Effect Of Low-level Laser Therapy Research Articles

Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Early Wound Healing and Levels of Inflammatory Mediators in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Following Open Flap Debridement.

Introduction Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has a beneficial effect on pain relief and wound healing. This study aims at a clinical evaluation of early wound healing and a biochemical evaluation of inflammatory mediators in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) following LLLT with an open flap debridement (OFD) in periodontal therapy. Material and methods This randomized controlled trial included 40 chronic periodontitis patients with bilateral attachment loss, pocket depths of 5 mm affecting at least two quadrants, and radiographic evidence of horizontal bone loss. 120 control sites were randomly selected to receive OFD, and contralateral 120 test sites received bio-stimulation with a diode laser (890 nm) after OFD.The wound healing index was recorded at the 1stand 2ndweeks, and clinical parameters such as the plaque index, gingival index, pocket probing depth, clinical attachment level, and GCF inflammatory mediators were evaluated at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Results From the start of the study to 6 months later, there was astatistically significant dropin plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and gain clinical attachment levels in both groups. However, when the two groups were compared, there were no significant differences at any time intervals. GCFinflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and matrixmetalloproteinases (MMP-8) decrease, and osteoprotegerin (OPG)levels increase in both the test group and control group from baseline to 3 months and 6 months. In intergroup comparisons, there was a statistically significant reduction in the test group as compared to the control group at 6 months. There was a decline in gingivalcrevicular fluid- interleukin-6 (GCF IL-6) levels from baseline to 3 months and 6 months in both the groups but when analysed statistically, the results were not significant on intergroup and intragroup comparison at any time interval.The Landry Wound Healing Index values in the 1st and2nd weeks were showing statistically significant improved healing in the test group as compared to the control group. There was significantly better wound healing at sites where a diode laser was used. Conclusion LLLT increases early wound healing after periodontal surgical procedures.

EFEKTIVITAS TERAPI INFARED DAN LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPHY TERHADAP PASIEN NYERI PUNGGUNG BAWAH

Low back pain (LBP) is the most common complaint of low back pain. One of the treatments that can be done is non-pharmacological therapy, namely therapy IR and low level laser therapy (LLLT). Both have similarities in electromagnetic radiation hyperthermia, and serve to reduce pain severity, reduce disability in low back pain patients. The aim of this literature review is to compare the effectiveness of IR and LLLT in reducing pain in low back pain patients. The writing was done by analyzing the literature from several electronic medical journal databases, namely: PubMed-NCBI, ProQuest, Science Direct and Google Scholar. The criteria for inclusion of articles are articles in English and Indonesian in research published in 2011–2021. There are 5 articles used in this literature review. The results of the review found that IR and LLLT were equally effective in reducing pain in low back pain patients. Three out of five IR articles showed more effective results in reducing low back pain. Two of the five articles of LLLT showed more effective results in reducing low back pain, that IR and LLLT have the same effectiveness in reducing low back pain

Investigation of effects of quercetin and low-level laser therapy in cisplatin-induced in vitro peripheral neuropathy model.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the dose-dependent side effects of cisplatin. The loss of sensory neurons is observed in CIPN. There are many methods to minimalize CIPN symptoms such as pharmacological agents and photobiostimulation but the mechanisms of these methods are unclear. Our study is aimed at determining the effects of quercetin and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in undifferentiated and nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells in cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. PC12 cells with cisplatin were co-treated with quercetin and LLLT (diode pumped all-solid-state laser, 670 nm, output 500 mW, and the laser beam surface area was 1.96 cm2). The effects of quercetin and LLLT on GAP-43 and Synapsin I expressions were analyzed by real-time PCR, cell viability was assessed by MTT assay, Annexin and dead assay measured the induction of apoptosis, the alterations in mitopotential were assessed by mitopotential assay, and lactate dehydrogenase activity in cells was analyzed. All experiment data were analyzed by the Tukey test and applied as a post hoc test, and statistical evaluation was made. Our results indicated that cisplatin increased apoptosis (24,210 ± 2189, 46,504 ± 8246) cells, mitochondrial dysfunction (44,312 ± 0.751, 68,788 ± 1271), and LDH activity (62,821 ± 8245, 87,838 ± 8116). Furthermore, it decreased cell viability (42,447 ± 1780, 36,140 ± 3682) and inhibited GAP-43 and Synapsin I genes in undifferentiated and differentiated PC12 cells. However, apoptosis, the alterations in mitopotential, and lactate dehydrogenase activity decreased by applications of quercetin and LLLT. It has been recommended that quercetin and low-level laser therapy roles on cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy should be investigated in vivo, and the relationship between quercetin and low-level laser therapy should be molecular.

