Lower Levels Of Health Research Articles

PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN

Poverty is a very complex development issues. Poverty is seen as spillovers from development and part of the problem in development. The existence of poverty is characterized by unemployment, underdevelopment, and inequality between regions. Poverty is also indicated by the presence of slums and squatter, and the existence of groups of people categorized as poor families caused by the limitations of economic, social and political life of their poor families. This phenomenon is demonstrated by the presence of several heads of families who are economically unable to meet the primary needs of family members. In addition, low levels of public education also makes it difficult to obtain jobs with adequate results or provide for his family. There are also a number of families whose low level of health that is hindering their work. This paper would like to discuss the steps that can be taken by the government to tackle poverty masalahan.
 KEY WORDS:Poverty, Unemployment, Underdevelopmen, Inequality, Poor Family, Low Level of Education.

MEDIATORS OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PROCRASTINATION AND NEUROTICISM

Background: Procrastination means delaying action, which creates serious problems both in academic, work, and clinical settings since it leads to reduced performance levels, and gives rise to psychological distress resulting in lower levels of health and well-being. Therefore, it is imperative to acquire a better know ledge of its reasons and relationships with psychological factors. Yet, the nature of those rela tionships remains am biguous. One of reasons is that many fac tors considered as causes of procrastination work as mediators, modify ing the relationships of procrastination with other factors. Hence, the present study aimed at delineating the factors, which might have a mediating effect upon the interface of procrastination with personality features. Material/Methods: Undergraduate students (n=62) participated in the study. The participation was voluntary and anonymous. A self-constructed Questionnaire of Predictors of Procrastination (QPP), a Polish version of the NEO-FFI test, and a Polish adaptation of the Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS) were administered, and there was no time limit. Results: Positive significant correlations between neurotism and general, decisive, and behavioral procrastination were found. There was also a significant interaction of neuroticism with the fear of failure, evaluation anxiety, low motivation and a lack of persistence as well as a lack of time management. In addition, the tendency to succumb to temptations and distractibility proved to be significantly related with procrastination, which suggests a lack of self-control. Conclusions: The current study confirmed observations that a neurotic personality does not determine procrastination but both those variables do interact. This study also shows that anxiety plays a significant role in starting actions and/or in accomplishing it. This is not only a fear of final evaluation, but the fear following the belief of impossibility to properly deal with a given action. Moreover, a capability of controlling emotions is closely connected with self-control enabling the planning, and organizing of an action, which is one of the main problems of procrastinators.

\u201cProvoking conversations\u201d: case studies of organizations where Option Grid\u2122 decision aids have become \u2018normalized\u2019

BackgroundImplementing patient decision aids in clinic workflow has proven to be a challenge for healthcare organizations and physicians. Our aim was to determine the organizational strategies, motivations, and facilitating factors to the routine implementation of Option Grid™ encounter decision aids at two independent settings.MethodCase studies conducted by semi-structured interview, using the Normalization Process Theory (NPT) as a framework for thematic analysis. Twenty three interviews with physicians, nurses, hospital staff and stakeholders were conducted at: 1) CapitalCare Medical Group in Albany, New York; 2) HealthPartners Clinics in Minneapolis, Minnesota.Results‘Coherent’ motivations were guided by financial incentives at CapitalCare, and by a ‘champion’ physician at HealthPartners. Nurses worked ‘collectively’ at both settings and played an important role at sites where successful implementation occurred. Some physicians did not understand the perceived utility of Option Grid™, which led to varying degrees of implementation success across sites. The appraisal work (reflexive monitoring) identified benefits, particularly in terms of information provision. Physicians at both settings, however, were concerned with time pressures and the suitability of the tool for patients with low levels of health literacy.ConclusionAlthough both practice settings illustrated the mechanisms of normalization postulated by the theory, the extent to which Option Grid™ was routinely embedded in clinic workflow varied between sites, and between clinicians. Implementation of new interventions will require attention to an identified rationale (coherence), and to the collective action, cognitive participation, and assessment of value by organizational members of the organization.

