were used to determine the probability of initiating treatment within 60 days. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used for multivariate analysis. ResultsMedian TTI was 28 days (95% CI, 25–29). First treatment in SUS provided more than 60 days after diagnosis (34.8%) was associated with females; low level of formal education; living or getting treatment in northern Brazil; being diagnosed in SUS and treated at different healthcare facilities, in addition to starting treatment with radiotherapy or systemic therapy. There were no significant differences in access to health care before and after the enactment of the 60-day law. ConclusionIncreased TTI for cutaneous melanoma is associated with sociodemographic and first treatment characteristics in Brazil; approximately one-third of cases did not have access to first treatment within the period established by law. Receiving the diagnosis and treatment at different healthcare facilities (transitions in care) is the main independent factor associated with TTI longer than 60 days.

Diabetic ketoacidosis: a canary in the mine for mental health disorders?

Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has been linked to mental health disorders, but less is known about single DKA episodes. Most studies are retrospective, lacking control groups. To prospectively examine psychosocial factors in patients presenting with recurrent or single episode DKA and compare with people who have not had DKA. Case-controlled study (consecutive adult DKA admissions April 2015 to December 2016) at Western Health, Melbourne. Data were prospectively collected regarding diagnosed mental health disorders, likely depression (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)), diabetes distress (Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire) and presence of adverse social factors. A control group without a history of DKA was also recruited. Of 123 patients admitted with DKA (164 consecutive episodes), 70 consented to participate and 73 age-matched Type 1 diabetes controls were recruited. Eleven (61%) of 18 with recurrent DKA had a diagnosed mental health disorder versus 8 (19%) of 42 in the single episode group (P = 0.016). The prevalence of likely depression using PHQ-9 was: recurrent 50%; single 40%; and controls 22% (recurrent vs controls, P = 0.036; single vs controls, P = 0.053). Severe diabetes distress (PAID) was present in 47% of recurrent and 34% of single episode DKA (P = 0.387). As a group, DKA patients had significantly more unemployment, illicit drug use and tobacco smoking, a lower level of formal education and less regular medical contact compared with controls. Mental health disorders and adverse socioeconomic factors appear to be common in patients with DKA. The diagnosis of DKA presents an excellent opportunity to screen for depression and offer appropriate intervention.

Development over Time in Cognitive Function among European 55-69-Year-Olds from 2006 to 2015, and Differences of Region, Gender, and Education

With populations rapidly aging, the development over time in the cognitive function among the elderly approaching or reaching retirement is important for successful aging at work and planning pension policies. However, few studies in this field focus on this age group. This study characterizes time trends in cognitive function among 55-69-year-old Europeans from 2006 to 2015, and compares these trends by region, gender, and education. This study analyzes 40,689 subjects in Waves 2, 4, 5 and 6 of the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) covering ten countries. Cognitive function was measured by Recall and Verbal Fluency. Educational levels were classified by quartiles. A Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) model was used to explore the association between cognitive function and development over time after controlling for confounders. Further stratification analysis using GEE models was conducted, stratified by region, gender and education. Cognitive function improved significantly in southern and central Europe over the observed timeframe, whereas it did not in northern Europe. Those with relative low levels of formal education displayed the most rapid increases in cognitive function in southern and central Europe. Among those with lower education in southern Europe, males’ cognitive function improved more quickly than females’. The improvement of cognitive function at ages 55-69 in southern and central Europe may contribute to continuing engagement with productive activities in old age. Educational interventions for people with lower levels of education may be most effective in achieving such engagement. This paper extends the literature on the development over time in the cognitive function among the elderly close to retirement age in Europe by analysing southern, central and northern Europe, as well as differences by region, gender and education. The results may provide evidence for planning pension policies and educational interventions.

