Lower Intake Of Saturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

The Effect of Individual Attitude toward Healthy Nutrition on Adherence to a High-UFA and High-Protein Diet: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

502 subjects were randomized to an intervention group (IG; dietary pattern focused on high intake of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), plant protein and fiber) or control group (CG; dietary recommendation in accordance with the German Society of Nutrition) within a 36-month dietary intervention trial. Sum scores for effectiveness, appreciation and practice of healthy nutrition were assessed using ATHN questionnaire during the trial (n = 344). Linear regression models were used to investigate associations between ATHN and dietary patterns at baseline and at month 12. Retirement, higher education level, age and lower body mass index (BMI) were associated with higher ATHN sum scores. ATHN was similar in CG and IG. Higher baseline intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and fiber as well as lower intake in saturated fatty acids (SFA) were associated with higher scores in practice in both groups. The intervention resulted in a stronger increase of UFA, protein and fiber in the IG after 12 months, while intake of SFA declined (p < 0.01). Higher scores in appreciation were significantly associated with higher intake of fiber and lower intake of SFA in the CG at month 12, whereas no associations between ATHN and macronutrient intake were observed in the IG after 12 months. While ATHN appeared to play a role in general dietary behavior, ATHN did not affect the success of the specific dietary intervention in the IG at month 12. Thus, the dietary intervention achieved a substantial modification of dietary pattern in the IG and was effective to override the impact of the individual ATHN on dietary behavior.

Saturated fatty acid intake, genetic risk and colorectal cancer incidence: A large-scale prospective cohort study.

Previous investigations mainly focused on the associations of dietary fatty acids with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, which ignored gene-environment interaction and mechanisms interpretation. We conducted a case-control study (751 cases and 3058 controls) and a prospective cohort study (125 021 participants) to explore the associations between dietary fatty acids, genetic risks, and CRC. Results showed that high intake of saturated fatty acid (SFA) was associated with a higher risk of CRC than low SFA intake (HR =1.22, 95% CI:1.02-1.46). Participants at high genetic risk had a greater risk of CRC with the HR of 2.48 (2.11-2.91) than those at low genetic risk. A multiplicative interaction of genetic risk and SFA intake with incident CRC risk was found (PInteraction = 7.59 × 10-20 ), demonstrating that participants with high genetic risk and high SFA intake had a 3.75-fold greater risk of CRC than those with low genetic risk and low SFA intake. Furthermore, incorporating PRS and SFA into traditional clinical risk factors improved the discriminatory accuracy for CRC risk stratification (AUC from 0.706 to 0.731). Multi-omics data showed that exposure to SFA-rich high-fat dietary (HFD) can responsively induce epigenome reprogramming of some oncogenes and pathological activation of fatty acid metabolism pathway, which may contribute to CRC development through changes in gut microbiomes, metabolites, and tumor-infiltrating immune cells. These findings suggest that individuals with high genetic risk of CRC may benefit from reducing SFA intake. The incorporation of SFA intake and PRS into traditional clinical risk factors will help improve high-risk sub-populations in individualized CRC prevention.

Egg Consumption, Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: The Interaction with Saturated Fatty Acids. Results from the ATTICA Cohort Study (2002-2012).

Purpose: To examine the association of egg intake with 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other cardiometabolic risk factors in a sample of individuals of Mediterranean origin. Methods: In 2001−2002, n = 1514 men and n = 1528 women (>18 years old) from the greater Athens area, Greece, were enrolled. Information on any egg intake, eaten as a whole, partly or in recipes was assessed via a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Follow-up for CVD evaluation (2011−2012) was achieved in n = 2020 participants (n = 317 CVD cases). Results: Ranking from lowest (<1 serving/week) to intermediate (1−4 servings/week) and high (4−7 servings/week) egg consumption tertiles, lower CVD incidence was observed (18%, 9% and 8%, respectively, p-for-trend = 0.004). Unadjusted analysis revealed that 1−3 eggs/week and 4−7 eggs/week were associated with a 60% and 75%, respectively, lower risk of developing CVD compared with the reference group (<1 egg/week). When adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical factors, significance was retained only for 1−3 eggs/week (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.53, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.28, 1.00). When total saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake was taken into account, this inverse association was non-significant. Multi-adjusted analysis revealed that in participants of low SFA intake, 1 serving/day increase in egg intake resulted in 45% lower risk of developing CVD. In the case of higher SFA consumption, only 1−3 eggs/week seemed to protect against CVD (HR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.07, 0.86). In the case of intermediate cardiometabolic disorders, no significant trend was observed. Conclusions: Overall dietary habits principally in terms of SFA intake may be detrimental to define the role of eggs in cardiac health.