The overlapping brain region accounting for the relationship between procrastination and impulsivity: A voxel-based morphometry study

Procrastination is a prevalent problematic behavior that brings serious consequences, such as lower levels of health, wealth, and well-being. Previous research has verified that impulsivity is one of the traits most strongly correlated with procrastination. However, little is known about why there is a tight behavioral relationship between them. To address this question, we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to explore the common neural substrates between procrastination and impulsivity. In line with previous findings, the behavioral results showed a strong behavioral correlation between procrastination and impulsivity. Neuroimaging results showed impulsivity and procrastination shared the common neurobiological underpinnings in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) based on the data from 85 participants (sample 1). Furthermore, the mediation analysis revealed that impulsivity mediated the impact of gray matter (GM) volumes of this overlapping region in the DLPFC on procrastination on another independent 84 participants’ data (sample 2). In conclusion, the overlapping brain region in the DLPFC would be responsible for the close relationship between procrastination and impulsivity. As a whole, the present study extends our knowledge on procrastination, and provides a novel perspective to explain the tight impulsivity – procrastination relationship.

Urban-rural differences in the association between access to healthcare and health outcomes among older adults in China

BackgroundStudies have shown that inadequate access to healthcare is associated with lower levels of health and well-being in older adults. Studies have also shown significant urban-rural differences in access to healthcare in developing countries such as China. However, there is limited evidence of whether the association between access to healthcare and health outcomes differs by urban-rural residence at older ages in China.MethodsFour waves of data (2005, 2008/2009, 2011/2012, and 2014) from the largest national longitudinal survey of adults aged 65 and older in mainland China (n = 26,604) were used for analysis. The association between inadequate access to healthcare (y/n) and multiple health outcomes were examined—including instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) disability, ADL disability, cognitive impairment, and all-cause mortality. A series of multivariate models were used to obtain robust estimates and to account for various covariates associated with access to healthcare and/or health outcomes. All models were stratified by urban-rural residence.ResultsInadequate access to healthcare was significantly higher among older adults in rural areas than in urban areas (9.1% vs. 5.4%; p < 0.01). Results from multivariate models showed that inadequate access to healthcare was associated with significantly higher odds of IADL disability in older adults living in urban areas (odds ratio [OR] = 1.58–1.79) and rural areas (OR = 1.95–2.30) relative to their counterparts with adequate access to healthcare. In terms of ADL disability, we found significant increases in the odds of disability among rural older adults (OR = 1.89–3.05) but not among urban older adults. Inadequate access to healthcare was also associated with substantially higher odds of cognitive impairment in older adults from rural areas (OR = 2.37–3.19) compared with those in rural areas with adequate access to healthcare; however, no significant differences in cognitive impairment were found among older adults in urban areas. Finally, we found that inadequate access to healthcare increased overall mortality risks in older adults by 33–37% in urban areas and 28–29% in rural areas. However, the increased risk of mortality in urban areas was not significant after taking into account health behaviors and baseline health status.ConclusionsInadequate access to healthcare was significantly associated with higher rates of disability, cognitive impairment, and all-cause mortality among older adults in China. The associations between access to healthcare and health outcomes were generally stronger among older adults in rural areas than in urban areas. Our findings underscore the importance of providing adequate access to healthcare for older adults—particularly for those living in rural areas in developing countries such as China.

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI PEMBANGUNAN BERBASIS “SKP2” TERPADU DALAM MEWUJUDKAN “BLUE ECONOMY” MASYARAKAT PESISIR PANTAI DAN KEPULAUAN YANG TANGGUH DAN SEJAHTERA (TARA)

Sungai Raya Kepulauan District is located on the coast separately and away from the Bengkayang Capital. The majority of the population including the coastal communities who work as fishermen. The coastal area has great potential but has not been used optimally. As a result, various problems arose, for example, the low level of health in the village, lack of public education because of limited school and lack of community economy further aggravate the situation. Therefore, we need a new concept for the development of coastal areas, namely the "Blue Economy". As for the measures to be implemented in the framework of the completion of the above problems through Community Empowerment Through Driven Development "SKP2" (Health, Fisheries, and Economic) Integrated In Realize "Blue Economy" Coastal Community and Islands Tough and Welfare (TARA), among others: (a) Enhanced Behavior clean and healthy Lifestyle (PHBs), the method which is used to overcome the problems, namely: workshop, health promotion include counseling on health behavior, socialization healthy latrines, clean water supply, sanitation, training of cadres teen idle and cadres posyandu, family formation standby and idle teenagers, socialization of ground use for medicinal plant families, provision of CPTS (Hand washing), and simple clean water filtration; (b) Increasing the entrepreneurial economy of agriculture and fisheries, methods which are used to overcome the problems, namely: the establishment and development of women farmers, making training Aquaponics pool tarp and net cages step, training cultivation and increasing fish production, training of fisheries product processing, training nursery plantation processing, processing of tourist management training, socialization packaging fishery products and plantations. (c) Improving education in an effort to support the government's compulsory education (12 years old), the method that used to overcome the problems, namely: the establishment of "Smart House B2" smart house B2 cadre training, training on making collages, mosaics and montage of simple materials, training methods Morance, cadre training education, and training management "Smart House B2”. Keywords: health behavior, Entrepreneurship Agricultural Economics, SKP2, Blue Economy, Coastal Communities

Perceived Health and Nutrition Concerns as Predictors of Dietary Patterns among Polish Females Aged 13-21 Years (GEBaHealth Project).

