Low Intake Levels Research Articles

Abstract P079: Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Diabetes in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Background: Moderate alcohol consumption has been reported to be associated with lower risk for diabetes with some studies showing a U-shaped association. Whether and how the association might differ by gender or obesity status is controversial. Objective: To evaluate the prospective association between alcohol consumption and the long-term risk of diabetes in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Methods: A prospective analysis of 11,263 ARIC participants without prevalent diabetes (55% women, 81%white, mean age 54 years). Alcohol consumption was assessed at visit 1 (1987-1989). Participants were followed-up for incident diabetes defined by fasting glucose more than 126 mg/dL, non-fasting glucose more than 200 mg/dL, self-reported diagnosis of diabetes or use of diabetic medication. We used Cox models to estimate hazard ratios of diabetes risk by drinking categories in women and men, respectively. Results: During a median follow-up of 21 years, there were 3518 incident diabetes cases. In the fully adjusted model, compared to never drinkers, among women, 7-14 drinks/week was associated with a significantly lower risk of diabetes; whereas among men, 14-21 drinks/week was associated with a significantly lower risk ( Table ). There was a significant interaction between drinking categories and smoking status or between drinking categories and body mass index in women. Among women, a U-shaped association was mainly present among non-smokers, and significant decreasing risk is only found among normal-weight and overweight participants, but not obese participants. Conclusion: Low levels of alcohol intake (1-2 drinks per day for women and 2-3 drinks per day for men) are inversely associated with diabetes risk. The association is modified by smoking and body mass index in women.

Fréquence et déterminants de la dénutrition post-opératoire en chirurgie viscérale au Centre National Hospitalier et Universitaire Koutoucou Hubert Maga, Cotonou

L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la fréquence et les facteurs associés à la dénutrition chez les patients opérés en chirurgie viscérale en 2014. Il s'est agi d'une étude transversale, descriptive et analytique couvrant la période du 11septembre 2014 au 11 décembre 2014. La population d'étude était constituée des patients opérés en chirurgie viscérale au Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire Hubert Koutoucou MAGA de Cotonou. La dénutrition a été définie pour un indice de masse corporelle inférieur à 18,5 kg/m2. Au total 90 patients avaient été inclus dans l'étude, 57,78 % (52 patients) étaient de sexe masculin. La moyenne d'âge des patients était 55±6,32 ans. La dénutrition était observée chez 42 patients (46,67%). Les facteurs associés à la dénutrition chez les patients en postopératoire étaient : l'âge supérieur ou égal à 50 ans, les apports énergétique, protéique et hydrique faibles, la diarrhée, la présence de cancer, la chirurgie sur le tractus digestif, la chirurgie urgente, une perte de poids significative et l'hyperleucocytose. La dénutrition est fréquente chez les patients en postopératoire. Elle nécessite un dépistage et une prise en charge précoces.

The Effect of Red Palm Oil on Vitamin A Deficiency: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Red palm oil (RPO) has been investigated for preventing or alleviating vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Previous data has offered inconclusive and inconsistent results about the effects of RPO in patients with VAD. Our objective was to undertake a meta-analysis to assess the effects of RPO in preventing VAD in the population. After conducting a comprehensive literature search, nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Overall, when trial results were pooled, the results indicated that RPO reduced the risk of VAD (relative risk (RR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) = 0.55 (0.37, 0.82), p = 0.003), increasedserum retinol levels in both children (p < 0.00001) and adults (p = 0.002), and increased β-carotene levels (p = 0.01). However, RPO supplementation did not have a significant overall effect on serum α-carotene levels (p = 0.06), body weight (p = 0.45), and haemoglobin levels (p = 0.72). The results also showed that low level of PRO intake (≤8 g RPO) could increase serum retinol concentrations whereas PRO intake above 8 g did not lead to further increase of serum retinol concentrations. This meta-analysis demonstrated that RPO might be effective for preventing or alleviating VAD.

