Populations of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. growing within a 30 km radius of Chernobyl and characterized by radioactive contamination levels ranging from 0.02 to 240 mR h −1 were analyzed for the frequency of embryonic lethal mutations in 1987 and 1988. Plots that retained high levels of radioactive contamination long after the initial exposure were characterized by a high frequency of mutant plants. Plots with low levels of radioactive contamination, which were significantly reduced soon after exposure, were characterized by a decrease in the initially high proportion of mutant plants. Populations of Arabidopsis exposed to insignificant radioactive contamination showed no increase in the frequency of mutant plants; mutation levels were comparable to those found in control plants.