Health-related concerns can often be factors influencing health-related behaviours. It remains unclear whether a high level of concerns is associated with pro-healthy or unhealthy dietary behaviours and whether any associations between nutrition-related concerns and dietary behaviours exist in a population of girls and young women. The aim of the study was to investigate the associations between perceived health and nutrition concerns and dietary patterns in a representative sample of Polish young females. Data was collected in 2012 through a cross-sectional quantitative survey within the GEBaHealth (Girls Eating Behaviours and Health) project in a group of 1107 Polish girls aged 13–21 years old. Dietary patterns were identified by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on dietary data collected with Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs). Nutrition and health concerns were assessed separately by two indices: Health Concern Index (HCI) and Nutrition Concern Index (NCI); both based on the Health Concern Scale (HCS). The associations between perceived health and nutrition concerns and each dietary pattern were investigated using logistic regression analysis. Displaying a higher level of health concerns increased the chances of adherence to the upper tertile of ‘Fruit & vegetables’ pattern (adjusted odds ratio [adj. ORs]: 1.46, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]: 1.02–2.10). Displaying a lower level of health concerns increased the chances of the adherence to the upper tertiles of ‘Traditional Polish’, ‘Dairy & fats’, ‘Fruit and vegetables’ and ‘Fast food & sweets’ patterns (adj. ORs: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.31–2.67; 1.66, 95% CI: 1.18–2.34; 1.57, 95% CI: 1.11–2.22; 1.52, 95% CI: 1.08–2.13; respectively). No significant associations were found between levels of nutrition concerns and dietary patterns in the adjusted model. We found associations between self-perceived health concerns and dietary patterns in our study sample, suggesting health concerns can be an important predictor of dietary behaviours in girls and young women. To increase the effectiveness of healthy eating, an emphasis should be laid on health, reinforced with awareness of nutrition, when advising on food-related decisions.

Psychological characteristics of emotion control in physicians and teachers

IntroductionEmotional control can play positive role in professional growth. Are there any negative effects of emotional control on the professional activity of physicians and teachers?Objectives and aimsTo reveal the specifics of emotional control in groups of physicians and teachers with different self-reported health levels.MethodsThe study involved 160 physicians and 179 school teachers. Gender ratio and mean age in both groups were similar. The instruments used: SF-36 health survey and Ban on the emotional expression questionnaire.ResultsIn general, physicians, and teachers more often than control group controlled the expression of their emotions. Physicians in comparison with teachers were more likely to restrict both positive (joy) and negative emotions (sadness, anger). Teachers with a high level of health by SF-36 had a minimal ban on the expression of sadness (P &lt; 0.01). The maximum level of the ban on the expression of anger (P &lt; 0.001) and fear (P &lt; 0.05) and an aggregated ban of emotional expression was revealed in teachers with average level of health by SF-36 (P &lt; 0.001). Expression of joy in teachers was not directly related to the self-reported health level (P &gt; 0.05). Physicians who showed the maximum ban on the emotion expressions reported only the low health level by SF-36 (P &lt; 0.05). It was more related to the ban on joy, and less to the ban on anger.ConclusionsThe revealed models of emotional expression control can strengthen both professional and everyday stresses in physicians and teachers. Different prevention programs are needed for these groups of professionals.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

Assessing mismatches between ecosystem structure and function in Jiaozhou Bay by coordination degree algorithm