Influence of various levels of valin in the mixed fodder on the carcass composition of quails

The article presents the expediency of using valine in the feeding of growing quails of meat direction of productivity. The studies were conducted in the conditions of research laboratory of feed additives of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. The experiment was conducted with growing Pharaoh quails. It was selected 500 daily quails. Birds were placed in 20 cages with 25 heads in each. In the formation of analog groups, the body weight of the birds was taken into account. Quails were fed full-fledged mixed fodder, which was balanced by energy and other nutrients. The feed for the quails of the control group contained the natural level of valine, and the experimental groups – additionally L-valine according to the experimental scheme. Observed a relationship between the level of valine in feed and feed conversion (R2 = 0.7359). The most effective level of valine in mixed fodder for quail, which is grown for meat, to obtain a sufficiently large body weight with a low level of feed intake per unit of growth is at 1– 21-day age – 1.68% and at 22– 35-day age – 1.23%.

Relationship between tongue strength, lip strength, and nutrition-related sarcopenia in older rehabilitation inpatients: a cross-sectional study.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between tongue strength, lip strength, and nutrition-related sarcopenia (NRS).Patients and methodsA total of 201 older inpatients aged ≥65 years (70 men, median age: 84 years, interquartile range: 79–89 years) consecutively admitted for rehabilitation were included in this cross-sectional study. The main factors evaluated were the presence of NRS diagnosed by malnutrition using the Mini-Nutrition Assessment – Short Form, sarcopenia based on the criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia, tongue strength, and lip strength. Other factors such as age, sex, comorbidity, physical function, cognitive function, and oral intake level were also assessed.ResultsIn all, 78 (38.8%) patients were allocated to the NRS group, and 123 (61.2%) patients were allocated to the non-NRS group. The median tongue strength and lip strength (interquartile range) were significantly lower in the NRS group (tongue: 22.9 kPa [17.7–27.7 kPa] and lip: 7.2 N [5.6–9.8 N]) compared with the non-NRS group (tongue: 29.7 kPa [24.8–35.1 kPa] and lip: 9.9 N [8.4–12.3 N], P<0.001 for both). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that NRS was independently associated with tongue strength (odds ratio [OR] =0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87–0.98, P=0.012) and lip strength (OR =0.76, 95% CI 0.66–0.88, P<0.001), even after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidity, physical function, cognitive function, and oral intake level.ConclusionThe likelihood of occurrence of NRS decreased when tongue strength or lip strength increased. Tongue strength and lip strength may be important factors for preventing and improving NRS, regardless of the presence of low oral intake level in older rehabilitation inpatients.

Abstract 239: Associations of polyunsaturated fat, bile acids, and gut microbiota on colorectal adenoma risk

Abstract Background: Intestinal microbiota, and their metabolites are increasingly recognized as important players in the genesis of colorectal adenomas and cancer. Epidemiological studies have also shown that polyunsaturated fat intake is associated with decreased risk of colorectal adenomas. This study examined the association between adherent gut microbiota and mucosal bile acids, and total polyunsaturated fat intake in relation to colorectal adenomas in a case-control study. Methods: Participants were 217 adenoma cases and 218 adenoma-free controls who underwent screening colonoscopies and completed food frequency questionnaires. The mucosal adherent microbiota was characterized by bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing. Global metabolomics of colonic mucosal tissue was conducted by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry on a subset of samples. Genus level microbiota and bile acids were compared between cases and controls using t-test with correction for multiple comparison. Logistic regression and Pearson correlations were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and correlation coefficients for the association among microbiota abundance, bile acids concentration, and total polyunsaturated fat intake. Results: Adenoma subjects had a significantly higher bacterial abundance of Sphingomonas, Marinomonas and Ralstonia, but lower abundance of Adlercreutzia compared to controls. The concentration of eleven bile acids (Chenodeoxycholate, Cholate, Deoxycholate, Glycochenodeoxycholate, Glycocholenate sulfate, 7-ketodeoxycholate; 12-dehydrocholate, Taurochenodeoxycholate, Taurocholate, Taurodeoxycholate, Taurolithocholate 3-sulfate, and Tauroursodeoxycholate) were significantly elevated in cases compared to controls. Subjects with increased abundance of Sphingomonas and Ralstonia were significantly more likely to have adenomas (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.31-3.57; OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.02-1.38) respectively. Subjects with increased abundance of Adlercreutzia were less likely to have adenomas (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.21-0.93). The multivariable adjusted OR for those in the high relative to the low level of total polyunsaturated fat intake was 0.46 (95% CI 0.27-0.80). The correlations between bacterial diversity and eleven bile acids also significantly differed by case control status. Conclusion: The interactions of the gut microbiota, bile acids and consumption of polyunsaturated fat are associated with colorectal adenoma risk. Citation Format: Tengteng Wang, Nicole M. Brown, Amber N. McCoy, Robert S. Sandler, Temitope O. Keku. Associations of polyunsaturated fat, bile acids, and gut microbiota on colorectal adenoma risk [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 239. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-239