Global intention of the general public to undergo COVID-19 vaccination: time trends and risk factors for vaccine refusal, a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: Knowledge of facilitators and barriers regarding the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination at a global population level is critical for combating the pandemic, saving lives, and protecting the economy. The aim of this work was to determine the proportion of people likely to accept or refuse to undergo COVID-19 vaccination. This study also investigated (a) time trends regarding the intention to undergo COVID-19 vaccination and (b) socio-demographic risk factors influencing vaccine refusal. Methods: Databases (01 March 2020-01 March 2021) searched included PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus. The sample size was n ≥1000 and selected studies were those that determined vaccine ‘acceptance’, ‘refusal’ and ‘hesitancy’. A random-effects model was employed to obtain the overall odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for socio-demographic predictors for vaccine refusal. Results: A total of 832 citations were screened and 35 studies from 21 countries (n=130,179) were analyzed. The pooled proportion of individuals reporting an intention to vaccinate was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.65 to 0.74; I2 = 99.68%). The proportion of people intending to vaccinate decreased (regression coefficient = -0.13; p&lt;0.001) during the study period and odds of refusal to vaccinate increased by 1.37-fold (95% CI: 1.33-1.41) during the second half. Risk factors identified for vaccine refusal included being female, rural residence, lower income, and lower level of formal education. Conclusions: A moderate proportion of people showed an intention to receive vaccination, although this declined during the study period. A global and national multi-pronged strategic and targeted approach is urgently needed to enhance vaccination uptake amongst females, those with a relatively lower educational and socioeconomic status, and those in rural areas.

A Comparative Study to Assess the Perceived Stress of Mothers who have Undergone Caesarean Section and Normal Delivery at St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore

Background: Child birth is a universally celebrated event, an occasion for dancing, fireworks flowers and gifts. It is a joyous event, at the same time it is a time of pain, fear and stress. Every woman feels that being a mother is the most gifted position, through her life time. Pregnancy is a crisis in the human life and it is an important turning point of anatomical physiological and psychological changes in women`s life. Stress is a part of human life, and we are never completely free from it. All women in labour, experience varieties of stress irrespective of their mode of delivery. Emergency caesarean section may cause more emotional stress to the women than normal delivery. Primi gravida mothers are more likely to face emotional stress, because it cause the beginning of major life change to the women. Even for the most recognized mothers, pain reduce the ability to cope and may make her short tempered and quick to criticize things around her. Researchers found that, certain variables can influence labour stress, such as nalliparity, low level of formal education, absence of antenatal education and unexpected pregnancy. Thus it reveals that all women in labour, experience stress. Finding from review of literature, personal experiences of the investigator and discussion with experts have motivated the investigator to take up a study to compare the perceived stress of mothers who have undergone caesarean section and normal delivery. Objectives of the study: • To assess the perceived stress of mothers who have undergone caesarean section and normal delivery. • To compare the perceived stress of mothers who have undergone caesarean section with normal delivery. • To determine the relationship between perceived stresses of mothers who have undergone caesarean section and selected base line variables. • To determine the relationship between the perceived stress of mothers with normal delivery and selected base line variables. Methods: The research design selected for the study was comparative descriptive research. The setting selected was Obstetric ward of SJMCH, Bangalore. The 100 mothers who have undergone caesarean section (50) and normal delivery (50) at SJMCH, within 24- 48 hours of child birth were selected for the study by purposive sampling technique. Modified “Perceived Stress Scale” was used to assess the perceived stress of mothers with caesarean section and normal delivery. The data was analyzed in terms of objectives of the study using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The findings of the study show that mothers with LSCS experienced more stress than mothers with vaginal delivery with a total mean score of 118.06±19.91 and 108.8±19.17 respectively and it shows, significant difference between stress among mothers with LSCS and FTND at P&lt;0.05 level of significance. Mothers with caesarean section experienced more emotional stress with mean score of 64.86 than the mothers with normal delivery with the mean score of 56.4. The mean score of physical stress of mothers with LSCS is 40.98 and mothers with FTND is 42.28. The mothers with LSCS and FTND had experienced financial stress with the mean score of 12.22 and 10.12 respectively. There is a significant difference in financial stress of mothers with caesarean section and normal delivery, at P &lt; .05(0.033) level of significances and emotional stress at P =.001 level. Conclusion: The finding of the study clearly point out that the perceived stress level among mothers with caesarean section and normal delivery differ. Caesarean section mothers experienced more emotional stress and financial stress than mothers with normal delivery. Mothers from both group experienced almost equal amount of physical stress. It reveal that every mother is going through some amount of stress irrespective of mode of delivery and it is our duty to provide maximum support during the labor process.