A healthy ecosystem depends on the coordination of ecosystem structure and function. The coordination among ecosystem components, however, is seldom taken into account in current ecosystem health assessments (EHA). Neglect of such coordination may lead to large degrees of uncertainty in EHA and fail to support ecosystem management. We propose an approach to quantify the level of dynamic mismatching between ecosystem structure and function and the impact on ecosystem health by incorporating the ecosystem coordination index into EHA. The coordination degree is calculated using variation coefficient of six proxies for ecosystem structure and functions. The ecosystem at Jiaozhou Bay, as a microcosm of China’s coast, has been documented to fluctuate from healthy to unhealthy status over the past three decades. The results indicate that there is a 3%−17% lower health level than that calculated by common methods used in the literature, indicating that the health of Jiaozhou Bay has become worse than expected. Habitat change contributes 20%−52% to ecosystem mismatches and is the most uncoordinated factor. Mismatch-related declines account for approximately one-fourth of the total ecological declines. Restoration scenarios that aim to resolve ecosystem mismatches could increase efficiency by about 50% compared to restoration scenarios that do not consider mismatches. This study investigates ecological declines in a coastal bay due to 30 years of rapid economic development. In doing so, this study provides novel insights and enhances our understanding of the reasons for failure in ecological restoration.

Predictors of burnout and health status in Samaritans’ listening volunteers

Samaritan listening volunteers provide emotional support to people in distress or suicidal. Samaritans’ has high volunteer turnover, which may be due to burnout. This study evaluated the role of demographic and psychosocial factors in predicting Samaritans listening volunteers’ burnout and health status. Samaritans’ listening volunteers (n = 216) from seven branches across UK completed an online survey to assess their levels of burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, personal accomplishment), subjective health status, coping, empathy and social support. Overall, listeners showed low levels of burnout and good health. Regression analysis revealed that higher emotional exhaustion was predicted by younger age and avoidant coping style; higher depersonalisation was predicted by lower empathy fantasy and higher avoidant coping style; lower personal accomplishment scores were predicted by higher empathy personal distress and worse health status was predicted by more hours per week spent on listening duties, lower social support and higher avoidant coping style. Overall, different factors influenced different facets of burnout. However, higher use of avoidant coping style consistently predicted higher burnout and worse health status, suggesting avoidant coping is an important target for intervention.

Formiranje znanja i veština kod predškolske dece kroz integrisane fizičko-zdravstvene aktivnosti

This paper presents an innovative and practical way presented an integrated physical health's activity. The main goal was to get through movement and play in preschool children form the knowledge and skills of health education. The subject of the work is theoretical elaboration of the content, form, forms, methods and means of integrated activities aimed at linking and solving problems of physical and health education of preschool children. The formation of knowledge and skills through integrated physical-health activities in preschool children stems from the actual problems of modern life, which results in a low level of health and disharmony of the physical development and the development of motor skills of children. The aim is that children form skills and knowledge in technology of preserving, maintaining and improving their health. The aim is also to children through physical activity and health learn to be healthy body and soul; build your health behavior in accordance with the laws of nature and the existence of; form of motivational sphere of health behavior for a safe and secure life; realize how important the movement for health and development; explore the anatomical and psychological basics of exercise and understand the effects of exercise on the body provides.

Ways of Improving Physical Activity of Primary School Children

The article is about problems in increasing motive activity for children of primary school age, the aim of which is improving their health. Thanks to a sufficient amount of physical activity children of all age groups have an optimum level of health, physical development and will acquire motor skills. One of the important problems of our time is to improve the health of children. The study indicates a relatively low level of health in children of primary school age, which is associated with decreased levels of physical activity. Studies show that for children of 6 to 7 years of age the number of hours on average and high levels of motor activity tend to decrease. At the age of six 2 hours. 10 min (9,1%) are spent at the average level, 40 minutes (2.6 per cent) – at the high level, and at the age of seven – 1 hour. 7 min(7,35%) are spent at the average level, 20 min (1,05%) – at the high level. The greatest number of hours is spent at the basic level (44,5% at the age of 6, 39.4% – at the age of 7). At the age of six 88.3% of the time are given to the base and low level, at the age of seven – 91.6 %, 11.7 % and 8.4 % are given to the average and high levels accordingly, which indicates a sedentary lifestyle. The solution to the problem of preservation of health and ensuring harmonious development of personality in educational institutions is of great practical importance. In this regard physical culture, as the basis of ensuring the strengthening of children's health, has new challenges that require the development and creation of physical education system in secondary schools which provides improvement of all components in health - mental, social, physical. One of the conditions of effectiveness in the system of organization of sports and recreation activities is the introduction of various forms of work, taking into account the interests and motives of the children.