Low-Level Laser Therapy Induces Melanoma Tumor Growth by Promoting Angiogenesis

The effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on tumor growth are inconsistent. In this study, we investigated the effects of LLLT on melanoma tumor growth and angiogenesis. C57/BL6 mice were challenged with B16F10 melanoma cells and treated with LLLT for 5 consecutive days; untreated mice were used as controls. Tumor weight, angiogenesis, immunohistochemistry, and protein levels were compared between the treated and untreated mice. In an in vitro experiment, B16F10 cells were treated with LLLT. Proteins were extracted and subjected to Western blot analysis for analyzing signaling pathways. Compared with the findings in the untreated mice, tumor weight substantially increased in the treated mice. Both immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses revealed markedly increased levels of CD31, a biomarker of vascular differentiation, in the LLLT group. In B16F10 cells, LLLT considerably induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which, in turn, phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Furthermore, LLLT induced the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, but not hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, through the ERK/p38 MAKP signaling pathways. Our findings indicate that LLLT induces melanoma tumor growth by promoting angiogenesis. Therefore, it should be avoided in patients with melanoma.

Accelerated Canine Retraction by Using Mini Implant With Low-Intensity Laser Therapy.

Background The continuous increase in demand for reduced treatment times has led researchers to think in terms of "accelerated orthodontics." Generally, the duration for fixed orthodontic treatment is around two to three years. Prolonged use of braces leads to external root resorption, a high risk of caries, and decreased patient compliance. Therefore, finding an optimal supplementary approach to achieve faster tooth movement is still considered a subject of interest. Low-intensity laser therapy (LILT) is one of the non-invasive surgical techniques in the field of accelerated orthodontics. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has demonstrated faster healing, less bleeding, and biostimulation and anti-inflammatory effects. According to all studies, it accelerates tooth movement, thereby reducing braces treatment time. It is simple, safe, and minimally invasive. Despite these pieces of evidence, studies have shown variable findings in low-level laser therapy. This study evaluates the effect of LLLT on accelerated orthodontics in comparison with conventional canine retraction. An aluminum gallium arsenide-type diode laser with a wavelength of 940 nm has been used in this study. Methodology This study was conducted using the split-mouth method, which included 20 patients with permanent dentition who required first premolar extractions. A miniscrew implant was placed on both the right and left sides for maximum anchorage. Irradiation doses were applied on days 0, 3, 7, and 14 of the first month. Subsequently, irradiations were given every 15 days until the canine's retraction was complete in the test group. Results The study results three months after the canine retraction in the test and control groups (M1) were 0.81 ± 0.03 mm/month and 0.74 ± 0.04 mm/month, respectively, indicating a significantly higher rate of canine retraction in the test group than in the control group (P < 0.0001). The average increase in the amount of tooth movement at three months was 40.1% and 36.3% in the test and control groups, respectively. However, the average increase in the amount of movement of teeth following canine retraction was 100% in the test group and 68.2% in the control group. There were significant variations in the pain score between Day 1 and Day 3 (P = 0.003) in the test group; however, there was no analytic variation in the pain score between Day 1 and Day 30 in the test group (P = 0.18). The pain score between Day 3 and Day 30 was significantly lower. Conclusions It was concluded that the rate of canine retraction increases when it is combined with LILT-assisted accelerated orthodontics in comparison to conventional canine retraction. Although LLLT does not provide immediate pain relief, it relieves the sensation of pain after 24-72 hours. LILT is an innovative, non-invasive technique that allows rapid orthodontic tooth movement. The rate of canine retraction increases when it is combined with LILT-assisted accelerated orthodontics in comparison to conventional canine retraction using mini-implants.

Biophotonic Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Soft Tissue Deficiency.

