Low-intensity Strength Training Research Articles

Effect of blood flow restriction training on insulin resistance in men with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial

Introduction. Metabolic syndrome is defined as a pathological condition characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose tolerance. Insulin resistance is hypothesized to underlie metabolic syndrome. Modern studies, including Mendelian randomization, have demonstrated that muscle strength and muscle mass may play an important role in the mechanisms of insulin resistance. Aim. To establish the relationship between relative upper limb muscle strength and triglyceride/glucose index, and to evaluate the effects of different resistance exercise regimens on alternative measures of insulin resistance in men with metabolic syndrome. Materials and methods. At the first stage of the study, 216 men aged from 25 to 50 years were examined. The relative muscle strength of the upper limbs in the bench press exercise and the triglyceride/glucose index were assessed. At the second stage, a randomized controlled trial was conducted, for which 60 men who met the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Men with metabolic syndrome were divided into three groups: low-intensity strength training with blood flow restriction (n = 20), high-intensity strength training (n = 20), low-intensity strength training without blood flow restriction (n = 20). Training was carried out 2 times a week for 12 weeks. Before and after the study, the triglycerides/glucose index, the ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoproteins, and the combination of the triglycerides/glucose index with body mass index were assessed. Results and discussion. It was found that the relative muscle strength of the upper limbs was inversely proportional to the triglycerides/glucose index (r = –0.52; p 0.05) in the examined men. After 12 weeks of resistance training, statistically significant reductions in triglyceride/glucose index, triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein ratio, and triglyceride/glucose index/body mass index combination were found for the low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction and high-intensity resistance training groups (both, p 0,01). Changes in body composition, an increase in the proportion of muscle fibers I and IIa and a decrease in the proportion of muscle fibers IIx, an increase in the activity of glucose transporters, and a decrease in systemic inflammation are the main potential mechanisms for the beneficial effects of resistance training, including in combination with blood flow restriction, on insulin resistance in men with metabolic syndrome. Conclusion. There is an inverse relationship between muscle strength and triglycerides/glucose index; resistance training is an effective and safe tool for reducing alternative indicators of insulin resistance and can be included in comprehensive correction programs for men with metabolic syndrome.

High-load strength training compared with standard care treatment in young adults with joint hypermobility and knee pain: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (the HIPEr-Knee study)

IntroductionPatients with generalised joint hypermobility, including knee hypermobility (GJHk), often experience knee pain and are typically managed with low-intensity strength training and/or proprioceptive training as part of standard care. However,...

Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength Following 6 Weeks of Blood Flow Restriction Combined with Low-Intensity Strength Training in Overweight Adolescents

Background and Study purpose. Blood flow restriction training is a new training technique that involves low-intensity exercise and can generate physiological changes equivalent to high-intensity exercise. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of blood flow restriction in conjunction with low-intensity resistance exercise on muscle mass and muscle strength among overweight adolescents, in comparison to conventional resistance exercise. Materials and methods. The study involved two randomized groups: an experimental group, which performed 40% of one repetition maximum (1RM) resistance exercise combined with 60% of arterial occlusion pressure (AOP), and a traditional resistance exercise group, which performed 70% of 1RM resistance exercise. All participants underwent pre-test and post-test evaluations for body composition, 1RM, and muscle circumference. The training program lasted for six weeks and consisted of upper and lower body training, including exercises such as leg press, leg curl, arm curl, and arm extension. Results. The group that underwent low-load blood flow restriction (LLBFR) training showed a notable increase in muscle mass (p<0.049) as well as arm and leg circumference (p<0.047 and p<0.046, respectively) compared to before the training program, similar to the results of high-intensity resistance exercise. Conclusions. Combining blood flow restriction with low-intensity resistance training is a potentially effective approach to increase muscle size and strength, especially in overweight adolescents. Moreover, this type of training can decrease the amount of exercise load, making it a feasible option for individuals who may not tolerate high loads due to certain medical conditions or other limitations.