Міграція селену у біогеохімічному ланцюзі: ґрунт– вода– рослина–продукція птахівництва–людина

&lt;p&gt;Selenium is an essential micronutrient required for normal functioning of living organisms. It is distributed in inorganic and organic forms in marine and freshwater systems, in soils, biomass, and atmosphere. Its distribution patterns in terrestrial ecosystems have great diversity. There are biogeochemical provinces with selenium deficiency and toxic concentrations of this trace element. Variability of biochemical characteristics of soil and water in different regions of the world makes significant differences in the content of selenium in plants. The total content of selenium in plants depends on several factors: soil type, pH, redox potential reserves of selenium in soils, selenium compounds form (available or unavailable), precipitation, temperature and growth stage of the plant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is a correlation between the content of selenium in the soil and feed on plants, on the one hand, and animals and birds – on the other. Cereal crops, animals and birds, grown in soils of different types of ecosystems are included in human food chain, therefore food is a major source of selenium for human organism. Selenium status of the population varies, from 10 g&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;/day in selenium deficient regions to 1400 g-&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/day in regions with selenium toxicity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Large number of countries are characterized by moderate and low levels of selenium intake from foods of plant-grower and stock-raising. Inadequate flow of it in the body (depending on the degree of deficiency) could lead to physiological changes within the normal regulation or significant metabolic disorders or cause the specific diseases, since selenium deficiency is associated with more than 75 different diseases and pain symptoms. The only way of selenium contamination increase in human organism is the selen inclusion in the diet enriched with such micronutrient, like poultry meat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The selenium-enriched dietary meat product can be considered as biocorrection food and iIts consumption will contribute to the prevention of hiposelenoz. Nevertheles, there is a narrow range between the recommended rates (50–120 g&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;/day) and the maximum permissible level of selenium consumption (400 g&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;/day) while at high concentrations it can cause toxic effects in human body. Further comprehensive environmental and toxicological studies of migration patterns and levels of selenium in the environment should be done to minimize adverse effects to human health associated with dangerous concentrations of selenium.&lt;/p&gt;

Hunger, taste, and normative cues in predictions about food intake

Normative eating cues (portion size, social factors) have a powerful impact on people's food intake, but people often fail to acknowledge the influence of these cues, instead explaining their food intake in terms of internal (hunger) or sensory (taste) cues. This study examined whether the same biases apply when making predictions about how much food a person would eat. Participants (n = 364) read a series of vignettes describing an eating scenario and predicted how much food the target person would eat in each situation. Some scenarios consisted of a single eating cue (hunger, taste, or a normative cue) that would be expected to increase intake (e.g., high hunger) or decrease intake (e.g., a companion who eats very little). Other scenarios combined two cues that were in conflict with one another (e.g., high hunger + a companion who eats very little). In the cue-conflict scenarios involving an inhibitory internal/sensory cue (e.g., low hunger) with an augmenting normative cue (e.g., a companion who eats a lot), participants predicted a low level of food intake, suggesting a bias toward the internal/sensory cue. For scenarios involving an augmenting internal/sensory cue (e.g., high hunger) and an inhibitory normative cue (e.g., a companion who eats very little), participants predicted an intermediate level of food intake, suggesting that they were influenced by both the internal/sensory and normative cue. Overall, predictions about food intake tend to reflect a general bias toward internal/sensory cues, but also include normative cues when those cues are inhibitory. If people are systematically biased toward internal, sensory, and inhibitory cues, then they may underestimate how much food they or other people will eat in many situations, particularly when normative cues promoting eating are present.

