Low Level Of Labor Productivity Research Articles

The Personnel of Russian Technological Sovereignty: Former Problems and Immediate Solutions

This research article is devoted to assessing the compliance of quantitative and structural indicators of the personnel higher education with the needs of the country’s economy. The authors try to determine the main directions for providing the economy with professional staff and the resulting tasks that universities face. The purpose of this article is to compare various indicators of the structure with higher-educated graduates’ number in Russia and in OECD countries (by areas of training), to find out the trends in this sphere, and to identify the reasons for the structural and quantitative discrepancy between the training of professional personnel in Russia and the need for them. There is studied the correspondence of the personnel training structure indicators in Russia by integrated groups of specialties to the predicted indicators of the sectoral structure of gross regional products and employment by types of economic activity. The article also analyzes the indicators of higher educated personnel training per ten thousand people and per GDP for Russia, Germany and the United States. Some results of additional analysis might be interpreted in different ways; the authors’ hypotheses make it possible to eliminate the possible contradictions obtained. An important result substantiated in the article is the medium-term shortage of personnel with higher education, as the number of professional personnel employed in the economy grows to compensate for the low level of labor productivity, the latter happening due to the scientifically and technologically lagging economy. Based on the results of the analysis, there are proposed higher-educated specialists’ shortage compensation mechanisms. This is wherefrom the urgent tasks of university management arise, their solution being of the utmost importance in the current work of university leaders at all levels. The article might be of interest for university leaders and employees, as well as for researchers specializing in the economics of higher education.

ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНА ФУНКЦІЯ ЗАРОБІТНОЇ ПЛАТИ: ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ВИКОНАННЯ В УКРАЇНІ

Assessing the state of wages in the country is an important element of social and economic policies, as it characterizes the standard of living of the population, income differentiation and purchasing power. Salary is an important criterion of labor productivity and characterizes the country's competitiveness. The article is devoted to the study of the level of wages in Ukraine from the standpoint of performance of the investment function. The amount of wages in Ukraine remains a debatable issue for the scientific community and requires clarification of such an important issue as the ability of wages to create opportunities for human development. The question arises: does the salary perform an investment function. The purpose of the article was to substantiate the importance of the investment function of wages and to study its implementation in Ukraine for the improvement of income policy, economic and social development. The assessment of wages from the standpoint of the investment function is carried out according to the following indicators: population expenditures, savings level, development costs, the level of population participation in the accumulative pension system, etc. The conducted analysis showed that the level of wages in Ukraine lags far behind the level in the EU countries, which indicates an imperfect system of labor remuneration and a low level of labor productivity. The given data are proof that wages in Ukraine do not meet the expectations of the population to ensure a comfortable standard of living, and sometimes the satisfaction of basic needs, which negatively affects the investment behavior of a person. Failure to fulfill the investment function of wages in Ukraine does not create prerequisites for increasing labor productivity and innovative development. The importance of research in the direction of strengthening the investment function of wages is due to the fact that it creates prerequisites for human development, contributes to raising the standard of living and forms resources for increasing the country's competitiveness. The results of the conducted research create the basis for improving the income policy and economic development in Ukraine.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ РОСТА ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ТРУДА В СТРАНАХ ЕАЭС

The paper presents a critical analysis of international experi- ence in assessing the labor productivity indicators and characterizes existing approaches in modern practice. It defines that labor productivity is the key indicator for evaluating the efficiency of economy functioning, reflecting the development degree of its production. It also proves statistically that high la- bor productivity ensures the economic growth of the country and the level of population’s life quality. And all the measures aimed at the labor producti vity increasing are important part of the national economic development policy. A comparative analysis of the productivity level of the EAEU countries was carried out being based on different approaches. The main issues concerned with causes of a relatively low level of labor productivity in the EAEU mem- ber countries are highlighted, namely: depreciation of fixed assets; insufficient level of investment in fixed assets; low absorption of innovations; shortage of highly qualified personnel; unfavorable demographic trends, etc. According to the highlighted issues, the main vectors of long-term development targeted at the labor productivity growth are identified: human capital development, tech- nological breakthrough, the improvement of institutions and regional develop- ment in the context of the integration of the EAEU countries.