Effect of Blood Flow-Restricted Strength Training on Body Composition: a Randomized Controlled Study of Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

INTRODUCTION. Low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction is an effective strategy for increasing muscle mass and strength, as well as reducing excess subcutaneous and visceral fat deposition. In recent years, this method has been used in various populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction on anthropometric parameters and body composition in men with metabolic syndrome. AIM. To evaluate the effect of low-intensity strength training with blood flow restriction on anthropometric indices and body composition in men with metabolic syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study involved 60 untrained men (mean age 38.7 ± 5.6 years) who meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome due to health reasons. Participants were divided into three groups according to resistance training regimens: low-intensity resistance with blood flow restriction; high-intensity training; low-intensity training without blood flow restriction. Before and after 12 weeks of training, the groups were assessed for body mass index, fat mass, visceral fat area, musculoskeletal mass, waist circumference. RESULTS. There was a statistically significant decrease in fat mass, visceral fat area, waist circumference and an increase in musculoskeletal mass (p 0.05) in the groups of low-intensity strength training with blood flow restriction and high-intensity strength training. In the parameters of men belonging to the group of low-intensity strength training without blood flow restriction, no statistically significant changes were found (p 0.05). CONCLUSION. In summary, the study found that low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction effectively altered the body composition of men with metabolic syndrome.

Effects of adding high-intensity training during an 8-week period on maximal oxygen uptake in 12-year-old youth athletes.

Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max ) increases during adolescence parallel to the increase in fat-free mass (FFM). How much endurance training adds to this effect is still controversial. Our aim was to investigate if inclusion of high-intensity training (HIT) during an 8-week training period was superior to low-intensity strength and coordination training in 12-year-old youth athletes concerning the effect on V̇O2max . Thirty-five cross-country skiers were randomized into a HIT group (ET) and a strength and coordination group (SC), while 29 less active peers served as controls for growth and maturation (C). Anthropometrics and V̇O2max were assessed before and after the training period, and level of physical activity and training were monitored with accelerometers, training logs and a questionnaire. The number of weekly training sessions were higher for ET (4.6 ± 1.2) and SC (4.1 ± 1.0) compared with C (1.8 ± 2.0) (p < 0.01), with only ET conducting HIT sessions (1.9 ± 0.2 per week). C spent more time sedentary and less time in moderate and vigorous activity compared with ET (p < 0.05). All groups had a similar %-change pre-post in absolute V̇O2max (mL min-1 ) of 6% ± 6% for ET (p < 0.01), 5% ± 7 for SC (p = 0.14), and 5% ± 13% for C (p = 0.03), with no significant differences between groups. V̇O2max relative to FFM did not change significantly for any groups. The change in V̇O2max paralleled the change in FFM for all groups, questioning the effect of HIT on V̇O2max over an 8-week period in youth athletes.

Can Low Intensity Strength Training Alone for Older Females Improve Cardiovascular and Functional Fitness?

BACKGROUND Maintaining muscle mass and an efficient cardiovascular system is vital for healthy aging.OBJECTIVES This study investigates if a low intensity senior strength exercise program for the older females can have an effect cardiovascular function and improve senior functional fitness.METHODS There were 22 older females, randomly divided into a strength exercise (age: 72.18 ± 4.97 yrs; height: 1.54 ± 0.06 m; weight: 58.02 ± 7.29 kg; BMI:24.43 ± 2.69 kg/m2) and control group (age: 77.63 ± 4.96 yrs; height: 1.51 ± 0.05 m; weight: 53.66 ± 6.62 kg; BMI:23.54 ± 2.22 kg/m2). The strength exercise group participated three times per week for 20 weeks, while the control group did not do any additional treatment or exercise. Participants were tested pre and post strength exercise, and the data were statistically analyzed using two-way repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), with a significance level of p &lt;0.05.RESULTS The results show significant differences (p&lt;0.001) in homocysteine levels, with an interaction effect between time and group. There were no differences in changes in erythrocyte sedimentation rate between groups (p=0.050). There was an interaction effect (p&lt;0.001) for the six components of the senior fitness test and between group and time in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and pulse pressure.CONCLUSION In conclusion the results suggest that low intensity strength exercise program can improved cardiovascular fitness related variables, and homocysteine, as well as functional fitness, blood pressure, heart rate and pulse pressure.