The objectives of this study are to use diode lasers for low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and to assess its applicability and effects in adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) growth processes. Studies were conducted on the diode laser with wavelengths of 622.7, 527.1, and 467.3 nm. The mechanism of action of LLL illumination was studied on ADSCs, isolated from human tissue, and then cultured by examining different wavelengths to determine the relevant light parameters for optimal responses. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain to determine the percentages of fibroblast-mediated procollagen type 1 and matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-2, and MMP-9 production at different wavelengths. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase produced by ADSCs after LLL illumination were assessed as well. Clinical results from 20 patients treated for soft tissue deficiency were collected for assessment of ADSC-assisted lipotransfer. Low-level laser (622.7 nm) illumination on cell cultures in vitro increased ADSCs proliferation, type 1 procollagen expression, collagen production, as well as MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 relative expression. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant difference in red light (622.7 nm) versus green light (527.1 nm) and blue light (467.3 nm, P < 0.05). No significant differences were noted between the effects of green and blue lights. In clinical application, all patients attained significant improvement with treatment in the final outcome assessment after 6 months. Low-level laser illumination may affect ADSCs growth processes and ADSC-assisted lipotransfer for soft tissue deformity, scar treatment, wound healing, and other reconstructive surgery.

Assessment of the effect of low-level laser therapy (808nm) on the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts from chronic wound tissue

Objectives: 1/To evaluate the morphology and proliferation of cultured dermal fibroblasts derived from patients with chronic wounds. 2/Evaluating the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) 808nm on the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts from chronic wound tissue. Subjects and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 36 dermal samples from 12 patients with pressure ulcers and diabetic ulcers. Dermal samples were taken in the operating room and fibroblasts were isolated according to the procedure of Freshney RI (2003). Fibroblasts obtained in P3 generation will be cultured on 6 plates and divided into groups of laser irradiation with different energy levels and a control group (without laser). Conduct LLLT projection with energy levels of 5J; 4J; 3.5J; 3J; 2.5J and exposure times were: 60, 48, 42, 36, the 30s, respectively, for 3 consecutive days to evaluate proliferation and migration between the Laser group and the control group. Cells were counted at 24 h after the last laser exposure using the trypan blue experiment. Results: The wound base fibroblasts (position 1) proliferated slowly, showed signs of aging, did not retain their phenotype, died floating on the surface of the culture plate, and could not trypsin to the P4 generation. Fibroblasts at positions 2, and 3 (wound margins and healing skin adjacent to the wound) could be isolated to the P3, P4, and P5 generation and did not change morphology. After LLLT irradiation, the number of cells in the laser group with energy levels: 3.5J; 3J, and 2.5J increased higher than the control group; with the highest increase at the energy level of 3J. LLLT dose of 3J with a corresponding exposure time of 36s increased the migration rate of fibroblasts when compared with the control group, completely covering the culture plate on 3rd day.Conclusion: Fibroblasts derived from patients with pressure ulcers and diabetic ulcers can be isolated from the wound edge and healed skin adjacent to the wound without changing morphology when cultured. After LLLT irradiation (808 nm) on isolated fibroblasts, the effect was dose-dependent. The 3J dose did not change fibroblast morphology; or induce biostimulation, proliferation, and migration of cultured fibroblast samples derived from chronic wound patients.

The effects of low-level laser therapy on muscle strength and functional outcomes in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial

The purpose of this study was to compare the therapeutic effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with 808 and 660 nm wavelength on muscle strength and functional outcomes in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). A total of 47 participants were randomly assigned to the 808 nm, 660 nm, and sham control groups. Two LLLT groups received continuous LLLT with a mean power of 300 mW in different wavelengths at the knee joint 15 min a session three days per week for eight weeks, while the control group received the sham LED treatment. The knee strength and functional performance involving 30-s sit-to-stand, 40 m fast-paced walk, stair climbing, and the TUG test were measured at the baseline and one week after the interventions were completed. The results showed that knee extensor strength was more improved in the 808 nm group as compared to the 660 nm group (p < 0.001, d = 0.57) and the sham control (p < 0.001, d = 0.40), while increased flexor strength was demonstrated in the 808 nm (p = 0.009, d = 0.67) and sham control groups (p < 0.001, d = 0.97). The number of 30-s sit-to-stand was increased only in the 660 nm group (p = 0.006, d = 0.49). All three groups exhibited improvements in the other three functional performance-based tests after the interventions with no statistically significant differences among the groups. In conclusion, both intervention groups improved muscle strength and functional performance as compared to the control group. The 808 nm wavelength group showed better results in knee extensor strength. Therefore, laser therapy is suggested to be integrated into rehabilitation programs to improve muscle strength and functional performance in the population with knee OA.

