Low-level Laser Treatment Research Articles

New generation low level laser effect on masseter muscle oxygenation, bite force and algometric changes in myofacial pain syndrome: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of different types of low level laser treatment (LLLT) in reducing pain levels, changing oxygen saturation and bite force in patients with myofacial pain syndrome (MPS). 45 patients were randomly assigned to three groups: Group 1 (GRR laser, n = 15) received LLLT with Gallium-Aluminium-Arsenide (GaAlAs) diode laser with a wavelength of 904 nm and red laser with a wavelength of 650 nm over masseter muscle region. Group 2 (Nd: YAG laser, n = 15) were treated with Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm and the same protocol with Nd: YAG laser was performed in the Group 3 (placebo, n = 15) using sham device. Pain was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS), change in oxygen concentration in the masseter muscle was measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy- fNIRS and bite force was measured with Flexiforce sensors before and after treatment. There was a significant decrease in VAS scores after treatment in all three groups. When pain scores were compared, a greater reduction was seen in the Group 1 and Group 2. The change in oxygen saturation level was not statistically significant in all three groups (p > 0.05). Bite force values showed a significant decrease in treatment groups (p < 0.05), while there was no significant change in the placebo group (p > 0.05). Nd: YAG and GRR laser treatments were effective in reducing the pain caused by MPS and in reducing bite force values. Clinically, GRR laser system provides more effective results with its regional and practical application. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06442553.

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and/or Electrical Stimulation in Patients with Peripheral Facial Paralysis: A Systematic Review

Background: Peripheral facial paralysis (PFP) affects the facial nerve, the seventh cranial nerve. It has an incidence rate of 20–30 cases per 100,000 habitants. The diagnosis is clinical, though imaging tests may be required in some cases. The treatment protocol includes medication, physiotherapy, and, in certain cases, surgery. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques and electrical stimulation have been shown to be significant for recovery. Although PFP has a high recovery rate, up to 40% of patients may experience permanent sequelae. Objective: to assess the efficacy of treatment based on electrical stimulation and/or PNF in patients affected by PFP. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across six databases (PubMed, Medline, SportDiscus, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science) in November 2024. Randomized controlled trials were included. Results: Fourteen articles were analyzed, applying PNF and/or electrical stimulation methods, pharmacological treatment, low-level laser treatment, subcutaneous collagen injections, and physiotherapy protocols involving facial expression exercises, yielding evidence for the variables assessed. Conclusions: PNF and/or electrical stimulation treatment in patients with PFP can be effective when employed early with appropriate parameters, showing promising results in improving quality of life, facial movement quality, and CMAP and reducing both the incidence and degree of synkinesis.

Low-level laser treatment's ability to reduce dry socket pain.

After a tooth extraction, a dry socket is a common problem that can cause excruciating pain and prevent healing. Antiseptic dressings have historically been the mainstay of treatments for this illness in order to lower bacteria and accelerate healing. Alveogyl is a medicated dressing composed of butamben, iodoform, and eugenol is conventionally used to manage the pain associated with dry socket. The purpose of this study is to assess how well laser therapy treats alveolitis symptoms. The idea that laser therapy is an excellent tool for treating alveolitis is what motivated this meta-analysis. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effects of Level Laser Therapy (LLT) in the treatment of dry socket. Methods: A literature search was done on PubMed, Lilacs, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane using the keywords entered, and papers published between January 2000 and September 2023 were taken into consideration. The terms "laser" and "dry socket" have been merged using the Boolean conjunction AND; the results show that 65 studies could be identified using the three search engines. Only five were selected to create the current systematic study and metanalysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated that laser therapy is superior to the traditional Alvogyl treatment in managing alveolitis symptoms, especially in pain reduction. The overall effect demonstrated a mean difference of -2.01 (95% CI: -2.43 to -1.59) on the third day of treatment, with a p < 0.05, indicating statistical significance. Conclusion: The quantitative analysis showed that Low-Level Laser Therapy demonstrated promising potential in managing alveolitis symptoms, particularly in terms of pain reduction, when compared to traditional treatments like Alvogyl. Despite the results indicating a statistically significant reduction in pain, the evidence does not conclusively establish laser therapy as a complete substitute for conventional therapies. Further high-quality studies with larger sample sizes and standardized protocols are required to confirm its long-term efficacy and to assess its broader applicability in clinical settings.