Effects of High-Intensity Strength Training in Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

The aim of the study is to assess the effects of high-intensity strength training versus low-intensity strength training or routine care in adults with knee osteoarthritis. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched up to March 10, 2021. The outcomes were knee pain, knee function, quality of life, and adverse events. Ten studies of 892 subjects with knee osteoarthritis were included. No significant differences were found between the high-intensity strength training group and the low-intensity strength training or routine care group in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain score, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index stiffness score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index physical function score, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score symptom score, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score activities of daily living score, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score sport and recreation score, Timed Up and Go result, gait velocity, walking time, peak torque of the knee extensors, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score quality of life score, and adverse event incidence (all P > 0.05). The peak torque of the knee flexors at 120-degree per sec contraction (pooled weighted mean difference, 7.520; 95% confidence interval, 1.256 to 13.784; P = 0.019) in the high-intensity group was improved significantly than that in the low-intensity training or routine care group. High-intensity strength training may have similar effects in improving knee pain, knee function, and quality of life, with comparable safety to low-intensity strength training and routine care.

Effect of High-Intensity Strength Training on Knee Pain and Knee Joint Compressive Forces Among Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis

Thigh muscle weakness is associated with knee discomfort and osteoarthritis disease progression. Little is known about the efficacy of high-intensity strength training in patients with knee osteoarthritis or whether it may worsen knee symptoms. To determine whether high-intensity strength training reduces knee pain and knee joint compressive forces more than low-intensity strength training and more than attention control in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Assessor-blinded randomized clinical trial conducted at a university research center in North Carolina that included 377 community-dwelling adults (≥50 years) with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 20 to 45 and with knee pain and radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Enrollment occurred between July 2012 and February 2016, and follow-up was completed September 2017. Participants were randomized to high-intensity strength training (n = 127), low-intensity strength training (n = 126), or attention control (n = 124). Primary outcomes at the 18-month follow-up were Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) knee pain (0 best-20 worst; minimally clinically important difference [MCID, 2]) and knee joint compressive force, defined as the maximal tibiofemoral contact force exerted along the long axis of the tibia during walking (MCID, unknown). Among 377 randomized participants (mean age, 65 years; 151 women [40%]), 320 (85%) completed the trial. Mean adjusted (sex, baseline BMI, baseline outcome values) WOMAC pain scores at the 18-month follow-up were not statistically significantly different between the high-intensity group and the control group (5.1 vs 4.9; adjusted difference, 0.2; 95% CI, -0.6 to 1.1; P = .61) or between the high-intensity and low-intensity groups (5.1 vs 4.4; adjusted difference, 0.7; 95% CI, -0.1 to 1.6; P = .08). Mean knee joint compressive forces were not statistically significantly different between the high-intensity group and the control group (2453 N vs 2512 N; adjusted difference, -58; 95% CI, -282 to 165 N; P = .61), or between the high-intensity and low-intensity groups (2453 N vs 2475 N; adjusted difference, -21; 95% CI, -235 to 193 N; P = .85). There were 87 nonserious adverse events (high-intensity, 53; low-intensity, 30; control, 4) and 13 serious adverse events unrelated to the study (high-intensity, 5; low-intensity, 3; control, 5). Among patients with knee osteoarthritis, high-intensity strength training compared with low-intensity strength training or an attention control did not significantly reduce knee pain or knee joint compressive forces at 18 months. The findings do not support the use of high-intensity strength training over low-intensity strength training or an attention control in adults with knee osteoarthritis. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01489462.