ЕКОНОМІКА ПРАЦІ І ТРУДОВЕ ПРАВО: МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ СПІВВІДНОШЕННЯ

The article reveals the features of solving the problems of labor activity, proceeding from the study of the foundations of labor economics (as a direction of economic science, directly dealing with such problems) and the provisions of labor law (which regulate the process of ensuring everyone the right to work), taking into account the methodological aspects of correlation. It has been established that labor activity is a special form of professional activity of individuals, which is due to the use of scientific and technical means. It has been determined that one of the main problems of labor economics is the problem of a low level of labor productivity, the solution of which is possible through the development of scientific and technological progress, improvement of existing or development and implementation of new resource-saving technologies, improvement of the production process of product, automation of the production process, taking into account aspects of social processes and guarantees of ensuring the optimal level of remuneration and an appropriate level of social protection, the development of education and science, ensuring an adequate level of health care, guaranteeing labor safety, continuous improvement of qualifications and professionalism by employees. It has been proved that the efficiency of an individual's labor activity depends on his motivation. It was found that one of the problems underlying the economic science of labor is the problem of regulating the personal life and work activities of young professionals in the labor market, in particular – at the expense of ensuring decent working conditions and the right to an adequate level of remuneration. It was determined that in the implementation of strategically established tasks and priorities for the development of labor activity, a special role is played by the observance of the provisions of labor law. Labor law should provide for the proper regulation of relations in labor activity is provided, based on society's perceptions of aspects such as fairness and the framework of freedom. It has been established that changes in labor law for the better in accordance with the needs of the labor market will contribute to an increase in the level of labor productivity, an increase in the level of employment among the population, influence an increase in the level and efficiency of production, an increase in the level of wages, etc. It is noted that the prospects for further research in this direction should be the research of the features and practical aspects of the correlation of professionalism, professional culture, professional competence and professional training in labor activity.

Relevant issues of intensification of domestic livestock production

Aim – the article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of the livestock production of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of the regions. Methods – analysis, synthesis, systems approach, logical. Results – the dynamics of the population number of livestock and poultry in the republic by farm categories for the period 2018-2020, indicators of gross livestock production are presented. It is noted that agricultural sector, being one of the priority directions of the country's economic development, has great potential and significant reserves, almost all types of agricultural crops of the temperate climatic zone are grown, and the volume of livestock products is increasing. The article discusses the production of ready-made feed for farm animals in kind by regions. The authors state that currently one of the relevant issues in the development of the agro-industrial complex is the low level of labor productivity due to low automation and digitalization of technological processes. The need to meet the demand for livestock products on domestic market of Kazakhstan, as well as to increase its export resources, sets the priority tasks for Kazakhstani science and practice aimed to develop, scientifically justify and master modern technologies for production of low-cost, environmentally friendly, and competitive goods. They should be resource-saving, aimed at maximizing the use and improvement of the genetic potential of farm animals, adapted to the specific natural and economic conditions of the republic. Conclusions – the development and mastering of such innovations will reduce the negative impact on the environment, enable the effective use of material, land and water resources. The main problems hindering the effective development of the livestock industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan are identified, its promising directions are determined.

Modelling an impact of enterprises’ investment activity on the level of a region’s sustainable development using fuzzy logic apparatus