Photobiomodulation Modulates Proliferation and Gene Expression Related to Calcium Signaling in Human Osteoblast Cells.

Introduction: Photobiomodulation with low-level laser treatment can enhance bone formation by stimulating the cell division of osteoblasts and increasing the amount of protein deposition, thus encouraging the formation of new bone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation with a low-level laser on proliferation and gene expression related to calcium signaling in human osteoblasts. Methods: Osteoblastic cell lines of the hFOB1.19 lineage, human osteoblasts, were grown and assigned into two groups, control (C; n=78 cultured wells) and photobiomodulation (L; n=78 cultured wells) with n=6 per day of the experimental period. Cells were cultured (immature at 34 ºC), and after maturation at 37 ºC, group L cells were exposed to laser irradiation with a low-level laser device (gallium and aluminum arsenide), at a wavelength of 808 nm, a power output of 200 mW, and a power density of 200 mW/cm2. The energy delivered to the cells was 37 J/cm2, with a beam area of 0.02 mm2 and an exposure time of 5 seconds. This treatment was applied daily for a period of 13 days. Following this, the number of cells was counted, and RNA was isolated, measured, and then converted into cDNA for further quantification using a comparative Ct method with real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results were then subjected to statistical analysis through a Mann-Whitney test, with a significance level of P<0.05. Results: The cell count in the L group (37.25x10±4±22.02) was statistically higher compared to the control group (22.75x10±4±7.660) with a P value of 0.0259. The values of 2-ΔΔCt for S100A6, plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA), and calmodulin genes indicated hyper-expression on the thirteenth day, while the osteocalcin gene showed hypo-expression. Conclusion: The study suggests that the photobiomodulation mechanism with a low-level laser may regulate gene expression in human osteoblasts in a dose-dependent and cumulative manner.

Physical therapy in burn care: Development of clinical prediction rules to determine the efficacy of low-level laser therapy

This study aimed to demonstrate the benefits of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on burn healing and to investigate whether patients' age, burn wound size, wound stage, and total burned surface area influence the burn wound healing response to LLLT. This was a quasi-experimental study with a single-group design that included eighty male and female patients with partial-thickness burn wounds recruited from burn units. The participants were placed in a single intervention group receiving LLLT. The duration of the intervention was six weeks, divided into 18 sessions (three sessions per week). The statistical analysis was conducted using version 25 of the SPSS statistical package for Windows. The results showed a statistically significant negative relationship between wound improvement from LLLT and age (p &lt; 0.05) and between total body surface area (TBSA) and wound improvement (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, a statistically significant positive relationship was found between initial wound size and wound improvement (p &lt; 0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship between wound improvement and wound stage (p &gt; 0.05). The current study revealed that age, TBSA, and initial wound size can predict the efficacy of low-level laser treatment for burn wounds.

Efficacy Comparison of Low Level Laser Treatment with Muscle Energy Procedure Among Diabetic Patients Suffering from Frozen Shoulder

Frozen shoulder incidence in diabetic patient is twice as high as normal controls. There are various conventional as well as electrotherapies for its treatment within which low-level laser therapy versus muscle energy technique are well debated for efficacy in diabetic patients frozen shoulder. Objective: Comparative analysis of effectiveness of low-level laser therapy and muscle energy technique among diabetic patients with frozen shoulder. The study design was comparative study. The Place and Duration of Study was Department of Orthopaedic, Indus Medical College, Tando Muhammad Khan from 1st January 2023 to 30th June 2023. Methods: One hundred and twenty patients who were having diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) and suffering from frozen shoulders were enrolled. The conventional therapeutic exercise included exercises like pendulum, arm overhead, finger wall ladder, twisting arm outwards, overhead pulley, cross-body reach exercises, hand behind-back exercise and outward rotation exercise. Muscle energy technique was administered in cases where restriction in shoulder flexion, as well as abduction, external rotation was observed. Results: There were 59% females and 41% males with majority being within the age group of 45-65 years. It was observed that there was a significant variance between pain scores at pretreatment and post treatment stages with highest value decrease observed in muscle energy technique group II. The ROM was least improved in control group only treated through conventional protocol. Conclusions: The Muscle energy technique is slightly more effective than low-level laser therapy technique in terms of pain, inflammation reduction and angular movements.