Mortality from different causes associated with meat, heme iron, nitrates, and nitrites in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study: population based cohort study

Objective To determine the association of different types of meat intake and meat associated compounds with overall and cause specific mortality.Design Population based cohort study.Setting Baseline dietary data of the...

The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries

The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in saltwater bodies is relatively well studied, but nothing is known about their presence in most of the commercial salts that are widely consumed by humans across the globe. Here, we extracted MP-like particles larger than 149 μm from 17 salt brands originating from 8 different countries followed by the identification of their polymer composition using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Microplastics were absent in one brand while others contained between 1 to 10 MPs/Kg of salt. Out of the 72 extracted particles, 41.6% were plastic polymers, 23.6% were pigments, 5.50% were amorphous carbon, and 29.1% remained unidentified. The particle size (mean ± SD) was 515 ± 171 μm. The most common plastic polymers were polypropylene (40.0%) and polyethylene (33.3%). Fragments were the primary form of MPs (63.8%) followed by filaments (25.6%) and films (10.6%). According to our results, the low level of anthropogenic particles intake from the salts (maximum 37 particles per individual per annum) warrants negligible health impacts. However, to better understand the health risks associated with salt consumption, further development in extraction protocols are needed to isolate anthropogenic particles smaller than 149 μm.

Beneficial Effects of Fermentation of Whole Grains (WG) and Whole Grain Resistant Starch (RS) in Lean Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) Rats

Whole grain components have been shown to have a beneficial role concurrent with and independent of purified resistant starch (RS2) through intestinal fermentation when delivered as a fermentable dietary fiber. As Americans consume less than half of the recommended amounts of fiber, determining if a lower fiber dose can still provide benefits through use of WG and RS may still allow for health benefits in the context of lower intake. The current study was designed to delineate optimal health effects from a whole grain prebiotic using a dose response, where the beneficial effects of fermentation were expected to be observed beginning at 5% (wt diet). Estimates for comparing fiber in humans vs. rats are ~10% for equivalence. Previous studies with obese ZDF rats showed robust effects of fermentation on gut microbiota with no reduction of abdominal fat when fed RS. Additionally, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats demonstrated a significantly increased fermentation, though not as robust as ZDF rats, when fed WG, RS, and WG+RS diets, but also statistically significant differences in abdominal body fat as compared to obese ZDF rats. Isocaloric moderate fat (3.7 kcal/g, ~30% of energy) diets were developed with the following starch sources: control starch with no WG or RS [CON], natural WG waxy corn flour with low RS (35.1 %WG) [WGC], or increasing levels of a whole grain high amylose maize resistant starch (WGRS) [HMWG: 5 (9.3), 10 (18.6), 15 (27.9), 20% (37.2%) RS (%WG)]. The six diets were fed to lean ZDF rats for eight weeks (n=11; n=12 for 5%, 10% HMWG). Single degree of freedom contrasts (WGC vs. CON, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) were performed at p&lt;0.05. Beginning at 5% HWMG, pH had significant reduction as compared to WGC. Cecum weight significantly increased from 10% HMWG on. All short chain fatty acid (SCFA) measurements were significantly different for WG vs. CON. SCFA acetate and propionate showed a significant increase at 5% and increased consecutively through 20%, while butyrate increased at 15% and 20%. No significant differences were observed for food and energy intake and percentage abdominal fat/emboweled body wt (gut contents removed). At 5% HMWG, fermentation effects differed overall from the WG control. An indirect comparison of lean ZDF rats and obese ZDF rats has shown similarity in fermentation and no changes in body fat. As WGRS dosage increased, gut health benefits (fermentation parameters) increased, but did not affect food and energy consumed or abdominal fat. WG flour alone promoted fermentation with RS1, a component of the WG kernel, and WGRS (RS1+RS2) promoted greater fermentation. Replacing traditional starch for a whole grain starch is beneficial, while replacing it with a whole grain with resistant starch, as low as 5%, is better. These results suggest that a lower level of intake of fermentable fiber as RS is beneficial, but show that substantial WG (35.1%) with only low RS1 (2%) also had beneficial effects.Support or Funding InformationUSDA–NIFA #2014–67017–21760, LSU AgCenter and Ingredion Incorporated.