The costs and constraints of pandemic response in Mali*

The costs and constraints of pandemic response in Mali*

SSDoH in Latinxs: Factors of Influence

Research with Latinxs/os/as regarding Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) is lacking. This is staggering because among Latinxs in the United States, the number diagnosed with ADRD is expected to grow by more than 800% from 2012 to 2060 (Wu et al., 2016). Older Latinxs have a high risk and prevalence of ADRD - partially attributed to their longer life spans and the presence of adverse risk factors such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and other cardiovascular conditions (Chin et al., 2011). What is often missing in the discussion is the role of social and structural determinants of health (SSDOH) in this population. Overall Latinxs have low levels of formal education, work in physically demanding jobs, and experience immigration stress. How these and other SSDoH influence Latinxs will be discussed; as well as potential resilience factors like familial relationships, and religiosity or spirituality.

Description of The Public Knowledge and Stigma Against PLWHA in Niki-Niki Sub district, Central Amanuban District, TTS Regency

The stigma against People Living With HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) is influenced by several factors, including low levels of formal education and lack of knowledge related to to HIV and AIDS. The aim of this study was to describe the knowledge and stigma of the community towards PLWHA in Niki-Niki Village, Central Amanuban District, TTS Regency. This study uses descriptive quantitative research methods with Simple Random Sampling techniques to 70 people. The research instrument used was a questionnaire and the analysis was carried out quantitatively descriptive. The results showed that respondents with good knowledge had higher stigma against PLWHA than those with less knowledge. Many people do not really understand about the transmission of the HIV. Hopefully the public will increase their knowledge about HIV, specifically HIV transmission, and eliminate the stigma of PLWHA.

Dementia literacy and worry among older Chinese Americans in Arizona: a comparison between 2013 and 2017.

This study examined the change in dementia literacy and dementia worry over a 5-year span among older Chinese Americans living in Arizona. This study used survey data collected among a purposive sample of 703 community-dwelling Chinese Americans aged 55 years or older living in the metropolitan areas of Phoenix, Arizona, from 2013 to 2017. The average age of participants was 73.1 (SD = 8.7) and 64.2% were female. Dementia literacy was measured by dementia knowledge (knowledge about Alzheimer's disease and related dementia) and dementia beliefs (biased attitude toward dementia). Dementia worry was measured by assessing participants' fear toward and concerns of developing dementia. Regression analyses found dementia knowledge decreased (p < 0.05) and dementia beliefs remained unchanged (p > 0.05) from 2013 to 2017 among participants. Dementia worry only increased among those who lived alone. Significant correlates of dementia worry included low formal education level, depressive symptoms, and family conflict. Public health education targeting older Chinese Americans should aim to enhance dementia knowledge and to rectify their biased attitudes toward dementia. Psychosocial education or counseling should be available to older Chinese Americans who present dementia worry, particularly for those who live alone. More studies using diverse study designs, such as a longitudinal design, are needed to examine change in dementia literacy and worry among this population.

Associated factors to SARS-CoV-2 infection among dental professionals

The objective of this study was to analyze associated factor to SARS-CoV-2 infection among dental professionals. This was a cross-sectional study carried out from February to September 2020 in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. We included all dental team working at 11 basic health units. Professionals included were from the three different categories oral surgeon-dentist, dental technician, dental assistant. The analysis included SARS-CoV-2 infection and independent variables (sociodemographic, labor and behavior) with descriptive analyses with absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies, inferential analysis by chi-squared and Fisher exact test (p < 0.05). There was a prevalence of 20.3% of infection by SARS-CoV-2 between dental professionals. However, in the analysis by professional category the infection rate was 3.8 among oral surgeon-dentist, 30.0% among dental technician, 33.3% for dental assistant. The diagnostic of SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with lower income (p = 0.027), lower level of formal education (p = 0.011), technical professional category (p = 0.025), and the use of public transportation (p = 0.009). The higher prevalence of COVID-19 in technical professionals than oral surgeon-dentists may suggest that infection had occurred outside the working environment, once professional had personal protective equipment available as well as the training for their professional activity. In addition, professionals reported to feel safe and prepared to perform their activities in the work environment.Key messages Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in oral health in the public service.Promotion and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in oral health in the public service.