Comparison of the efficacy of low intensity laser and peloid therapy in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome.

The objective of this study was to compare the impact of peloid and low-level laser (LLLT) treatment in conjunction with a home exercise programme on short-term symptomatic pain, functional status and quality of life in individuals diagnosed with subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS). A total of 168 patients diagnosed with SIS were included in the study, with 56 receiving LLLT + exercise, 56 receiving peloidotherapy + exercise, and 56 receiving exercise only. Patients underwent clinical evaluations prior to treatment (first measurement), after treatment completion (second measurement), and one month post-treatment (third measurement). Pain was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Functional status was evaluated using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), and quality of life was evaluated using the Short Form 36 (SF-36). Active range of motion of the shoulder was measured by the same investigator using a goniometer. Statistically significant improvements in VAS, SPADI, SF-36, and ROM parameters were achieved after treatment and at 1 month follow-up compared to pretreatment in both active treatment groups (p < .05). The third group showed significant improvements in ROM and SF-36 physical components after treatment and 1 month later (p < .05). Low-level laser therapy or peloid therapy given in addition to home exercise therapy for SIS were found to have similar short-term effects on pain, functional status, quality of life and ROM.

Examining the Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Treatment Applied to the Upper Back Region in Individuals with Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Examining the Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Treatment Applied to the Upper Back Region in Individuals with Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Infrared diode laser enhances human periodontal ligament stem cells behaviour on titanium dental implants

Low level laser treatment (LLLT) is known for its photobiostimulatory and photobiomodulatory characteristics, which stimulate cell proliferation, increase cellular metabolism, and improve cellular regeneration. The objective of the present research was to assess the possible influence of infrared diode laser irradiation on the behaviour, attachment, and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) seeded on different types of dental implants. Two distinct types of implants, one subjected to laser surface treatment and the other treated with acid etching, were longitudinally divided into two halves and submerged in six wells culture plates. Both implants were subjected to infrared diode laser treatment, and subsequently, the morphology and attachment of cells were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after 14 and 21 days. The behaviour of (hPDLSCs) towards two types of implants, when exposed to osteogenic medium and low-level laser therapy (LLLT), was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure the expression of stemness markers and osteogenic markers. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that the application of infrared diode laser irradiation substantially improved the attachment of cells to both types of implants. The stemness gene markers were significantly down regulated in cells seeded on both surfaces when challenged with osteogenic media in relation to control. At 14 days, early osteogenic markers, were upregulated, while late osteogenic markers, were downregulated in both challenged groups. At the 21-day mark, hPDLSCs seeded on an acid-etched implant exhibited increased expression of all osteogenic markers in response to stimulation with osteogenic media and infra-red diode laser, in contrast to hPDLSCs seeded on a laser surface treated implant under the same conditions. Finally, the findings of our research revealed that when subjected to infrared diode laser, human periodontal ligament stem cells cultured on both types of implants demonstrated improved cellular attachment and differentiation. This suggested that infrared diode laser enhanced the activity of the cells surrounding the implants. Hence, the use of infrared diode laser could be pivotal in improving and expediting the clinical osseointegration process around dental implants.