Feasibility and estimated efficacy of blood flow restricted training in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled pilot study

Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a blood flow restriction (BFR) training regimen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); and to compare the effects of 4 weeks of BFR training with low-intensity strength training on muscle strength, muscle endurance, and joint pain in patients with RA. Method: In this non-blinded pilot randomized controlled trial, 18 women with RA aged 18–65 years performed low-intensity strength training for the lower limbs three times a week for 4 weeks, and were randomized to train with or without occlusion bands. The primary outcomes were registration of the recruitment process, compliance with training sessions, side effects, perceived pain, and a satisfaction survey. The secondary outcomes were changes in muscle strength, muscle endurance, and joint pain. Results: The findings of this pilot study included a challenging recruitment process, well tolerated training and test protocols, overall good patient satisfaction, no serious side effects, and high compliance. Both groups achieved significant improvements in knee extensor strength from baseline to follow-up, with a change of 11.5 kg [interquartile range (IQR) 9.8;13.0] in the intervention group and 8.4 kg (IQR 5.5;12.4) in the control group, and a significant between-group difference in favour of the intervention group (p = 0.0342). Conclusions: The feasibility results of this study indicated a challenging recruitment process, general satisfaction with the BFR and exercises, good compliance, and only expected non-serious side effects. BFR training may improve knee extensor strength in women with RA, compared low-intensity strength training without BFR.

Comparison and association of acute physiological and posturographic effects in four exercises on stable and unstable surfaces with or without partial blood flow restriction

PurposePrior research has shown that running squats on unstable surfaces may be useful in increasing antagonist muscle and body centre activity; nonetheless, the evidence for improved muscle strength-power is contradictory. In parallel, low-intensity strength training with partial blood flow restriction is effective in developing strength, hypertrophy, and muscular endurance. Combining both modalities could complement the benefits of exercising on unstable surface. Our objective was to compare the acute effects of 4 exercise types with or without partial blood flow restriction under stable and unstable conditions.MethodsSeven volunteers performed 4 protocols: exercises with high-intensity overload and stable conditions, low-intensity overload with blood flow restriction and stable conditions, unstable conditions without blood flow restriction, and unstable conditions with blood flow restriction. At the beginning, end, and recovery of each protocol, physiological variables were measured: heart rate, subjective perception of effort, blood lactate, and posturographic variables (total distance with eyes open and closed).ResultsExercises with stable surfaces generated greater physiological stress than both exercises on unstable surfaces. Furthermore, incorporating blood flow restriction into unstable exercise allowed an increase in the physiological demand without altering postural balance. There were only significant changes in postural balance in the high-intensity protocol with stable conditions.ConclusionsExercises combining partial blood flow restriction on stable and unstable surfaces increase the physiological demands without altering postural balance compared with high-intensity exercise on a stable surface.

Rehabilitation with the aid of blood flow restriction training

For various reasons many patient groups are unable to perform high-intensity strength training. Is the application of low-intensity strength training under blood flow restriction (BFR) an alternative to high-intensity training for patients? Overview and summary of possible applications of BFR training in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joint, after surgery and in patients with reduced performance. Possible contraindications and application recommendations for clinical practice based on the currently available literature are shown. In patients with arthritic joint complaints, muscular hypertrophy and strength improvement were achieved by low-intensity exercise with the aid of BFR. In the postoperative treatment after knee arthroscopy and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, BFR can be used to reduce atrophy. The effectiveness of low-intensity BFR training is lower than for classical high-resistance training; however, it may be used as additional training method in rehabilitation programs.

