Low Iron Content Research Articles

Effect of particle size distribution of sediments on development of polder soils in Japan

Abstract Purpose Polder soils develop from oceanic and lacustrine sediments covered with seawater, brackish water, and freshwater after artificial drainage. Because there are several concerns regarding the agricultural use of polder soils, soil genesis and properties have been considerably surveyed, mainly focusing on problematic soils developed from fine sediments. Although sediments have a wide range of particle size distributions due to different sedimentary conditions, particle size of parent materials have not been well addressed to understand the soil developmental process. In this study, Japanese polders with different reclamation ages and sedimentary conditions were surveyed to clarify the soil formation process and factors affecting pedogenesis. Materials and methods Soil samples were collected from 15 soil profiles in six Japanese polders under different land use types. Sedimentary conditions of polders were evaluated from particle size distributions using the hydrodynamic classification proposed by Pejrup (The triangular diagram used for classification of estuarine sediments: a new approach. Tide-influenced Sediment Environ Facies, pp 289–300, 1988). The major soil-forming factors of polders were extracted by principal component analysis (PCA) using general soil properties. Results and discussion Brackish lake and inner bay polders were characterized by calm hydrodynamic conditions comprising fine particles. Two polders reclaimed from a shallow inland sea were characterized by violent hydrodynamic conditions. Sandy sediments were also characteristic of immature soils reclaimed from a freshwater lake and an estuarine tidal flat. Soils on polders developed under calm hydrodynamic conditions enabled the accumulation of high total carbon content. The soil-forming process in the brackish bay oxidized pyrite, leading to an acidic soil reaction. Conversely, soils developed from sandy sediments were characterized by low iron content. The PCA extracted two factors explained by particle size and soil reaction relating to acidification and salt leaching. Conclusion Polder soils can be mainly discriminated by their particle size distributions, which are characterized by hydrodynamics under the sedimentary conditions, and the polder soil development is affected by water management in land uses after artificial drainage.

Exploring the dependence of chemical traits on metallicity

Context. Given the massive spectroscopic surveys and the Gaia mission, the Milky Way has turned into a unique laboratory to be explored using abundance ratios that show a strong dependence on time. Within this framework, the data provided through asteroseismology serve as a valuable complement. Even so, it has been demonstrated that chemical traits cannot be used as universal relations across the Galaxy. Aims. To complete this picture, it is important to investigate the dependence on metallicity of the chemical ratios employed for inferring stellar ages. We aim to explore different combinations of neutron-capture, odd-Z, and α elements as a function of age, particularly focusing on their metallicity dependence for a sample of 74 giant field stars. Methods. Using UVES observations, we derived atmospheric parameters and high-precision line-by-line chemical abundances (< 0.04 dex) for the entire set of spectra, which covers a wide spread in ages (up to 14 Gyr) and metallicities (−0.7 < [Fe/H] < +0.1). Stellar ages are inferred from astereoseismic information. Results. By fitting chemical-age trends for three different metallicity groups, we estimated their dependence on metallicity. Simultaneously, we identified those exhibiting stronger correlations with time. We found that the stronger chemical-age relations ([Zr/α]) are not necessarily the ratios with the smaller dependence on metallicity ([Ce/α] and [Ce/Eu]). Conclusions. We confirm the [n-capture/α]-age trends for evolved stars, wherein the most significant correlation is evident in stars with solar metallicity, gradually diminishing in stars with lower iron content. The lack of homogeneity within the metallicity range highlights the intricate nature of our Galaxy’s star formation history and yield production. The dependence on metallicity of the yields involving s-process elements and the influence of radial stellar migration pose challenges to relying solely on chemical abundances for dating stars. These findings contest the feasibility of establishing universally applicable chemical clocks that are valid across the entire Galaxy and across various metallicity ranges.

Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia.