Rectifying the impairment of immune thrombocytopenia plasmas through photobiomodulation

&lt;p&gt;Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune hemorrhage disorder. The first-line treatment of this disorder is corticosteroids, followed by thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonists such as Nplate, and/or splenectomy. Yet, the extended usage of corticosteroids or the expensive Nplate, coupled with the implications of splenectomy, raises concerns due to the array of associated side effects and an escalated vulnerability to subsequent complications. The current investigation shows that while anti-platelet antibodies and ITP plasmas hinder megakaryocyte differentiation and maturation and impair proplatelet and platelet formation in ex vivo culture of umbilical cord human CD34+ stem cells (cHSCs), low-level laser (LLL) treatment or photobiomodulation (PBM) effectively mitigates these detrimental impacts. PBM reinstated megakaryocyte differentiation and maturation, bolstering proplatelet and platelet formation in the presence of auto-platelet antibodies or ITP plasmas. The mitigating effects of PBM appear to pivot on its capacity to uphold cellular mitochondrial functionality and rectify the mitochondrial impairments engendered by anti-platelet antibodies or ITP plasmas. These findings underscore the potential of PBM as a safe and cost-efficient alternative for the management of a specific subset of ITP patients.&lt;/p&gt;

Rectifying the impairment of immune thrombocytopenia plasmas through photobiomodulation

&lt;p&gt;Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune hemorrhage disorder. The first-line treatment of this disorder is corticosteroids, followed by thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonists such as Nplate, and/or splenectomy. Yet, the extended usage of corticosteroids or the expensive Nplate, coupled with the implications of splenectomy, raises concerns due to the array of associated side effects and an escalated vulnerability to subsequent complications. The current investigation shows that while anti-platelet antibodies and ITP plasmas hinder megakaryocyte differentiation and maturation and impair proplatelet and platelet formation in ex vivo culture of umbilical cord human CD34+ stem cells (cHSCs), low-level laser (LLL) treatment or photobiomodulation (PBM) effectively mitigates these detrimental impacts. PBM reinstated megakaryocyte differentiation and maturation, bolstering proplatelet and platelet formation in the presence of auto-platelet antibodies or ITP plasmas. The mitigating effects of PBM appear to pivot on its capacity to uphold cellular mitochondrial functionality and rectify the mitochondrial impairments engendered by anti-platelet antibodies or ITP plasmas. These findings underscore the potential of PBM as a safe and cost-efficient alternative for the management of a specific subset of ITP patients.&lt;/p&gt;

In Vitro Effect of Low-Level Lasers on Total Bilirubin Concentration in Human Blood Plasma Using 375 and 650 nm Lasers.

Background: The current research extends previous laboratory investigations by investigating the effects of low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) on human blood plasma. Total bilirubin is of special importance because of its potential biostimulatory and modulatory actions. Objective: This study aims to analyze changes in total bilirubin content as a consequence of LLLI on human blood plasma. This study aims to determine how changes in exposure duration and laser wavelength affect these adjustments. Methodology: Plasma was isolated from a healthy adult donor's whole blood using the anticoagulant ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Plasma samples were exposed to LLLI at 375 and 650 nm for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 min. Total bilirubin concentrations were measured both before and after irradiation using spectrophotometric analysis. The difference between 375 and 630 nm lasers was also investigated. Results: Five, 10, 15, 20, and 25 min of exposure to LLLI at 375 and 650 nm wavelengths resulted in statistically significant differences in total bilirubin content (p ˂ 0.05, p ˂ 0.001, p ˂ 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in total bilirubin concentration between the 375 and 630 nm lasers. Conclusions: Human blood plasma total bilirubin levels were considerably lower following LLLI at 375 and 630 nm than controls. Multiple exposures provide the same results. These findings demonstrate the role of biostimulation by laser irradiation in blood plasma applications and suggest that low-level laser treatment may control total bilirubin levels, particularly at 375 and 630 nm.