THE STATE OF FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY AND HEALTH OF STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the individualization of students’ physical education has occupied a prominent place in scientific studies. The goal of the research is to study the state of the functional capacity and health of students of higher educational institutions. Materials and methods of the research: аnalysis and generalization of literary resources, testing and surveys. Results are as follows: the average group parameters of systolic and diastolic blood pressure level of students are within normal limits. The vital capacity of lungs of young men is within the range of 3,98 – 4,3 liters. Conclusions of the research: the obtained data testify that 2,5 % of students have a low level of physical capacity and health, 5,1 % – have a below midium level of physical capacity and health. Most of the boys (70,9 %) are referred to the normal level of physical capacity and health, 20 % have an above medium level of physical capacity and health and only 1,5 % have a high level of physical capacity and health.

Investigating Relationships Between Health-Related Problems and Online Health Information Seeking.

Online health information seeking (OHIS) functions as a coping strategy to relieve health-related stress and problems. When people rate their health as poor or felt concern about their health, they frequently visit the Internet to seek health-related information in order to understand their symptoms and treatments. Regarding this role of OHIS, it is important to understand the relationships between health-related problems and OHIS. This study applies the Common-Sense Model as a theoretical lens to examine the relationship between health-related problems (ie, diagnosis of cancer, poor self-rated health, and psychological distress) and OHIS of adults in the US. Using the Health Information National Trends Survey 4 Cycle 1 (2012), a total of 2351 adult Internet users was included in this research. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the research model, and the model adding psychological distress resulted in a statistically significant improvement in model fit. In this study, lower levels of self-rated health and higher levels of psychological distress were significantly associated with higher odds of OHIS. Study findings support the idea that individuals' low levels of self-rated health and high levels of perceived psychological distress make people search for health-related information via the Internet in order to cope with health-related concern and distress.

Lifestyle of college students: follow-up study during the first two years of the undergraduate

Introduction: The lifestyle (LS) have been constituted as a going concern factor in today’s society, since low levels of health and well -being may lead to adverse consequences , especially in vulnerable groups such as college students, whose behavior acquired at this stage can be extended to other stages of life. Model of the study: Cohort study. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the lifestyle of college students during the first two years of the undergraduate program. Methods: The study enrolled, students who enrolled in undergraduate programs of Teacher Education Center of the Federal University of Bahia Reconcavo in the first half of the school year 2010. The lifestyle was determined by using the selfadministered questionnaire “Style life Fantastic”. We used the Chi-square test, McNemar test and relative risk (RR), considering p&lt;0.05. The sample that participated in the entire follow-up period was composed of 92 students (64.1% female). Results: There was an increasing trend in the prevalence of students who had unhealthy global LS (16.3% vs. 21.7%). Students who have already entered with LS unhealthy for the domains “Family and Friends” (RR=2.17; 95%CI: 1.25-3.76) and “introspection” (RR=1.69; 95%CI: 1.02-2.81) were at higher risk to remain with this behavior at the end of the second year of the degree course. Conclusions: Analyzing these results, together with the other findings of this study, it is concluded that the time spent in graduate influenced the LS students studied. Thus, it is suggested that public policies for health promotion are developed within the university campuses in order to contribute to the adoption of healthier behaviors among their students

In Their Own Words: The Health and Sexuality of Immigrant Women with Infibulation Living in Switzerland

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a significant public health problem. It is estimated that around 14,700 women affected by FGM live in Switzerland, primarily among women with a history of migration. Our qualitative research investigated the sexual health of immigrant women living with FGM in Switzerland, describing their own perception of health, reproductive life and sexuality. We conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews with a group of eight immigrant women of sub-Saharan origin living in Switzerland with Type III FGM (infibulation). Seven of the women were from Somalia and one was from the Ivory Coast. All of the Somali women were mothers and married (two separated), and the Ivorian woman was a single mother. The women in our study reported a low level of sexual satisfaction and reproductive health. They affirmed their desire to improve, or at least change, their condition. Although they rarely talk with their husbands about sexual subject matter, they would like to include them more and improve dialogue. Specific socio-sexual management is recommended when caring for immigrant women living with FGM in order to respond to their specific health care needs. Multidisciplinary approaches may be able to offer more comprehensive health care, including facilitated communication to improve dialogue between women and health care professionals, and eventually between women and their husbands in discussing sexual subject matter.