A Weighted Goal Programming Model for the DASH Diet Problem: Comparison with the Linear Programming DASH Diet Model

A Linear Programming DASH diet model for persons with hypertension has previously been formulated and daily minimum cost diet plans that satisfy the DASH diets’ tolerable intake level of the nutrients for 1500 mg a day Sodium level and different daily calorie levels were obtained using sample foods from the DASH diet eating plan chart. But the limitation in the use of linear programming model in selecting diet plans to meet specific nutritional requirements which normally results in the oversupply of certain nutrients was evident in the linear programming DASH diet plan obtained as the nutrient level of the diet plans obtained had wide deviations of from the DASH diets’ tolerable upper and lower intake level for the given calorie and sodium levels. Hence the need for a model that gives diet plans with minimized nutrients’ level deviations from the DASH diets’ tolerable intake level for different daily calorie and sodium level at desired cost. A weighted Goal Programming DASH diet model that minimizes the daily cost of the DASH eating plan as well as deviations of the diets’ nutrients content from the DASH diet’s tolerable intake levels is hereby presented in this work. The formulated weighted goal programming DASH diet model is further illustrated using chosen sample foods from the DASH food chart as used in the work on the linear programming DASH diet model for a 1500 mg sodium level and 2000 calories a day diet plan as well as for 1800, 2200, 2400, 2600, 2800 and 3000 daily calorie levels. A comparison of the DASH nutrients’ composition of the weighted Goal Programming DASH diet plans and those of the linear programming DASH diet plans were carried out at this sodium level and the different daily calorie levels. It was evident from the results of the comparison that the weighted goal programming DASH diet plans has minimized deviations from the DASH diet’s tolerable intake levels than those of the linear programming DASH diet plans.

A meta-analysis of feeding sugar beet pulp in dairy cows: Effects on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, performance, and net food production

Feeding of industrial by-products such as sugar beet pulp (Bp) is an economically viable option in dairy production, but high inclusion rates might impair feed intake and performance of the cows. The present meta-analysis was performed to evaluate inclusion of Bp in dairy cow diets taking into account inclusion rate of Bp, feed intake and production levels of the cows, concentrate level in the diet and replacement aim of Bp (i.e., grain type and forage replaced). Effects on dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, and milk production variables as well as on net food production, as a measure of sustainability, were determined using meta-analysis and meta-regression approaches. Data were extracted from 34 different studies published from 1990 to 2016, comprising a total of 103 dietary treatments. The effect of Bp on DMI depended largely (P=0.016) on the feed intake level of cows. DMI decreased with increasing Bp inclusion level in cows with a high feed intake level (>3.5% of BW), but not in cows with a low intake level (≤3.5% of BW), noted by an interaction between Bp level and feed intake level (P=0.015). Bp inclusion had no effect on milk yield (P=0.514) but increased milk fat yield (P=0.004) and fat-corrected milk yield (P=0.002). Effects of Bp on milk production variables were independent of the dietary concentrate level as well as the replacement aim. Ruminal pH increased (P=0.046) but only when Bp was fed at a level of >200g/kg of diet DM. There were interactions between the Bp inclusion and the dietary concentrate level for molar percentages of propionate (P=0.008) and butyrate (P=0.021) and, to a lesser extent, for acetate (P=0.057), with acetate and propionate being altered by Bp only in high concentrate diets. All variables related to net food production including kg milk/MJ human edible energy input (P=0.002) or g milk protein/g human edible protein input (P=0.027) were strongly improved by feeding of Bp. In conclusion, the effect of Bp as a feedstuff for dairy cows depends on the cow’s feed intake and production level, whereby high inclusion rates of Bp seem to be particularly beneficial in cows in which the feed intake level does not exceed 3.5% of BW.

Diet quality and its relationship with central obesity among Mexican Americans: findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2012.