Effectiveness and Safety of Low-Level Laser Treatment for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Low-level laser treatment (LLLT) is used to treat low back pain (LBP) however, its effects on lumbar disc herniation (LDH) remain unclear. The safety and effectiveness of LLLT for LDH was determined using a systematic review of randomized clinical trials.Methods: Studies on LLLT in adults with LDH were identified from 12 worldwide databases. A risk of bias assessment and a meta-analysis with categorization according to the type of control used (inactive, active, or add-on) was performed. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.Results: The quantitative analyses included five studies. LLLT was significantly more effective at treating LDH [leg pain visual analog scale (VAS) mean difference (MD): -1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.01, -1.80, I2 80%; LBP VAS MD: -0.79, 95% CI: -0.87, -0.71, I2 80%] than inactive controls (placebo or sham). The quality of the evidence ranged from “low” to “very low.” As an add-on to usual care, LLLT significantly improved pain intensity and disability compared with usual care (leg pain VAS MD: -2.52, 95% CI: -2.65, -2.40, I2 97%; LBP VAS MD: -1.47, 95% CI: -1.58, -1.36; Oswestry Disability Index MD: -4.10, 95% CI: -4.55, -3.65, I2 6%). However, the quality of the evidence ranged from “moderate” to “low.”Conclusion: LLLT significantly improved outcomes compared with the inactive controls, but was not more effective than usual care for LDH. In combination with usual care, LLLT was significantly more effective than usual care alone highlighting the potential of LLLT.

Photobiological modulation of hepatoma cell lines and hepatitis B subviral particles secretion in response to 650 nm low level laser treatment

BackgroundChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global health concern, with an increased incidence and risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients chronically infected with HBV are likely to experience chronic oxidative stress, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Photobiomodulation is induced by the absorption of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with a red or infrared laser by cytochrome C oxidase enzyme, resulting in mitochondrial photoactivation. Although it is widely used in clinical practice, the use of LLL as adjuvant therapy for persistent HBV infection is uncommon. This study aimed to investigate the effect of LLLT dosage from 2 J/cm2 to 10 J/cm2 of red diode laser (650 nm) on both hepatoma cell lines (HepG2.2.15 [integrated HBV genome stable cell model] and non-integrated HepG2), with a subsequent impact on HBVsvp production.MethodsThe present study evaluated the effects of different fluences of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) irradiation on various aspects of hepatoma cell behavior, including morphology, viability, ultrastructure, and its impact on HBVsvp synthesis.ResultsIn response to LLLT irradiation, we observed a considerable reduction in viability, proliferation, and HBVsvp production in both hepatoma cell lines HepG2.2.15 and HepG2. Ultrastructural modification of mitochondria and nuclear membranes: This effect was dose, cell type, and time-dependent.ConclusionsThe use of LLLT may be a promising therapy for HCC and HBV patients by reducing cell proliferation, HBVsvp production, and altering mitochondrial and nuclear structure involved in cellular death inducers. Further research is required to explore its clinical application.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on quadriceps and foot muscle fatigue in children with spastic diplegia: a randomized controlled study

Spastic diplegia is the most common form of cerebral palsy; children with spastic diplegia are suffering from muscle fatigue and spasticity which lead to decreasing power of muscles, impaired motor control, and many functional abilities. The effect of low-level laser (LLL) has a good result as it improves muscles pain and spasticity and in decreasing lactate levels. Forty children were selected with spastic diplegia and were divided into two groups: A and B. Group A received low-level laser treatment (LLLT) with physiotherapy treatment. Group B got physiotherapy sessions. Pain intensity was assessed by the visual analog scale (VAS) of pain which is reliable from age 5, before treatment and after 1-month follow-up. Muscle fatigue and power were assessed by maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) before treatment and after 1-month follow-up. Also, we tested blood lactate level in both groups; all evaluations were done before treatment and after 1-month follow-up. We found a significant difference between the two groups in VAS and MVIC and blood lactate level test regarding low-level therapy after 1-month follow-up. There is a good effect of low-level laser in increasing muscle power, decreasing blood lactate level, and improving pain.

Low-Level Laser Treatment for Lower Back Pain

&#x0D; The CADTH Horizon Scanning Service identifies emerging health technologies that may be of potential interest to health care decision-makers in Canada.&#x0D; Chronic pain, including chronic low back pain, challenges many aspects of people's lives, including social, physical, mental, and professional. Approximately 80% of adults will be affected by chronic lower back pain at least once in their lifetime and seek out multiple treatment options, including drug treatments, psychological treatments, and physical therapies.&#x0D; This Horizon Scan summarizes available information regarding an emerging technology, the Erchonia FX 635 low-level laser system, for the treatment of chronic low back pain.&#x0D;

The Influence of Low-Level Laser Therapy on CBCT Radiographic and Biochemical Profiles of Type II Controlled Diabetic Patients After Dental Implant Insertion: A Randomized Case-Control Study.