Iron is an essential nutrient and a constituent of ferroproteins and enzymes crucial for human life. Generally, nonmenstruating individuals preserve iron very efficiently, losing less than 0.1% of their body iron content each day, an amount that is replaced through dietary iron absorption. Most of the iron is in the hemoglobin (Hb) of red blood cells (RBCs); thus, blood loss is the most common cause of acute iron depletion and anemia worldwide, and reduced hemoglobin synthesis and anemia are the most common consequences of low plasma iron concentrations. The term iron deficiency (ID) refers to the reduction of total body iron stores due to impaired nutrition, reduced absorption secondary to gastrointestinal conditions, increased blood loss, and increased needs as in pregnancy. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is defined as low Hb or hematocrit associated with microcytic and hypochromic erythrocytes and low RBC count due to iron deficiency. IDA most commonly affects women of reproductive age, the developing fetus, children, patients with chronic and inflammatory diseases, and the elderly. IDA is the most frequent hematological disorder in children, with an incidence in industrialized countries of 20.1% between 0 and 4 years of age and 5.9% between 5 and 14 years (39% and 48.1% in developing countries). The diagnosis, management, and treatment of patients with ID and IDA change depending on age and gender and during pregnancy. We herein summarize what is known about the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ID and IDA and formulate a specific set of recommendations on this topic.

The Heat Flux Method for hybrid iron–methane–air flames

Recently, a cyclic energy storage concept was proposed involving the use of metal powder as CO2-free energy carrier, known as the metal fuel cycle. In this cycle, the burning of iron powder is considered as the discharge agent of the energy carrier. However, for this cycle to be an efficient one, a better understanding of the laminar burning velocity of iron powder is required. This study presents a newly developed burner based on the Heat Flux Method (HFM), which can measure the burning velocities of flat hybrid iron–methane–air flames. Since laminar iron flames are difficult to stabilize and have – even for micron-sized particles – burning velocities in close proximity to their terminal velocity, methane is used as a stabilizing agent. In this paper, the design of the new burner system is presented with results for burning velocities of iron–methane–air flames. The results show a steady decrease in burning velocity when iron is added to a stoichiometric methane–air flame down to 16 cm/s. It is hypothesized that in the case of relatively low iron concentrations, the iron acts as a heat sink within these flames, consequently reducing the flame temperature and laminar burning velocity. For these low concentrations, methane is the governing fuel. At concentrations above 250 g/m3, the reduction of the burning velocity comes to a halt, and the iron becomes the governing fuel in the flame. A comprehensive error analysis reveals that the primary sources of uncertainty stem from fluctuations in the iron content and parabolic fitting of the thermocouple measurements in the HFM.Novelty and Significance statementThe novelty of this study is a newly developed burner based on the well-known Heat Flux Method (HFM). In accordance with the HFM, a new burner was designed to facilitate stable flat adiabatic hybrid iron–methane–air flames for the first time and measure its key parameter, the adiabatic burning velocity. Further, a metered iron powder dispersion system was developed for accurate iron mass flow measurements. The results show a steady decrease in burning velocity when iron is added to a stoichiometric methane–air flame in relatively low concentrations and show a very weak dependence of the burning velocity on the iron content at iron concentrations above 250 g/m3. These findings enable the validation of 1D simulations for iron-laden flames. A detailed assessment of the measurement uncertainties reveals that the largest source of uncertainty can be derived back to the stability of iron mass flow, leading to small flame propagation fluctuations on relatively short intervals.

Properties of products obtained in the process of solidification and stabilization of fly ash resulting from thermal treatment of sewage sludge

The article presents an analysis of the results of research on the composition of fly ash from the thermal processing of sewage sludge [SSA] collected from three incineration plants located in Warsaw, Cracow and Łódź. It determines the leaching values of selected heavy metals from the tested fly ash and ordinary class concrete C20/25 with partial replacement - up to 20% of cement with fly ash. The laboratory tests performed showed that they have a comparable granulometric composition. In contrast, the physico-chemical properties of the tested fly ashes differ from ashes from coal combustion traditionally used in concrete technology. SSA is characterized by an average lower content of silicon, iron, and aluminium oxides with a much higher content of phosphorus oxides. Leaching tests indicate low mobility of heavy metals, meeting Polish regulations regarding the possibility of using SSA in construction for specific applications. At the same time, they do not pose a significant threat to human health or the environment. Construction waste containing SSA may be disposed of in inert waste landfills.

Influence of the dietary contribution of terrestrial insects to the condition factor of bleak Alburnus alburnus in a highly polluted lowland river.