Effect of low-level laser therapy plus exercise therapy on pain, range of motion, muscle strength, and function in knee osteoarthritis – a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is commonly associated with multiple musculoskeletal impairments. Objective The purpose of this review was (1) to investigate the effectiveness of LLLT plus ET on pain, ROM, muscle strength, and function in KOA immediately after therapy and (2) whether the effectiveness of LLLT plus ET could be sustained at follow-up (4 - 32 weeks). Methods Six databases were systematically searched upto December 2021 to find relevant articles. Included studies were RCTs written in English, which compared LLLT plus ET with placebo LLLT plus ET in KOA. Three independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies. Standard mean difference (SMD) was used in meta-analysis using random effect model. Result Of the 6307 articles, 14 RCTs (820 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The results demonstrated that there was a significant difference in pain immediately after therapy (SMD: −0.58, p = 0.001) and at follow-up (SMD: −1.35, p = 0.05) in LLLT plus ET group. There were no significant differences in knee ROM, muscle strength, and knee function outcomes immediately and at follow-up. Conclusion Our findings indicate that LLLT plus ET could be considered to alleviate pain in the KOA. LLLT reduces pain at 4–8J with a wavelength of 640–905nm per point applied for 10–16 sessions at a frequency of 2 sessions/week. An exercise therapy program at prescribed dosage involving major muscle groups might help. However, LLLT plus ET is no more effective than placebo LLLT plus ET in improving ROM, muscle strength, and function in KOA.

Effects of low-level laser therapy on inflammatory symptoms in an arthritis rat model.

[Purpose] This study evaluated the effect of low-level laser therapy on inflammatory signs in an arthritis rat model as a foundation for elucidating the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect. [Materials and Methods] Eigteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups: group I (arthritis without low-level laser therapy), group II (arthritis with low-level laser therapy), and the control group (sham arthritis control). Arthritis was induced in the right knee by injecting a mixture of kaolin and carrageenan. Low-level laser therapy was continued for seven days after the onset of arthritis by 60 times of repeated irradiation for 10 seconds in the right knee joint area. The joint transverse diameter, pressure pain threshold in the affected knee joint, and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold at the distant site were evaluated the day before the injection and one, three, and seven days after the injection. Pathological changes were observed. [Results] Group II showed better improvement in swelling and pain in the affected knee joint and secondary hyperalgesia at the distance site when compared to group I. In group II, there was only mild infiltration of synovial cells, and the progression of arthritis was suppressed compared with that of group I. [Conclusion] Low-level laser therapy can mitigate swelling and inflammatory pain in the affected knee joint and prevent secondary hyperalgesia.

Effect of low-level LASER therapy versus CAD/CAM Michigan splint on patients with Temporomandibular Muscle Disorders: a randomized clinical trial

Effect of low-level LASER therapy versus CAD/CAM Michigan splint on patients with Temporomandibular Muscle Disorders: a randomized clinical trial

Low-level laser and management of common complications after the mandibular third molar surgery: A double-blind randomized clinical trial

There are controversies on the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of low-level laser therapy on pain, edema, and trismus after mandibular third molar extraction surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on discomforts occurring after the mandibular wisdom tooth removal. This double-blind, split-mouth design, randomized clinical trial study was performed on 36 healthy controls with bilateral symmetrical mandibular third molar referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Dental Faculty from January to November 2019. After surgical extraction, the laser group underwent laser (Ga-Al-As diode laser, 808 nm, 200 mW) intraorally and extraorally just after surgery and 24 h after surgery. For the placebo group, the handpiece was inserted without laser irradiation. The pain level was assessed by Baker Wong scale at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h postoperatively, and the edema and the extent of mouth opening were examined before surgery, at the 1st and 7th days after surgery. The data were collected and analyzed by SPSS at the significant level of 0.05. The statistical analysis of 32 participants' data (laser group: n = 32, placebo group: n = 32) indicated that the mean score of pain in 3 days after surgery in the interventional group was significantly lower than the score of the placebo group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the swelling and the extent of the mouth opening differed significantly between the two groups at 1st and 7th days after the procedure (P < 0.001). Our findings showed that the LLLT had beneficial effects on the management of pain, edema, and trismus following after 3rd molar extraction surgery.

Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Patients With Class II Mandibular Deficiency Treated with Farmand Functional Appliance.