The social and economic component of regional development characterizes the processes that take place with the participation of all subjects of a regional economy, which are aimed at achieving economically feasible results while ensuring stable improvement of the level and quality of life of the population. Theoretical and practical issues related to the interconnection of interests, goals and objectives of the social and economic development of systems of different levels are of great importance. It should be noted that the "points of economic growth" in the region are enterprises located in its territory. The potential of their socio-economic development can be revealed through the synergy of interests of the region and enterprises. The mechanism for achieving this can be modeling an impact of enterprises’ investment activity on the sustainable development of the region. The urgency of enhancing enterprises’ investment activity in the region, in particular – in conditions of growing unsustainable market conditions, is obvious, as ensuring the efficiency of their operation and intensification of investment activity is one of the most important functions not only of each enterprise but also the region and the state in general. In industrial regions, the regional government is interested and ready to assist in the enterprises’ upgrading, as it directly faces a lot of problems associated with their low technological level. The use of outdated technologies, physical and moral depreciation of equipment invariably cause a low level of labor productivity, high costs of manufacturing, its low quality, which leads to a decrease in the competitiveness of enterprises in the region. Such enterprises have a negative impact on the environment. All this together affects the level and quality of life of the population, which is a key indicator of the effectiveness of regional authorities. Thus, it can be noted that in modern conditions the emphasis in the transition to investment and innovation development is naturally shifted to the level of regions. Ensuring balanced social and economic development of regions in dynamic conditions of structural and organizational transformations and uncertainty is an crucial, complex and multifaceted problem, for the effective solution of which it is necessary to use effective means of economic assessment of feasibility, effectiveness and risks of socio-economic transformations, as well as appropriate means of assessments and regulations, which should include tools for indicative management.

Current state and development trends of livestock in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The article is devoted to the study and analysis of the current state of the animal husbandry industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of regions. The indicators of the dynamics of the number of livestock of farm animals for the period 2015-2019 by regions, indicators of productivity in the industry, indicators of the volume of production of meat products are analyzed. The dynamics and structure of costs in the country’s livestock industry are also considered.Today, one of the most pressing problems in the development of the agro-industrial complex is the low level of labor productivity due to low automation and digitalization of technological processes. The need to meet the demand for livestock products in the domestic market of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as to increase its export resources, poses a challenge for Kazakhstani science and practice to develop, scientifically substantiate and master modern technologies for the production of low-cost, environmentally friendly, competitive products of the industry. They should be resource-saving, aimed at maximizing the use and improvement of the genetic potential of farmed farm animals, adapted to the specific natural and economic conditions of the regions of the republic. The development and mastering of such technologies will make it possible to weaken the negative impact of the industry on the environment, reduce the cost of material resources, and effectively use the available land and water resources [5].The main problems hindering the effective development of the country’s livestock industry are identified. The promising strategic directions for the development of this industry have been determined. From the point of view of experts of the financial organization, the country has good potential and opportunities to export its beef and pork to China, and the lamb of the Edilbay sheep breed to the countries of the Middle East.

Применение владельцами бизнеса HR-технологий в обеспечении роста производительности труда

The Russian economy is characterized by a relatively low level of labor productivity, 2–3 times inferior to the economies of a number of industrially developed countries. In the presence of well-developed macroeconomic labor productivity estimates in the Russian economy can be noted the limited number of micro-economic studies that have comprehensively examined the factors affecting productivity in companies. The issues of ensuring the growth of labor productivity have become especially relevant for Russian business owners in recent years. This is due on the one hand the sanctions pressure on the Russian economy, on the other hand, the pandemic COVID-19. Active implementation of HR-technologies in the practice of domestic business is just one of the reserves to ensure productivity growth. The purpose of the study is to identify ways to increase labor productivity indicators through the development and implementation of modern HR technologies in Russian companies. The research methodology consists in the analysis of literary sources on the problems of labor productivity and the effectiveness of modern HR technologies in solving this issue, as well as the analysis of scientific definitions within the framework of the research topic. This article indicates that labor productivity is one of the key factors in the competitiveness of the national economy. The influence of such modern HR technologies as technologies of personnel motivation based on KPI, technologies of talent management and technologies of continuous development were shown. The study identified ways to increase labor productivity through the development and implementation of advanced HR-technologies.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ СБОРКИ ПОДКИЛЕВОЙ ЖЕСТКОСТИ ВОЕННО-ТРАНСПОРТНОГО САМОЛЕТА