Bleak Alburnus alburnus is a highly abundant but understudied fish species, and we know little about the trophic ecology of populations inhabiting rivers in central Europe. From an ecosystem perspective, this fish species is interesting as it is known to feed on surface insects, thereby linking the terrestrial with the aquatic habitat. In a previous study, we demonstrated that this flux is intensified, and dietary contribution of terrestrial insects is higher in fish inhabiting sections of the Spree River, Germany, that are polluted from iron oxides occurring from former lignite mining activities, and thus are characterized by lower abundances of aquatic insects. As terrestrial insects can be considered as food of lower quality (measured as long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 LC-PUFAs) compared to aquatic prey, it is reasonable to assume that the higher contribution of terrestrial insects is related to a lower body condition in fish. In this study, we explore the trophic ecology of riverine A. alburnus and their fitness consequences of feeding on terrestrial insects. We therefore modeled a terrestrial index from stable isotopes of hydrogen (δ2H) measured in the A. alburnus muscle tissue and compared individuals caught in locations upstream of a dam that were greatly influenced by iron oxides, with individuals caught in sections located downstream of a dam where passive remediation technologies are applied. The terrestrial index was significantly higher in A. alburnus caught in locations at high-iron concentrations, characterized by low abundances of aquatic prey, compared to A. alburnus caught in unpolluted habitats at low-iron concentrations. In contradiction to our hypothesis, the terrestrial index had no significant effect on the body condition of A. alburnus (measured as Fulton's condition factor K) in the sections downstream of the dam (i.e., at low-iron concentrations) and a significant positive, albeit weak, effect in sections upstream of the dam (i.e., at high-iron concentrations). However, the condition factor was generally lower in the high-iron section, potentially related to more direct effects of the iron oxide. We conclude that in A. alburnus, terrestrial insects can be considered as the less-favored food, unless the fish occur in environments where the aquatic food is of limited availability. Further research is needed to evaluate the direct and indirect effects, including the internal n-3 LC-PUFA synthesis as an adaption toward low-quality terrestrial prey on the fitness consequences of A. alburnus.

Extended Silicic Volcanism in the Gruithuisen Region—Revisiting the Composition and Thermophysical Properties of Gruithuisen Domes on the Moon

The formation mechanisms, extent, and compositions of red spots on the lunar surface have intrigued the lunar community for decades. By identifying a new dome and another silicic crater in the highlands nearby, we find that the silicic volcanism in the Gruithuisen region extends beyond the three major domes. Our observations indicate that the Gruithuisen domes have low iron and titanium contents. They are enveloped by ejecta from surrounding regions and host silica-rich material excavated by the young craters consistent with previous work. Our boulder maps of the Gamma dome display a high boulder count and indicate that the Diviner rock abundance maps are only sensitive to boulders larger than ∼2 m. The H-parameter values are sensitive to presence of rocks and may be a better indicator of rocks at submeter scales. The Delta dome has gentle slopes, lower rock abundance, and one young crater, and it could serve as a safe and scientifically valuable site for landing and exploration of the domes and nearby region. The dome also displays anomalously high H-parameter in the same region as the crater, indicating the potential presence of pyroclastic materials. We observe up to 200 ppm of OH/H2O on the domes and nearby mare despite the presence of a weak magnetic field to the south of Delta dome, further supporting the potential presence of pyroclastics in the region. This study could potentially aid in logistical and scientific decisions of the future NASA missions in the region.

Effects of pre- versus post-conceptional iron and n-3 fatty acid supplementation of deficient rat dams on neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring

This abstract was awarded the Student Competition Prize.Periconception is the period spanning the weeks directly before and after conception and is a crucial window for optimising neurodevelopment in offspring(1-4). Iron and omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) are two vital nutrients for the development of the nervous system however, little research has been conducted into their importance during the periconceptional window(5-8). This study investigated whether supplementing iron and n-3 FA deficient (ID and n-3 FAD) rat dams before conception compared to after conception results in different neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. We hypothesised that initiating iron and n-3 FA supplementation in deficient dams after conception would not be as efficacious in preventing impaired offspring neurodevelopment induced by double- deficiency, compared to initiating supplementation before conception.Female rats consuming an ID and n-3 FAD diet were randomly allocated to receive iron and DHA/EPA supplementation either 10 days before (Pre-Fe+DHA/EPA) or 10 days after conception (Post-Fe+DHA/EPA). Dams and offspring (Pre-: n = 24; Post-: n = 26) were subsequently maintained on supplemented diets throughout the experiment. Between postnatal days 31–41, cognitive and behavioural tests were conducted on offspring. Offspring were euthanised between postnatal day 42–45 and n-3 FAs, iron and monoamine concentrations were measured in the hippocampus, striatum and frontal cortex. All outcomes were compared to offspring who were either iron and n-3 FA deficient (ID+n-3 FAD: n = 24) or sufficient (Control+Fe+DHA/EPA: n = 22). One-way ANCOVA, with sex as a covariate, was used to determine between-group differences and two-way ANOVA was used to explore diet-sex interactions.There were no differences in brain iron or n-3 FA levels between Pre- and Post-Fe+DHA/EPA offspring (P > 0.05). Female Post-Fe+DHA/EPA offspring had greater norepinephrine concentrations in the frontal cortex (Pre-: 3.21 ± 0.57 ng/mg vs Post-: 2.50 ± 0.55 ng/mg; P = 0.014) and consumed less sucrose in the sucrose preference test (Pre-: 96.16 ± 1.73%; Post-: 90.15 ± 1.66%; P = 0.010) compared to Pre-Fe+DHA/EPA offspring. Female Post-Fe+DHA/EPA offspring also had significantly lower liver iron concentrations compared to female Pre-Fe+DHA/EPA offspring (Pre-: 537 ± 47.13 μg/L vs Post-: 310 ± 45.28 μg/L; P = 0.034). There were no other significant differences in monoamine concentrations or behavioural tests.Our results indicate that supplementing ID and n-3 FAD mothers both before and after conception is efficacious in preventing neurodevelopmental deficits associated with deficiency. However, ID and n-3 FAD during the periconceptional period may alter reward-based learning in female offspring(9-11). Additionally, optimising iron provision during periconception may have important implications for the prevention of postnatal ID-anaemia, particular during early infancy(12).

Experimental conditions for room temperature ferromagnetism in Fe-doped SnO2 via mechanochemical milling and thermal treatment

Identifying optimal experimental conditions, preferably through a simple and cost-effective method, for the fabrication of oxide-diluted magnetic semiconductors, such as Fe-doped SnO2, holds great significance in the quest for spintronic materials operating at room temperature (RT). While mechanochemical milling is a well-established technique meeting these requirements, its numerous milling variables necessitate careful consideration of restricted experimental conditions. In this study, we present some experimental mechanochemical milling conditions to prepare impurity-free iron-doped tin dioxide nanoparticles exhibiting RT ferromagnetic signal. To achieve this, we investigated the effects of milling time, the choice of the starting Sn reactant, and iron concentration on the purity of Sn1−xFexO2 (x = 0, 0.03, and 0.05) nanopowders obtained through mechanochemical milling followed by thermal treatment. Characterization through XRD, XANES, and EXAFS at the Fe K-edge, RT Raman spectroscopy, 119Sn and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopies, and magnetic measurements was conducted. Among the experimental techniques, micro-Raman spectroscopy proved the most effective in detecting the formation of hematite as an impurity phase. Our results indicate that extending the milling time to 12 h, as opposed to 3 h, employing anhydrous SnCl2, instead of SnCl2·2H2O and using the low iron concentration of x = 0.03, results in proper conditions for producing impurity-free samples with a robust RT ferromagnetic signal. The oxidation states for iron and tin ions were determined to be 3+ and 4+, respectively, with both occupying octahedral sites, suggesting iron’s replacement of tin. Our findings propose that both the bound magnetic polaron and RKKY models offer potential explanations for the origin of the ferromagnetic signal observed at room temperature in Sn0.97Fe0.03O2 sample milled for 12 h.

Iron deposition in subcortical nuclei of Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis of quantitative iron-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging studies.