Introduction: Considering the positive effects of a low-level laser on new bone formation, we aimed to investigate the effects of a low-level laser in the treatment of patients with class II mandibular deficiency treated with Farmand functional appliance. Methods: Twenty-two growing patients aged 10-14 years were randomly divided into "Farmand" and "Farmand+Laser" groups. All patients were treated with Farmand functional appliance. Patients in the "Farmand+laser" group were exposed to laser irradiation (980 nm, 100 mw, 4 points around temporomandibular joints, 100 seconds each point) weekly for three months after 3-4 weeks of using the appliance. Lateral cephalometry radiographs were taken from all patients before and after the treatment period, and changes in skeletal and dental parameters were measured. Results: The association of the particular laser irradiation with the functional appliance led to a greater increase in the effective length of the mandible (Co-Gn, P=0.048), the anterior sagittal position of the mandible (SNB, P=0.029), and the length of the ramus (Co-Go, P=0.028), and it showed a further decrease in the discrepancy between the jaws (ANB, P=0.000) compared with the functional appliance alone. Conclusion: The application of the laser with the chosen parameters and protocol in conjunction with the functional appliance improved the effects of the functional appliance and reduced the discrepancy between the two jaws.

Clinical Evaluation of the Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy around Implant of Mandibular Implant Retaining Overdenture

Clinical Evaluation of the Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy around Implant of Mandibular Implant Retaining Overdenture

Influência do laser de baixa intensidade no tratamento da mucosite oral em pacientes jovens com câncer em tratamento quimioterápico: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Perform a systematic review of the literature to seek scientific evidence on the effect of low-level laser therapy on duration, degree and pain of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in young patients with cancer. Methods: A bibliographic search was performed using the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases to identify relevant scientific studies, found through the descriptors “laser therapy”, “phototherapy”, “oral mucositis”, “pediatric patient” and “children” to evaluate this association. Information regarding the degree of mucositis, pain associated with patients, toothbrushing and laser were analyzed characteristics. Results: Of the nine studies, one did not obtain significant results on the healing action of LLLT on oral mucositis and of the eight remaining studies, 83. 3% showed significant evidence of a decrease in the degree of oral mucositis and consequently its duration. With regard to pain, 100% of the studies confirmed its decrease. Conclusion: Low-level laser therapy is considered an efficient instrument for the treatment of oral mucositis on young patients with cancer due to its analgesic, anti-inflammatory and healing effects.

Diode Laser Irradiation Effects on Miniscrew Stability and IL-1β and TGF-β1 Levels: A Split-Mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on miniscrew stability and concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) in peri-miniscrew crevicular fluid in the course of orthodontic treatment. Methods: This randomized split-mouth double-blind clinical trial evaluated 18 patients requiring anterior retraction along with maximum anchorage. Miniscrews were placed between the maxillary second premolar and first molar. A diode laser was irradiated with a 980-nm wavelength and 100-mW output power in continuous-wave mode at four time points: T0 (1 hour after miniscrew placement), T1 (1 week later), T2 (at 1 month) and T3 (at 3 months) in one quadrant of the maxilla (laser group). The other quadrant of the maxilla underwent the pseudo-application of the laser (control group). The primary stability of miniscrews was measured by Periotest M and reported as Periotest value (PTV). Also, at each time point, samples were collected from the peri-miniscrew crevicular fluid one hour after laser irradiation to assess the concentration of IL-1β and TGF-β1. Results: The mean PTV (inverse of the stability) was smaller in the laser group compared with the control group at all time points; this difference was significant at T2 and T3. The mean concentration of IL-1β in the laser group was lower than that in the control group at all time points, and this difference was significantly remarkable at T0 and T3. The mean concentration of TGF-β1 in the laser group was lower than that in the control group at T0, T1 and T3; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The current results supported the efficacy of LLLT in increasing the miniscrew stability and decreasing the level of IL-1β pro-inflammatory cytokine.

Assessing the Impact of High Photon Energy Wavelengths on the Treatment of Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain.

The effect of low-level laser therapy with high photon energy wavelengths, green and violet, for treating chronic musculoskeletal pain was examined in the first-ever clinical trial of its kind. Participants (n = 43) underwent a single 13-minute laser session. The primary measure of effectiveness was the change in initial visual analog pain (VAS) scores observed three minutes posttreatment. The success of a participant was defined in advance as a reduction of ≥30% in VAS scores, while the success of the study was predetermined as achieving a 65 ± 5% success rate among individual participants. Results demonstrated subjects' VAS pain scores decreased from 71.79 to 34.02 (p < 0.0001), while most participants in the study (81.4%) achieved a ≥30% decrease in pain scores. The findings from this clinical investigation provided substantial support for the first Food and Drug Administration clearance (K221987) for the combined application of green and violet lasers.