Using the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010), the present study aimed to examine diet quality and the impact of overall diet quality and its components on central obesity among Mexican-American men and women. Cross-sectional data from NHANES 1999-2012 were used. The HEI-2010 data, including twelve components for a total score of 100, were collected with a 24 h recall interview. Central obesity was defined as a waist circumference of ≥88 cm for women and ≥102 cm for men. Weighted logistic regressions were performed to assess associations between HEI-2010 scores and central obesity. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2012. A total of 6847 Mexican Americans aged ≥20 years with reliable dietary recall status and non-pregnancy status. Higher HEI-2010 total score was associated with lower odds of central obesity in Mexican-American men (OR; 95 % CI=0·98; 0·98, 1·00). Among all Mexican Americans, one-unit higher score of total fruit and sodium (i.e. lower level of intake) was associated with 4 % (0·96; 0·93, 0·99) and 2 % (0·98; 0·96, 0·99) lower odds of central obesity, respectively. However, a higher total proteins score was associated with higher odds of central obesity (1·08; 1·00, 1·16). In gender-specific analyses, a higher whole fruit or sodium score was inversely associated with central obesity in men but not in women. HEI-2010 scores of total fruit and sodium were inversely associated with central obesity among all Mexican Americans. However, total proteins score and central obesity was positively associated. In Mexican-American men, HEI-2010 total and whole fruit scores were inversely associated with central obesity.

Trans Fatty Acids in Colostrum, Mature Milk and Diet of Lactating Adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the trans fatty acids (TFA) content and distribution in colostrum, mature milk, and diet of adolescent mothers, after TFA declaration in food labels became mandatory in Brazil. Participants were healthy adolescents (n 54, 15-19years, 1-90days postpartum) practicing exclusive breastfeeding. Milk samples were collected 3days after delivery (colostrum) and in the third month postpartum (mature milk) by hand expression. The fatty acid composition of the milk samples was determined by gas chromatography. TFA intake corresponded to 1.23% of total energy value. Total 18:2 TFA accounted for less than 0.5% of the energy intake. The amount of total 18:1 TFA (mean±SEM) was 1.9%±0.14 in colostrum and 1.5%±0.2 in mature milk. The total content of n-3 PUFA was inversely correlated with the total content of 18:1 TFA in colostrum. Both in colostrum and in mature milk, vaccenic acid (11t-18:1) was found to be the most abundant 18:1 trans isomer, followed by elaidic acid (9t-18:1), whereas rumenic acid (9c,11t-18:2 CLA) was the predominant 18:2 trans isomer. In conclusion, the levels of TFA of industrial sources found in the mother's diet and breast milk (colostrum and mature milk) showed a decrease in relation to those observed in studies conducted prior to the TFA labeling resolution in Brazil. However, the current low intake levels of n-3 LCPUFA and DHA content in the milk of lactating adolescents may be insufficient for supporting adequate neurological development of the infants.

Are milk and alternatives and fruit and vegetable intakes during adolescence associated with cortical and trabecular bone structure, density, and strength in adulthood?

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether adolescents with high intake of milk and alternatives (M&A) or fruit and vegetables (F&V) had better adult bone structure and strength compared to those with low intake levels. We analyzed data from 47 males and 69 females enrolled in the Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study (PBMAS 1991-2011), who had one peripheral quantitative computed tomography scan at age 29 ± 2years. We measured radius and tibia shaft total area (ToA), cortical area (CoA), cortical content (CoC), cortical density, bone strength (SSIp), and muscle area, as well as distal radius and tibia ToA, total density, trabecular area, trabecular content, trabecular density, and bone strength (BSIc). Sequential 24-h recalls were used to assess M&A and F&V intake; participants were grouped for their mean intake during adolescence (low = bottom quartile, moderate = middle quartiles, high = top quartile) and were compared using multivariate analysis of covariance while adjusting for adult height, muscle area, physical activity, energy and calcium intake and adolescent energy intake, and physical activity. Females with high M&A intake compared to low M&A intake group (mean 3.8 vs. 1.3 servings/day, respectively) had greater adult ToA (14%, p < 0.05), CoA (15%, p < 0.01), and CoC (16%, p < 0.01) at radius shaft. Females with moderate F&V intake compared to low F&V intake group (mean 3.7 vs. 2.1 servings/day, respectively) had greater adult ToA (8.5%, p < 0.05) at distal tibia. Higher intake of M&A or F&V during adolescence had a long-term beneficial effect on bone structure in females, an association not observed in males.