Effect of short-term low-intensity strength training with skin cooling over working muscle on neuromuscular function and physical activity among elderly women

Effect of short-term low-intensity strength training with skin cooling over working muscle on neuromuscular function and physical activity among elderly women

Blood flow restriction impairs the inflammatory adaptations of strength training in overweight men: a clinical randomized trial.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of high-intensity strength training (ST) or low-intensity strength training with blood flow restriction (ST-BFR) on monocyte subsets, the expression of C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), and CD16 on monocytes, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production of overweight men. Thirty overweight men were randomly assigned to conventional ST or ST-BFR. Both groups performed exercises of knee extension and biceps curl with equal volume (3 sessions/week) over 8 weeks, and the peripheral frequency of monocytes (CD14+CD16-, classical monocytes; CD14+CD16+, intermediate monocytes; CD14-CD16+, nonclassical monocytes), the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CCR5 and CD16 on CD14+ monocytes; and the production of TNF-α by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells were quantified. Eight weeks of ST increased the frequency of CD14+CD16- monocytes (p = 0.04) and reduced the percentage of CD14-CD16+ (p = 0.02) and the production of TNF-α by LPS-stimulated cells (p = 0.03). The MFI of CD16 on CD14+ monocytes decreased after the ST intervention (p = 0.02). No difference in monocyte subsets, CCR5 or CD16 expression, and TNF-α production were identified after ST-BFR intervention (p > 0.05). The adoption of ST promotes anti-inflammatory effects on monocyte subsets of overweight men, but this effect was lost when BFR was adopted. Novelty High-intensity strength training reduces the production of TNF-α and the peripheral frequency of CD16+ monocytes in overweight men. Blood flow restriction method blunts the strength training adaptations on monocyte subsets and pro-inflammatory TNF-α production in overweight men.

Intradialysis Exercise in Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review

Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis (HD) tend to have multiple comorbidities, especially cardiovascular disease, mineral and bone disorders which are important factors and contribute to the morbidity and mortality of HD patients. So it is important to know the types of intra-dialysis physical exercises that are safe and effective for HD patients. The type of research analyzed in this journal writing is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that focuses on inter-dialysis physical exercise interventions both at home and HD center. With a literature search using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Willey, Proquest and Google Scholar databases. And those who meet the relevant requirements and reviews are: 8. Based on several reviews of intradialytic exercise studies in HD patients, intra-dialysis low intensity strength training is found safe and effective in adults and older. Research shows that doing 30 minutes of intradialytic exercise per session 3 times a week for at least ≥8 weeks is beneficial for HD patients. Regular exercise should be considered as an important therapeutic modality in the care of patients undergoing HD. Strength training improves physical performance, nutritional status and physical activity. But this study needs further research, so that it can contribute to the provision of evidence-based information in applying safe intradialytic exercises and become part of routine dialysis treatment units

Dynamic strength training intensity in cardiovascular rehabilitation: is it time to reconsider clinical practice? A systematic review.

When added to endurance training, dynamic strength training leads to significantly greater improvements in peripheral muscle strength and power output in patients with cardiovascular disease, which may be relevant to enhance the patient's prognosis. As a result, dynamic strength training is recommended in the rehabilitative treatment of many different cardiovascular diseases. However, what strength training intensity should be selected remains under intense debate. Evidence is nonetheless emerging that high-intensity strength training (≥70% of one-repetition maximum) is more effective to increase acutely myofibrillar protein synthesis, cause neural adaptations and, in the long term, increase muscle strength, when compared to low-intensity strength training. Moreover, multiple studies report that high-intensity strength training causes fewer increments in (intra-)arterial blood pressure and cardiac output, as opposed to low-intensity strength training, thus potentially pointing towards sufficient medical safety for the cardiovascular system. The aim of this systematic review is therefore to discuss this line of evidence, which is in contrast to current clinical practice, and to re-open the debate as to what dynamic strength training intensities should actually be applied.