Analysis of the effects of concentrated growth factor and low-level laser therapy on the bone healing

PurposeThe aim of this study is to evaluate whether concentrated growth factor (CGF) and photobiomodulation (PBMT) can show synergistic effect on bone healing process. MethodsIn vivo osteogenesis studies were performed in a rabbit critical-sized calvarial defect model. Four 8 mm critical-sized bone defects were created on each rabbit calvarium, and these 4 defects were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1-control (defect filled with autologous blood clot); 2-CGF (defect filled with CGF); 3-LLLT (defect filled with autologous blood clot and received Nd:YAG low-level laser irradiation); 4-CGF + LLLT (defect filled with CGF and received LLLT). 15 Japanese big-ear white rabbits were operated on using the same procedure in this study. Then, 5 rabbits were selected randomly and sacrificed at 4th, 6th and 8th week postoperatively and respectively. The calvariums were harvested and scanned by micro-CT. The volumes of new bone formation of these defects were calculated by analyzing the micro-CT image. Data were analyzed as mean values of each group, comparisons were made for statistical analysis with the group and among the 4 groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA, P < 0.05). ResultsAt the 4th, 6th and 8th weeks, compared with the control group, the volume of new bone formed in each experimental group was significantly increased. Both CGF and LLLT can accelerate bone healing, but the effect of LLLT is better than that of CGF, and the difference between the two is statistically significant (P < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the osteogenic effect between the combined application of CGF + LLLT and the application of CGF alone. And the osteogenic effect of the former two groups was weaker than that obtained by laser irradiation alone. ConclusionsBoth CGF and LLLT can promote osteogenesis effectively, but the combination of the two did not show a synergistic effect. The pro-osteogenic effect of Nd:YAG low-level laser irradiation is superior to that of CGF, and also superior to the combined effect of the two.

The Randomized Controlled Study of Low-Level Laser Therapy, Kinesio-Taping and Manual Lymphatic Drainage in Patients With Stage II Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema.

To compare the effects of low-level laser therapy, kinesio-taping and manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) on the affected arm volume, quality of life, arm function, neuropathic pain and shoulder mobility in patients with stage II breast cancer-related lymphedema. Forty-five breast cancer patients with stage II lymphedema were included. The patients were randomized to three groups and treated with MLD, kinesio-taping or low-level laser therapy. After these different therapeutic modalities, all patients received multilayer compression bandaging, lymphedema remedial exercises, skin care, and a patient education program by the same lymphedema therapist. All treatments were applied 5-days a week for three weeks. The lymphedema compression garments were prescribed to all patients and follow-up visits were planned at the end of the treatment, and at four and 12 weeks. The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by volumetric calculations based on circumferential measurements using the formula for a truncated cone, in addition to goniometric assessments for shoulder joint ROM, and questionnaires: Quick-disability of arm, shoulder and hand for arm disability; pain-detect for neuropathic pain; and quality of life for arm lymphedema (LYMQOL-arm). The baseline patient and disease characteristics, and outcome measures were similar between groups. All treatment modalities were found to be effective in decreasing arm volume, and improving quality of life, upper extremity disability and neuropathic pain. The percentage of decreased arm volume or treatment success was better in kinesio-taping group than in the MLD group at the end of the treatment, and at four and 12 weeks after treatment (p = 0.009, p = 0.039, and p = 0.042, respectively). Kinesio-taping led to better results than MLD and was similarly effective compared with low-level laser in stage II breast cancer-related lymphedema at the twelfth week of follow-up. Kinesio-taping and low-level laser should be considered as alternative treatments in early-moderate stages of lymphedema. After these modalities, multi-layer compression and compression bandaging remain cornerstones of lymphedema treatment.

Low-Level Laser Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review of Experimental Approaches.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory and autoimmune disorder that is characterized by joint inflammation, pain, physical disability, and morning stiffness. In the present study, the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on RA was reviewed. Methods: "Low-level laser therapy", "rheumatoid arthritis disease", and "photobiomodulation" keywords were searched in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline. Results: A literature survey led to a discussion about the immunology of the RA, laser therapy, mechanism of LLLT action, and anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of LLLT. Conclusion: It was concluded that LLLT could improve RA patients' quality of life, reduce pain, and enhance physical movement.