Behavioral Timing without Clockwork: Photoperiod-Dependent Trade-Off between Predation Hazard and Energy Balance in an Arctic Ungulate.

Occurrence of 24-h rhythms in species apparently lacking functional molecular clockwork indicates that strong circadian mechanisms are not essential prerequisites of robust timing, and that rhythmical patterns may arise instead as passive responses to periodically changing environmental stimuli. Thus, in a new synthesis of grazing in a ruminant (MINDY), crepuscular peaks of activity emerge from interactions between internal and external stimuli that influence motivation to feed, and the influence of the light/dark cycle is mediated through the effect of low nocturnal levels of food intake on gastric function. Drawing on risk allocation theory, we hypothesized that the timing of behavior in ruminants is influenced by the independent effects of light on motivation to feed and perceived risk of predation. We predicted that the antithetical relationship between these 2 drivers would vary with photoperiod, resulting in a systematic shift in the phase of activity relative to the solar cycle across the year. This prediction was formalized in a model in which phase of activity emerges from a photoperiod-dependent trade-off between food and safety. We tested this model using data on the temporal pattern of activity in reindeer/caribou Rangifer tarandus free-living at natural mountain pasture in sub-Arctic Norway. The resulting nonlinear relationship between the phasing of crepuscular activity and photoperiod, consistent with the model, suggests a mechanism for behavioral timing that is independent of the core circadian system. We anticipate that such timing depends on integration of metabolic feedback from the digestive system and the activity of the glucocorticoid axis which modulates the behavioral responses of the animal to environmental hazard. The hypothalamus is the obvious neural substrate to achieve this integration.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and flavonoids: Current perspectives

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an accumulation of fat in the liver despite a low level of alcohol intake, with signs of hepatomegaly. Although in the past, NAFLD was predominantly viewed as an aspect of metabolic syndrome, it is now considered that it should be classified as an independent condition similar to obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Therefore, new treatment strategies, not based on correcting insulin resistance, are needed for NAFLD. This work analyzes methods of prevention, therapeutic approaches, and mechanisms involved in NAFLD, focusing on the use of flavonoids (epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, anthocyanins, and isoflavones) with high antioxidant capacity. In addition, the mechanisms of cholesterol accumulation in the liver are identified as potential avenues for entirely new approaches to NAFLD treatment, contrasting the well-known relation between neutral fat and NAFLD.

Association of Urine Zinc with Prevalent and Incident Diabetes in the Strong Heart Study

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes may go undetected for many years. Zinc is crucial for insulin synthesis, storage, and secretion. Low zinc intake and blood zinc levels have been suggested as diabetes ...

Kappa-opioid receptors differentially regulate low and high levels of ethanol intake in female mice.

IntroductionStudies in laboratory animals and humans indicate that endogenous opioids play an important role in regulating the rewarding value of various drugs, including ethanol (EtOH). Indeed, opioid antagonists are currently a front‐line treatment for alcoholism in humans. Although roles for mu‐ and delta‐opioid receptors have been characterized, the contribution of kappa‐opioid receptors (KORs) is less clear. There is evidence that changes in KOR system function can decrease or increase EtOH drinking, depending on test conditions. For example, female mice lacking preprodynorphin – the precursor to the endogenous KOR ligand dynorphin – have reduced EtOH intake. Considering that KORs can regulate dopamine (DA) transmission, we hypothesized that KORs expressed on DA neurons would play a prominent role in EtOH intake in females.MethodsWe used a Cre/loxP recombination strategy to ablate KORs throughout the body or specifically on dopamine uptake transporter (DAT)‐expressing neurons to investigate the role of KORs on preference for and intake of EtOH (2‐bottle choice), the transition from moderate to excessive EtOH drinking (intermittent EtOH access), and binge EtOH drinking (drinking in the dark [DID]).Results KOR deletion decreased preference for EtOH, although this effect was less pronounced when EtOH intake increased beyond relatively low levels.DiscussionOur findings indicate that KOR activation increases EtOH drinking via effects mediated, at least in part, by KORs on DA neurons. While the mechanisms of this regulation remain unknown, previous work suggests that alterations in negative reinforcement processes or sensitivity to the sensory properties of EtOH can affect preference and intake.