The article is devoted to the development of the technology of sub-keel stiffness Assembly. Production of an airplane airframe begins with the manufacture of parts and ends with Assembly work of nodes, aggregates, docking and installation work on the finished product. Currently, one of the main elements of the productive process of manufacturing aircraft is considered Assembly production. The main factors that determine the specifics of Assembly work in aircraft construction are: the large number of parts of the airframe, as well as a wide variety of structural materials used. This leads to a variety of technological processes and equipment, complicates the planning, control and accounting of Assembly work; the complexity of production forms and low rigidity of most elements of the airframe design, which makes it necessary to use numerous and complex technological equipment; high requirements for the quality of the aircraft as a whole and its individual elements, which require the latest control methods, including special equipment; extensive cooperation of production significantly complicates the solution of issues of ensuring the accuracy and interchangeability of airframe design elements; frequent change of production facilities due to the rapid aging of aircraft equipment. The duration and complexity of Assembly work, depending on the type of aircraft, is from 30-56% of all production labor. Assembly and installation work includes airframe Assembly, installation of equipment and power plants, installation of flight control systems and take-off and landing facilities, airfield work to prepare the aircraft for flight tests and delivery to the customer. Assembly and installation works are characterized by the complexity of the work performed, a relatively low level of mechanization of technological operations of Assembly and installation, which entails a large labor intensity of manufacturing products, a low level of labor productivity. Assembly work can be divided into three types: node Assembly-Assembly of nodes (spars, ribs, frames, hatch flaps); aggregate - Assembly of compartments, units, sections of the airframe; General Assembly of aircraft - Assembly-docking of individual units into a whole product and leveling work.

Evaluation of social and economic insecurity risks for employees during structural transformations in the modern labor market

This article systematizes main factors of socio-economic insecurity aggravation for employees during structural transformations, which take place on the modern labor market. These factors are related to inefficient employment and low level of labor productivity, regressive mobility of the employed population, loss of educational and labor potential of the country, low competitiveness of its labor force both in domestic and foreign labor markets, increase of unemployment among able-bodied people and informal employment, especially among young people and higher-level professionals, widening the gender gap in the employment structure to the benefit of older age groups. A methodological implementation of the assessments of social and economic insecurity risks for employees has been developed and verified in the study. It is based on comparing performance levels in particular components in specific time intervals. It is substantiated that, due to changes in the structure of the labor market and in the system of social and labor relations, the main factors of increasing the vulnerability of employees are related to the deindustrialization of the national economy, which is accompanied by formation of a regressive educational and professional structure of employed, as well as by the loss of motivation for productive work and increase in the professional level, reduction of social protection of employees, the growth of informal employment among young people and highly qualified specialists. High scale of labor migration and low demand for specialists in the internal labor market, low wages lead to loss of labor and educational potential and narrow the conditions for the development and realization of the country’s human capital.

ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ ПРАЦІ В УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ ТА СВІТОВОМУ ВИМІРАХ

The article identifies the main areas of micro- and macro-level, which are affected by labor productivity, reflects the main indicators of labor productivity at the macro level and gives a list of methods for assessing them. In particular, methods based on product methods (depending on the product range and method of production) and those based on organizational methods (depending on productivity management tools) are systematized. Labor productivity in Ukraine and the world is also analyzed through the prism of such indicators as GDP per employee and GDP per hour worked. In particular, Ukraine's rating among European countries in terms of absolute and dynamic indicators (growth rate) is reflected. Ukraine lags significantly behind the highly developed countries of the world in terms of labor productivity and deteriorating positions among European (penultimate place) and post-Soviet countries (ahead of only Moldova and Uzbekistan). The leader of the world ranking in terms of labor productivity (Ireland) was identified and the circle of countries that have chosen a similar development strategy was outlined. It is graphically shown that in a short period of time the country is able to significantly increase the level of labor productivity (proved by the example of Ireland, Norway, Luxembourg, Romania etc.). This reflects the dynamics of modern leading countries in terms of productivity growth over almost forty years since 1970. A comparative analysis of Ukraine with the post-Soviet countries and identified leaders and outsiders in the field of labor productivity. The forecast of growth of labor productivity for the countries of the post-Soviet space for 2020-2024 on the indicator of GDP on one employment is reflected. The experience of other countries in increasing labor productivity in the country and the role of specialized government agencies (labor productivity centers in Singapore, Kazakhstan, Japan, Germany etc.) and government programs (Kazakhstan's national strategy "Productivity 2020") are summarized. At the same time, the main reasons for the low level of labor productivity in Ukraine are identified, and the conclusion that it is quite difficult to predict potential changes in labor productivity in Ukraine is substantiated, which is confirmed by the mathematical model.