Iron deposition plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the distribution pattern of iron deposition in the subcortical nuclei has been inconsistent across previous studies. We aimed to assess the difference patterns of iron deposition detected by quantitative iron-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between patients with PD and patients with atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APSs), and between patients with PD and healthy controls (HCs). A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases to identify studies investigating the iron content in PD patients using the iron-sensitive MRI techniques (R2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping [QSM]), up until May 1, 2023. The quality assessment of case-control and cohort studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, whereas diagnostic studies were assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. Standardized mean differences and summary estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated for iron content, using a random effects model. We also conducted the subgroup-analysis based on the MRI sequence and meta-regression. Seventy-seven studies with 3192 PD, 209 multiple system atrophy (MSA), 174 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and 2447 HCs were included. Elevated iron content in substantia nigra (SN) pars reticulata (P <0.001) and compacta (P <0.001), SN (P <0.001), red nucleus (RN, P <0.001), globus pallidus (P <0.001), putamen (PUT, P=0.009), and thalamus (P=0.046) were found in PD patients compared with HCs. PD patients showed lower iron content in PUT (P <0.001), RN (P=0.003), SN (P=0.017), and caudate nucleus (P=0.027) than MSA patients, and lower iron content in RN (P=0.001), PUT (P <0.001), globus pallidus (P=0.004), SN (P=0.015), and caudate nucleus (P=0.001) than PSP patients. The highest diagnostic accuracy distinguishing PD from HCs was observed in SN (AUC: 0.85), and that distinguishing PD from MSA was found in PUT (AUC: 0.90). In addition, the best diagnostic performance was achieved in the RN for distinguishing PD from PSP (AUC: 0.84). Quantitative iron-sensitive MRI could quantitatively detect the iron content of subcortical nuclei in PD and APSs, while it may be insufficient to accurately diagnose PD. Future studies are needed to explore the role of multimodal MRI in the diagnosis of PD. PROSPERO; CRD42022344413.

A hydrothermal plume on the Southwest Indian Ridge revealed by a multi-proxy approach: Impact on iron and manganese distributions (GEOTRACES GS02)

Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are crucial micronutrients that limit oceanic primary productivity in the Southern Ocean. It has been recently suggested that hydrothermal activity may be an important source of oceanic dissolved iron, yet, this contribution is still not fully understood and only one active hydrothermal site has been reported on the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR), south of 40°S.Using a multi-proxy approach, this study demonstrates the occurrence of hydrothermal venting on the SWIR in the near vicinity of the location 44°51.690 S, 36°10.460 E, which is likely to be a low or moderately high temperature fluid. Indeed, we report high values of dissolved methane to manganese ratios (up to 11.1 ± 1.2 mol mol−1), low particulate iron (pFe) and manganese (pMn) concentrations (with maximum values of 0.7 nmol L−1 and 0.06 nmol L−1, respectively) associated with the presence of few oxyhydroxides, as well as high 223Radium (Ra) and 224Ra activities near the seafloor. The Fe and Mn data revealed a significant enrichment at depths influenced by hydrothermal circulation on the seafloor, within the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water. Dissolved Fe (dFe) and dissolved Mn (dMn) concentrations were enriched by 3- and 7-fold, respectively, and pFe and pMn by 2- and 1.5-fold, respectively, compared to a reference station located outside the SWIR. They were however lower than concentrations reported so far near high temperature vents, suggesting a weaker influence of this hydrothermal system on deep Fe and Mn reservoirs. We show that a large fraction of the dFe could be stabilized by organic complexation with humic substances (eHS, estimated 27–60% of dFe). High prokaryotic abundance related to the proximity of the hydrothermal vent suggests that other Fe-complexing ligands of biological origin might also stabilize Fe in its dissolved form. Collectively, these measurements integrated within the concept of a “multi-proxy approach”, helped painting a more detailed picture of the complex interactions and processes in this region of the SWIR. Although the system is a source of both dFe and dMn to the deep ocean, the low current velocities and the bathymetry likely limit the fertilization of surface water by dFe and dMn along this section of the SWIR.

Lamprey--an excellent model for iron metabolism.

After 500 million years of evolution, lamprey is in a natural environment characterized by low temperature and high iron content, and its unique adaptive evolution mode has developed its organizational structure and life mechanism in the process of metamorphosis, which provides a new direction for people to further study the origin and evolution of life. Iron is one of the essential nutrients for the human body and plays an important role in metabolic processes, but when exceeded, it can lead to iron toxicity. For example, the serum iron concentration of pre-metamorphosis larvae is 149 times that of normal males, and the iron content in the liver of juveniles is about 2-3 times that of normal humans. Lamprey has a complete biochemical system to tolerate high concentrations of free iron in the body, and high expression of important genes for iron homeostasis, such as transferrin, ferritin heavy chain, superoxide dismutase, etc., improves iron transport, iron storage and antioxidant capacity. Lamprey has an IRE/IRP regulatory system, which is an important protection mechanism for lamprey to adapt to the high iron content environment in the organization. In addition, lampreys gradually form oral glands during metamorphosis and development, which become the unique iron metabolism organs of lampreys. In this review, we mainly summarize the distribution of iron in various tissues of lamprey and the potential mechanism of adapting to the content of iron in the body, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent search for the molecular mechanism of iron metabolism.