English

This study aimed to examine the inner psychological characteristics of cult members, provide a basis for the implementation of psychological counseling. 63 cult members and 69 ordinary people were assessed with the Self-Consistency and Congruence Scale (SCCS), the Interpersonal Trust Scale (ITS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Self-rated Health Measurement Scale (SRHMS). Cult members scored significantly lower than the control group in the total score of the interpersonal trust, self-flexibility dimension and self-rated health. (t=-3.67,p<0.01;t=-2.34,p<0.05; t=-4.66,p<0.01); cult members scored significantly lower on each dimension of self-rated health than the control group (t= 3.22, p< 0.01;t= 4.18, p< 0.01; t= 3.49, p< 0.01;t = 4.66, p< 0.01); cult members scored significantly higher than the control group in the total score of the self and experience disharmony dimension and the trait anxiety level (t=2.11,p<0.05;t=5.67,p<0.01); cult members’ self-consistency and congruence has negative correlation with mental health (r=-0.372,p<0.05); trait anxiety and mental health have a negative correlation relationship (r=-0.557,p<0.01); the main factors influencing cult members’ mental health were self and experience disharmony and trait anxiety, with two factors explaining 22.3% of the mental health. Cult members were reported to have lower interpersonal trust, lower self-consistency and congruence, lower health level and higher trait anxiety (the so-called “three-low-and-one-high” symptoms). We can use the solution-focused brief therapy to implement mental counseling, which has an emphasis on problem-solving without an entanglement of the causes, and on promotion of cult members’ changes in a positive attitude. Key words: Cult members, “three-low-and-one-high” symptoms, solution-focused brief therapy.

Effect of demographic factors in pediculosis prevalence

The study was conducted on students of primary schools for the people of the displaced provinces ( Anbar, Tikrit and Mawsil ) who are suffering in their housing overcrowding and low living standards and low level of health. This study depends on the analysis of recorder information in special document (questionnaire) prepared for this purpose and includes some demographic factors such as age , gender , socioeconomic level , occupation , head hairs long and education level of parents…..etc. The total number of samples was (2170) students, (371) student were infected, their ages were (6_14) year.The number of infected samples were registered by direct examination with the naked eye for the heads of the students, the number of lice instars were recorded by using magnifying hand lens and the lice instars were isolated from infected samples using special combs to remove lice from an infected hairs.The results of this study reveals highly significant differences in pediculosis prevalence between male, and female which was (19.41 , 80.59)% respectively. The results reveals also that high number of infections were in the ages (7, 6, 9) year which was (20.49 , 19.14 , 12.2)% respectively.It reveals also that there is highly significant differences between infected students and head hairs long, high infected cases recorded in long hair students compared with short hair students which was (55.53 , 44.47)% respectively.We also found that the family size has significant effect in pediculosis prevalence, high infections was in family size (9 and more person) compared with family size (3_5) person which was (44.47 , 13.21)% respectively.The study also showed presence of highly significant differences between pediculocides which are used in lice killing , Nyda and Kwell-p are more effective in killing ratio (80.43 , 75.96)%, while the lotion Tic-Tac revealed less killing ratio (38.46)%.And it is found that the factor (live with relatives) is the most important factor for the transmission and prevalence of pediculosis between students, the ratio of infection is (33.15)% compared another factors.

A theoretical study on poverty

Poverty was one of the biggest social problems in the twentieth century and continues to be in present century. Very few would deny that human miseries amidst the plenty, especially when they can be unraveled through collective actions, should not be related. Poverty encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, insufficient capacity and opportunity improve one’s life. In the present research, while reviewing the concepts of poverty, various approaches to poverty and its related issues such as education, health, housing and etc. are considered. Finally, measuring poverty from different researchers’ views and their critical perspectives are discussed. Keywords: Poverty, Discourses on poverty, Absolute Poverty, Poverty Line

The development and validation of the Comprehensive assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes (CompACT)

Extant ACT process measures are typically circumscribed in their focus (limited to particular theoretical sub-processes or contexts of application) and have been subject to critique in terms of their discriminant validity and conflation of process and outcome variables. Conceptual questions therefore remain regarding how best to operationalize and measure core ACT processes. In this study, we describe the development of a new general measure of ACT processes (the CompACT) and explore the measure’s factor structure, validity and reliability. In phase one, ACT experts rated the face and content validity of 106 items using a Delphi consensus methodology, and produced an initial 37-itemed measure. In phase two, a non-clinical sample of participants (N=377) completed the CompACT and measures of other theoretically related and unrelated variables. An exploratory factor analysis suggested a theoretically-coherent three-factor structure (clustering ACT’s six processes into three dyadic processes) for a 23-itemed version of the CompACT. The CompACT demonstrated good internal consistency, and converged and diverged in theory-consistent ways with other measured variables: higher levels of psychological inflexibility were associated with higher levels of distress and lower levels of health and wellbeing. The CompACT shows initial promise as a general measure of ACT processes.