Состояние производительности труда в Кемеровской области

The article considers the level and dynamics of labor productivity in the Kemerovo region in comparison with the Russian Federation. The research objective was to reveal the current state of the local labor productivity. A number of statistical problems were revealed as a result of an analysis of labor productivity dynamics and highly productive jobs. The author determines the main factors affecting the level of labor productivity and suggests measures to eliminate them. The study was based on statistical data, as well as research results of Russian and foreign analysts. The analysis involved both absolute and relative values, methods of comparison, grouping and analysis. The author believes that the low level of labor productivity in the region can only be increased by the combined efforts of the state and individual enterprises. The set of measures should include reduction of the depreciation of fixed assets, improvement of statistical reporting, raising awareness and control over labor productivity, raising the level of skills and personal interest of employees in high-performance work, and stimulating enterprises.

Analysis of current trends in innovation and investment activity of Ukrainian metallurgical enterprises

The current stage of the socio-economic development of the Ukrainian economy is characterized by an imperfect economic base, low level of labor productivity, high resource intensity and energy consumption of production. It is the result of insufficient innovation and investment activity – a leading factor in the growth of competitiveness and a serious obstacle in the conditions of increasing openness of the economy, joining the country to the processes of globalization. This also applies to the development of the metallurgical industry, which is one of the basic branches of the national economy, since its production and export potential largely determine the stability of the economy and the filling of the budget of the country.The article analyzes the influence of financial and administrative analysis on the managerial, financial and investment activity of the metallurgical industry, which enables to assess and determine the innovation and investment level of the metallurgical industry and to analyze the structure of world steel production.It should be mentioned that although such parts of economic analysis as financial and administrative are deepening and complement each other, they should be considered separately, because it will allow to improve organizational, informational and methodological assurance, based on methodological approaches and considering practical needs.

Инновационные подходы к облегчению условий развития инновационных малых предприятий в промышленности

One of the problems of the Russian economy is the low level of labor productivity, which re-quires the development of the economy in in-tensive manner. To this end, changes in the tax and credit policy are developed in order to support the venture financing of innovation in the industrial sector. To meet the challenges there are offers: differentiation of the tax bene-fits in the form factor taking into account the cost of R & D, depending on the degree of in-novation and breadth of international patent protection and targeted reduction of the refi-nancing for commercial ones.

Baixo crescimento econômico e melhora do mercado de trabalho - Como entender a aparente contradição?

O artigo discute a evolução favorável do mercado de trabalho a partir de 2004, quando passou a apresentar, simultaneamente, aumento dos salários, redução do desemprego e da informalidade. Ênfase especial é dada ao período 2011/2013 quando a economia desacelerou fortemente e o mercado de trabalho continuou apresentando resultados positivos. O argumento central é que tal performance ocorreu por conta do baixo nível da produtividade do trabalho, que favoreceu a criação de uma grande quantidade de empregos pouco produtivos e mal remunerados.

Labour productivity and employee diversity in the South African workplace

The aim of this article is to determine the impact that employee diversity attributes have on labour productivity in the South African workplace. Given the perceived general low levels of labour productivity in the South African economy, this particular research aims to serve as a further contribution to our understanding of the labour productivity debate when a broad range of employee attributes at firm and individual levels are considered. A firm-based model is used for the estimation of the link between the employee group demographic characteristics and labour productivity, and an employee remuneration model is used to estimate the link between individual employee diversity demographics and labour productivity. The main conclusions of the estimation results are that a less age-diverse workforce, higher education/training levels, greater levels of gender diversity and a more racially diverse workforce are pre-requisites for higher real remuneration and labour productivity benefits.

What Is There in Common between Arab Revolutions and the Coase Theorem?