Application of Blood Flow Restriction to Optimize Exercise Countermeasures for Human Space Flight

In recent years there has been a strong increase in publications on blood flow restriction (BFR) training. In particular, the fact that this type of training requires only low resistance to induce muscle strength and mass gains, makes BFR training interesting for athletes and scientists alike. For the same reason this type of training is particularly interesting for astronauts working out in space. Lower resistance during training would have the advantage of reducing the risk of strain-induced injuries. Furthermore, strength training with lower resistances would have implications for the equipment required for training under microgravity conditions, as significantly lower resistances have to be provided by the training machines. Even though we are only about to understand the effects of blood flow restriction on exercise types other than low-intensity strength training, the available data indicate that BFR of leg muscles is also able to improve the training effects of walking or running at slow speeds. The underlying mechanisms of BFR-induced functional and structural adaptations are still unclear. An essential aspect seems to be the premature fatigue of Type-I muscle fibers, which requires premature recruitment of Type-II muscle fibers to maintain a given force output. Other theories assume that cell swelling, anabolic hormones, myokines and reactive oxygen species are involved in the mediation of BFR training-related effects. This review article is intended to summarize the main advantages and disadvantages, but also the potential risks of such training for astronauts.

Strength training with intermittent blood flow restriction improved strength without changes in neural aspects on quadriceps muscle

Summary Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low-intensity strength training with vascular occlusion on specific parameters of neural drive using amplitude and spectral analysis of surface electromyography. Equipment and methods Twenty individuals were assigned to one of two groups (low-intensity strength training with or without vascular occlusion). The first group performed three sets of knee extension exercises until failure, with a 90 seconds interval between sets, while the second group performed three sets of the mean repetitions of the first group. Both groups performed the exercises with the load set at 20% of estimated 1 maximal repetition. To assess electromyographic parameters, sessions 1, 7 and 12 were evaluated, specifically from the first to third repetitions and the 3 final repetitions. One maximal repetition was measured in the same collection times. Results Our findings demonstrated that low-intensity strength training with vascular occlusion improved muscular strength; however, it did not affect the neural drive, since there were no differences in the investigated parameters between sessions. Conclusion Low-intensity strength training with vascular occlusion is effective for producing muscular strength; however, it is not indicated for increases in neural activity.

The Role of Inflammation and Immune Cells in Blood Flow Restriction Training Adaptation: A Review.

Blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with low-intensity strength training has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mass and strength in a variety of populations. BFR results in a robust metabolic stress which is hypothesized to induce muscle growth via increased recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers, a greater endocrine response, and/or enhancing the cellular swelling contribution to the hypertrophic process. Following exercise, neutrophils are the first immune cells to initiate the tissue remodeling process via several mechanisms including an increased production of cytokines and recruitment of monocytes/macrophages, which facilitate the phagocytosis of foreign particles, the differentiation of myoblasts, and the formation of new myotubes. Thus, the purpose of this review was to discuss the mechanisms through which metabolic stress and immune cell recruitment may induce skeletal muscle remodeling following BFR strength training.

Effect of low-intensity versus high-intensity resistance training on the functioning of the institutionalized frail elderly.

Frailty has emerged as an important risk factor for disability. Age-related declines in physical and physiological function lead to increased risk of loss of independence and poor quality of life. Recent evidence has shown the effectiveness of physical exercise programmes in preventing or reversing frailty. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the functioning of frail elderly individuals after undergoing resistance training for 3 days a week for 8 weeks. The effectiveness of exercise training was investigated in 48 frail elderly individuals who were randomly assigned to the following intervention groups: high-intensity (HI; n=16; age: 69-96 years) or low-intensity (LI; n=16; age: 77-93 years) strength training groups or a control group (n=16; age: 76-93 years) with no specific exercise programme. Participants were assessed for muscle strength, physical function, activities of daily living, depression and quality of life. The HI group had significantly better results (P<0.05) on the Short Physical Performance Test than the LI group; however, the LI group did show a significant improvement in those scores, whereas the scores of the control group worsened. Results for the other evaluations were similarly favourable in both exercise groups (P>0.05). The study showed that LI exercise was as effective as HI exercise for most parameters tested. Exercise training is useful for the prevention or treatment of frailty, as it improves functioning by contributing positively to muscle strength, gait, balance and quality of life.

Comparing Two Low-Intensity Strength Training Modalities on Vasodilatory Capacity in Postmenopausal Women

Comparing Two Low-Intensity Strength Training Modalities on Vasodilatory Capacity in Postmenopausal Women