Prognostic Impact of Iron Metabolism Changes in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and its Correlation with TIMI Risk Score and 6-month Left Ventricular Performance

Objectives: Iron is vital for human metabolism and function. One major cause of anemia is a shortage of iron. On the other hand, a low blood iron level does not always indica te an abnormal hemoglobin concentration. Left ventricular function, ferritin, and blood iron levels were investigated 6 months following the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) index event. In addition, we searched for correlations between thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) risk score, cytokines such as C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum iron content. Materials and Methods: From August 2021 to July 2022, 100 consecutive patients with ACS who were requesting admission to the critical care unit of the Cardiology Department at SCB Medical College in Cuttack, Odisha, were the subject of this study. Participants in our research with ST-elevation or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (ST elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI] or Non ST elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI]) ranged in age from 18 to 70 years. We measured CRP, transferrin saturation, total iron binding capacity, ferritin, and blood iron at baseline. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF %) difference was assessed 6 months after baseline echocardiography and follow-up. Various factors were considered while calculating the short- and long-term prognoses, including the patient’s heart failure at admission and any deaths that took place in hospitals within 6 months after the index event. Results: There was no improvement in LVEF for 56.25% of patients (36 out of 66) 6 months after the index event; however, for 43.75% (28 patients) of the 66 STEMI patients, LVEF improved. Out of 34 NSTEMI patients, 14 (42.42%) improved their LVEF 6 months after ACS, whereas 19 (57.58%) did not. Serum iron levels and LVEF at 6 months were shown to be significantly correlated in all patients (overall P &lt; 0.001, STEMI P &lt; 0.001, and NSTEMI P = 0.001). Serum iron levels are positively correlated with improvements in LVEF after 6 months in both patients with STEMI; P &lt; 0.001, and NSTEMI P = 0.006. Serum iron levels and hospitalized STEMI patients’ TIMI risk scores showed a significant connection (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Regardless of hemoglobin content, patients with &lt;10% improvement in LVEF from baseline had considerably lower blood iron levels. Six months after their initial ACS incident, patients with ACS who had lower blood iron concentrations at baseline recovered less well in terms of left ventricular systolic function. In our study, 48% of men and 68% of women were found to be iron deficient. In addition to being an indicator of inflammation, hypoferremia may be the target of a novel biomarker with potential applications in medicine in the near future. It could be useful in predicting left ventricular function following ACS.

NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 induces complicated effects on mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in an expression level-dependent manner.

NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is an essential redox enzyme responsible for redox balance and energy metabolism. Despite of its importance, the brain contains high capacity of polyunsaturated fatty acids and maintains low levels of NQO1 expression. In this study, we examined how levels of NQO1 expression affects cell survival in response to toxic insults causing mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis, and whether NQO1 has a potential as a biomarker in different stressed conditions. Following treatment with rotenone, overexpressed NQO1 in SH-SY5Y cells improved cell survival by reducing mitochondrial reductive stress via increased NAD+ supply without mitochondrial biogenesis. However, NQO1 overexpression boosted lipid peroxidation following treatment with RSL3 and erastin. A lipid droplet staining assay showed increased lipid droplets in cells overexpressing NQO1. In contrast, NQO1 knockdown protected cells against ferroptosis by increasing GPX4, xCT, and the GSH/GSSG system. Also, NQO1 knockdown showed lower iron contents and lipid droplets than non-transfectants and cells overexpressing NQO1, even though it could not attenuate cell death when exposed to rotenone. In summary, our study suggests that different NQO1 levels may have advantages and disadvantages depending on the surrounding environments. Thus, regulating NQO1 expression could be a potential supplementary tool when treating neuronal diseases.

C-Reactive Protein and Long-Term Prognosis in Adult Patients with Congenital Heart Disease.