Background Low-level laser treatment (LLLT) was thought to increase bone quality during osseointegration when combined with dental implants. However, there is no sufficient information on its impact on dental implants in diabetics. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) has been described as a marker for bone turnover to determine implant prognosis. The current research aims to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on bone density (BD) and osteoprotegerin levels in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) in type II diabetic patients. Methods This study comprised 40 individuals with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Implants were randomly placed in 20 non-lasered T2DM patients (control) and 20 lasered T2DM patients (LLLT group). At the follow-up stages, BD and OPG levels in the PICF were evaluated in both groups. Results Significant variations were shown among control and LLLT groups concerning OPG level and BD (p≤0.001). OPG was significantly decreasing with follow-up points (p≤0.001). There was a significant decrease in OPG with time in both groups with a higher decrease in the control group. Conclusion LLLT is promising in controlled T2DM patients due to its outstanding influence on BD and estimated crevicular levels of OPG. Regarding its clinical significance, LLLT significantly improved bone quality during osseointegration on dental implants in T2DM.LLLT is considered potentially important for T2DM patients during implant placement. Trial registration The study was registered on ClinicalTrial.govunder registration number NCT05279911 (registration date: March 15, 2022) (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05279911).

Low-Level Laser Treatment Induces the Blood-Brain Barrier Opening and the Brain Drainage System Activation: Delivery of Liposomes into Mouse Glioblastoma.

The progress in brain diseases treatment is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents delivery of the vast majority of drugs from the blood into the brain. In this study, we discover unknown phenomenon of opening of the BBBB (BBBO) by low-level laser treatment (LLLT, 1268 nm) in the mouse cortex. LLLT-BBBO is accompanied by activation of the brain drainage system contributing effective delivery of liposomes into glioblastoma (GBM). The LLLT induces the generation of singlet oxygen without photosensitizers (PSs) in the blood endothelial cells and astrocytes, which can be a trigger mechanism of BBBO. LLLT-BBBO causes activation of the ABC-transport system with a temporal decrease in the expression of tight junction proteins. The BBB recovery is accompanied by activation of neuronal metabolic activity and stabilization of the BBB permeability. LLLT-BBBO can be used as a new opportunity of interstitial PS-free photodynamic therapy (PDT) for modulation of brain tumor immunity and improvement of immuno-therapy for GBM in infants in whom PDT with PSs, radio- and chemotherapy are strongly limited, as well as in adults with a high allergic reaction to PSs.

Low-level laser efficiency in reparation of bone defects

Introduction/Objective. Bone resorption is a common problem in dentistry, and bone reparation cannot be easily achieved. Several techniques of bone grafting and the use of low-level laser treatment (LLLT) as a new therapeutic optional recommended for improving bone repair were applied. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of LLLT in bone repair of artificially made bone defects in the rat mandible using histomorphometry. Methods. The research was carried out on 60 female rats. Bone defects were made in the mandible, and animals were divided into two groups, each containing 30 animals. In the study group, the implantation site was submitted to GaAlAs laser irradiation 670 nm, 5 mW, 4 minutes per day for 5 days. The control group had no postoperative treatment. The animals were sacrificed after two, six, and eight weeks post LLLT, and preparations were analysed by histomorphometry, determining bone area fraction, bone area, integral density, mean density, and density variation. Results. Histomorphometric analysis revealed statistically higher values of area fraction, area, and integral density in the study group after two and six weeks. However, no beneficial laser effect was noticed after eight weeks. Conclusion. Low-level lasers have a stimulating effect on reparatory mechanisms in the early regeneration stage of artificially made bone defects in the rat mandible and can be used as a useful helping method in bone treatment.

Long-term follow-up of epidermolysis bullosa in real practice shows stability of the Epidermolysis Bullosa Disease Activity and Scarring Index and improvement with some off-label therapies

Long-term follow-up of epidermolysis bullosa in real practice shows stability of the Epidermolysis Bullosa Disease Activity and Scarring Index and improvement with some off-label therapies