Great achievements are rarely accompanied by quick success. This is because revolutionary ideas normally involve a wider range of problems than at first thought. After a period of fair and unfair criticism there follows a period of sober and fruitful discussion. Only after this comes the time of practical application and final development of the new idea. The Coase Theorem is now at its final stage of development. This is confirmed by the recent emergence of studies that I believe to be very promising involving qualitative measurements of transaction costs of exchange and the history of their changes over the centuries. In some of the studies, the view is expressed that the form of ownership of production facilities depends on the amount of transaction costs. With that said we are only one step away from the important conclusion that with a sufficiently high level of transaction costs and a low level of labor productivity, private ownership is not possible and a firm must be very large and may occupy the entire area of a state. This may be the reason why there were powerful centralized economies run by a czar, a king, a feudal lord or a pharaoh. The complex irrigation systems of the Nile required constant joint efforts of tens and hundreds of thousands of people under the central leadership and control of a supreme ruler. This was the only way to achieve a maximum level of production and an acceptable standard of living and have protection from foreign enemies in those times. This and other conclusions, which I hope deserve a certain amount of attention, form the basis of this essay.

Privatization and Efficiency: Once Upon a Time in Libya

This efficiency assessment of Libyan manufacturing firms is unique as efficiency is assessed on a developing country that undertakes privatization primarily for political and organizational reasons. Moreover, the state of mixed results in the literature with regards to production efficiency between state-owned and private-owned firms motivated the conduct of this study. Despite deliberate implementation of programs to improve efficiency, the situation in Libya was such that firms were able to improve their performance through internal efforts even in a negative environment. This has made the results of this study differ for developed and developing countries. For instance, from 1978-2002, the socialism-oriented economy replaced the capitalism system, transferring private ownership to the state. This has resulted in low levels of labour productivity, and weak structure of production in terms of acquisition of new technology. Moreover, both the United States and United Nation Security Council imposed sanctions on Libya from 1992-2003 which have restricted foreign direct investments. During these periods, the Libyan manufacturing sector suffered from increasing inefficiencies resulting in slowing down of growth of output following decline in labour productivity and financial capital. The objective of this study is to compare the technical efficiency of firms before and after privatization to be able to differentiate between state control and privatized firms, as well. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique was used to compute the efficiency scores of firms. The average efficiency score before privatization was 49.5 per cent, but the score improved to 62.3 per cent after privatization. However, this minor improvement was not statistically significant as verified by the Mann-Whitney U test. These results have verified the situations in Libya which suggest that firms in Libya have not been prepared for real privatization. Consequently, almost all firms faced difficulties in optimizing their own resources economically.

Labor Productivity in Peru: 1997-2007

The purpose of this paper was to decompose the changes in labor productivity of the Peruvian economy into the between- and within-sector effects using 39 sectors in terms of production structure for the period 19972007. This sectoral level of analysis was contrasted with a similar, although extended, decomposition at firm level using a sample of 7096 formal manufacturing enterprises for the period 2002-2007. At the sectoral level, the evidence shows that the between-sector or reallocation effects dominate most of the changes in labor productivity in the economy. However, at the firm level, the within-sector effects dominate the changes in labor productivity for the sample of formal firms. The role played by the informal sector in the determination of Peruvian labor productivity may explain the differences. On one hand, the informal sector tends to reduce the within-sector effects because of its significant employment share in manufacturing and its low level of labor productivity. On the other hand, the informal sector tends to increase the between-sector effects, given its buffer feature of generating employment in both crisis and boom periods.

Sources of Chinese labor productivity growth: A structural decomposition analysis, 1987–2005

Abstract We decompose labor productivity growth from 1987 to 2005 by examining six partial factors (both supply and demand): changes in value-added coefficients, labor inputs, shares of sectoral demands that are fulfilled domestically, input mix, and the intra-sectoral shares and intersectoral mix of final demand. Our analysis confirms that simply by virtue of its size and extremely low level of labor productivity, China's farm sector continues to weigh heavily in China's overall economic advances. Labor savings have levied the largest influence on the labor productivity on all sectors across all three study subperiods. We find that this transition is highly correlated with capital deepening that accompanies China's opening up process. Still, changes in the intra-sectoral shares and the intersectoral mix of China's final demand also have become quite strong, especially in recent periods. Due to ever-increasing competitive pressures as China continues to open, changes in industries value-added coefficients have tended to counteract some of the positive benefits of labor savings for most sectors. The effects on changes in labor productivity of technology change and changes in the use of imports have been comparatively negligible and any variation in their sectoral effects have been waning over time.