Background/Objectives: Prognostic biomarkers may provide information about the patient's cardiovascular outcomes. However, there are doubts regarding how high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) impacts patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). The main objective is to evaluate whether high hs-CRP levels predict a worse prognosis in patients with CHD. Methods: Observational and prospective cohort study. Adult CHD patients and controls were matched for age and sex. Results: In total, 434 CHD patients (cases) and 820 controls were studied. The median age in the CHD patients was 30 (18-62) years and 256 (59%) were male. A total of 51%, 30%, and 19% of patients with CHD had mild, moderate, and great complexity defects, respectively. The body mass index [1.07 (1.01-1.13), p = 0.022)], diabetes mellitus [3.57 (1.07-11.97), p = 0.039], high NT-pro-BNP levels [1.00 (1.00-1.01), p = 0.021], and low serum iron concentrations [0.98 (0.97-0.99), p = 0.001] predicted high hs-CRP levels (≥0.3 mg/dL) in patients with CHD. During a follow-up time of 6.81 (1.17-10.46) years, major cardiovascular events (MACE) occurred in 40 CHD patients, showing the Kaplan-Meier test demonstrated a worse outcome among patients with hs-CRP levels above 0.3 mg/dL (p = 0.012). Also, hs-CRP showed statistical significance in the univariate Cox regression survival analysis. However, after adjusting for other variables, this significance was lost and the remaining predictors of MACE were age [HR 1.03 (1.01-1.06), p = 0.001], great complexity defects [HR 2.46 (1.07-5.69), p = 0.035], and an NT pro-BNP cutoff value for heart failure > 125 pg/mL [HR 7.73 (2.54-23.5), p < 0.001]. Conclusions: Hs-CRP obtained statistical significance in the univariate survival analysis. However, this significance was lost in the multivariate analysis in favor of age, CHD complexity, and heart failure.

The Influence of Copper and Zinc on Photosynthesis and Phenolic Levels in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), Borage (Borago officinalis L.), Common Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) and Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.).

This work is aimed at relationships which govern zinc and copper uptake by four popular medicinal herbs: basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), borage (Borago officinalis L.), common nettle (Urtica dioica L.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). They are often grown in soils with significant copper or zinc levels. Herbs were cultivated by a pot method in controlled conditions. Manganese, iron, copper and zinc concentrations were determined by High-Resolution Continuum Source Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The efficiency of photosynthesis was estimated by measuring the chlorophyll content, water use efficiency, net photosynthesis, intercellular CO2, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. Phenolic compounds were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Analysis of variance showed that herbs grown in soil treated with copper exhibited a lower iron content in roots, while manganese behaved in the opposite way. The only exception was borage, where a decrease in the manganese content in roots was observed. Both copper and zinc supplementations increased the total content of phenolics, while the highest increases were observed for common nettle and basil. Peppermint and borage responded less to supplementation. In the majority of samples, zinc and copper did not significantly affect the photosynthesis. Herbal extracts from common nettle and basil had unique antioxidant properties and may be good free radical scavengers.

The Neurobiology of Life Course Socioeconomic Conditions and Associated Cognitive Performance in Middle to Late Adulthood.

Despite major advances, our understanding of the neurobiology of life course socioeconomic conditions is still scarce. This study aimed to provide insight into the pathways linking socioeconomic exposures-household income, last known occupational position, and life course socioeconomic trajectories-with brain microstructure and cognitive performance in middle to late adulthood. We assessed socioeconomic conditions alongside quantitative relaxometry and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging indicators of brain tissue microstructure and cognitive performance in a sample of community-dwelling men and women (N = 751, aged 50-91 years). We adjusted the applied regression analyses and structural equation models for the linear and nonlinear effects of age, sex, education, cardiovascular risk factors, and the presence of depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Individuals from lower-income households showed signs of advanced brain white matter (WM) aging with greater mean diffusivity (MD), lower neurite density, lower myelination, and lower iron content. The association between household income and MD was mediated by neurite density (B = 0.084, p = 0.003) and myelination (B = 0.019, p = 0.009); MD partially mediated the association between household income and cognitive performance (B = 0.017, p < 0.05). Household income moderated the relation between WM microstructure and cognitive performance, such that greater MD, lower myelination, or lower neurite density was only associated with poorer cognitive performance among individuals from lower-income households. Individuals from higher-income households showed preserved cognitive performance even with greater MD, lower myelination, or lower neurite density. These findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the associations between socioeconomic conditions, brain anatomy, and cognitive performance in middle to late adulthood.

Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) silage, a possible low trophic marine protein source for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) could be a promising marine protein source in fish feeds and is of great interest since it can be cultivated along the Norwegian coastline. However, the use of blue mussels in feeds is dependent on developing suitable preservation and processing methods to produce a feed grade raw material. The present studies were conducted to investigate whether blue mussel silage could be used in the feed for Atlantic salmon post-smolt. Two feeding experiments were conducted using the same reference diet with FM inclusion of 25%, giving a mix of ∼59–63% plant-based ingredients vs ∼34–36% marine ingredients to simulate a standard grower feed for salmon post-smolts in SW. In experiment 1, fish were fed diets containing three different inclusion levels of blue mussel silage (BMS 3, 7, and 11%), a diet containing blue mussel meal (BMM) (12%) as well as the reference feed. In this experiment, the fish that were fed a diet containing BMS had a decline in both weight gain and condition factor when compared to the fish given the reference and BMM. The daily feed intake was similar in all groups, but the feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased in the fish fed BMS. The inclusion of BMS and BMM did not affect the digestibility of nutrients, but reduced retention of whole-body lipid and protein retention was observed. Salmon given BMS in the diet also had lower iron (Fe) concentrations in liver and whole body, indicating lower Fe uptake, irrespective of inclusion level. These findings were followed up in a second feeding experiment aiming to investigate whether different processing methods of blue mussel silage could influence the bioavailability of iron, as well as feed utilization and growth. The reference feed was formulated similar to the feed in exp. 1. Additionally, fish were fed diets containing BMM (9%) and the same batch of BMS (9%) used in exp. 1 as well as two diets containing new productions of BMS (9%) using either a lower acid level or only formic acid at the same level. In experiment 2, no differences were seen in weight gain, feed intake, FCR, nutrient retention or body composition between fish given BMS and reference diet. The lower Fe status observed in experiment 1 was not seen in the second study. In both experiments, there were no differences in fish welfare indicators between the group of fish fed with BMS, BMM and the reference group.The present results show that blue mussel silage can be used in the diet for Atlantic salmon, however, the different processing and preservation methods to produce BMS influence the nutritional properties and consequently growth performance and feed utilization of Atlantic salmon post-smolts.

Waste-derived catalysts for tar cracking in hot syngas cleaning

Catalytic tar cracking is a promising technique for hot syngas cleaning unit in gasification plants because it can preserve tars chemical energy, so increasing the syngas heating value. The cost associated with catalyst preparation is a key issue, together with its deactivation induced by coke deposition. Iron is a cheap and frequently used catalyst, which can also be found in some industrial wastes. The study aims to assess the catalytic efficiency for tar cracking of two waste-derived materials (red mud and sewage sludge) having high content of iron. The catalysts were supported on spheres of γ-Al2O3, and their efficiency was compared to that of a pure iron catalyst. The role of support was investigated by testing pure red mud, with and without the support. A series of long-term tests using naphthalene as tar model compound were carried out under different values of process temperatures (750 °C-800 °C) and steam concentrations (0 %-7.5 %). The waste derived catalysts showed lower hydrogen yields compared to pure iron catalyst, due to their lower content of iron. On the other hand, the conversion efficiencies of all the tested catalysts resulted rather similar, since the Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metallic species present on the surface of waste-derived catalyst help in preventing coke deposition. The iron oxidation state appears to play an important role, with reduced iron more active than its oxidised form in the tar cracking reactions. This indicates the importance of tuning steam concentration to keep constant the reduced state of iron while limiting coke deposition.

Reduction in Placental Metal and Metalloid in Preeclampsia: A Case-Control Study.

Preeclampsia is a primary placental disorder, with impaired placental vascularization leading to uteroplacental hypoperfusion. We aimed to investigate differences in metal and metalloid content between the placentas of women with preeclampsia and healthy controls. This was a case-control study in 63 women with preeclampsia and 113 healthy women. Clinical data were obtained from medical records. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to measure the placental metals and metalloids content. Compared with healthy control subjects, preeclampsia was associated with a significantly lower concentration of essential elements (magnesium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, and selenium) in the placental tissue. After multivariable adjustment, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in selenium concentration was associated with a reduced risk of preeclampsia with an OR of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.33-0.77). The joint effects of multiple selected metals and metalloids were associated with a reduced risk of preeclampsia. The lower placental magnesium, chromium, iron, zinc, and selenium concentrations of preeclampsia cases indicate a potential link to its pathogenesis. It also provides an intriguing avenue for future research in revealing the underlying mechanisms and potential intervention strategies for preeclampsia.