Impact of Lipid Genetic Risk Score and Saturated Fatty Acid Intake on Central Obesity in an Asian Indian Population.

Abnormalities in lipid metabolism have been linked to the development of obesity. We used a nutrigenetic approach to establish a link between lipids and obesity in Asian Indians, who are known to have a high prevalence of central obesity and dyslipidaemia. A sample of 497 Asian Indian individuals (260 with type 2 diabetes and 237 with normal glucose tolerance) (mean age: 44 ± 10 years) were randomly chosen from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study (CURES). Dietary intake was assessed using a previously validated questionnaire. A genetic risk score (GRS) was constructed based on cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) genetic variants. There was a significant interaction between GRS and saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake on waist circumference (WC) (Pinteraction = 0.006). Individuals with a low SFA intake (≤23.2 g/day), despite carrying ≥2 risk alleles, had a smaller WC compared to individuals carrying <2 risk alleles (Beta = −0.01 cm; p = 0.03). For those individuals carrying ≥2 risk alleles, a high SFA intake (>23.2 g/day) was significantly associated with a larger WC than a low SFA intake (≤23.2 g/day) (Beta = 0.02 cm, p = 0.02). There were no significant interactions between GRS and other dietary factors on any of the measured outcomes. We conclude that a diet low in SFA might help reduce the genetic risk of central obesity confirmed by CETP and LPL genetic variants. Conversely, a high SFA diet increases the genetic risk of central obesity in Asian Indians.

Threshold Effects of Total Copper Intake on Cognitive Function in US Older Adults and the Moderating Effect of Fat and Saturated Fatty Acid Intake

BackgroundEvidence for a relationship between total copper intake and cognition is lacking, and few studies have assessed the moderating effect of dietary fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake on this relationship. ObjectiveOur aim was to explore the curvilinear association between total copper intake and cognitive function in older adults, and to clarify the moderating effect of dietary fat and SFA intake on the association. DesignThis was a cross-sectional analysis of data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2011-2014. ParticipantsThe analysis included 2,483 participants aged 60 years and older. Main outcome measuresCognitive function was evaluated by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) Word Learning subtest, the Animal Fluency Test, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Statistical analyses performedSmooth curve fitting and two-piecewise linear regression models were performed to address the nonlinear association between total copper intake and cognitive function. Multivariable quadratic regression models and analyses stratified by total fat or SFA intake were used to assess the effects of the interaction between copper and fat intake and between copper and SFA intake on cognitive function. ResultsThere was a nonlinear association between total copper intake and cognitive test scores. The inflection point of copper was 0.8 mg/d for the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Word Learning subtest and 1.4 mg/d for both the Animal Fluency test and the DSST. When copper intake was below the inflection point, positive associations were apparent for copper intake and Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Word Learning subtest scores (β = 3.9; 95% CI 1.2 to 6.5), Animal Fluency test scores (β = 1.7, 95% CI .9 to 2.6), and DSST scores (β = 6.0, 95% CI 3.8 to 8.3). When copper intake was above the inflection point, a nonsignificant downward trend was found. Interactive effects between total copper and total fat intake (P interaction = .000) and between total copper and SFA intake (P interaction = .011) on the DSST scores were observed. In the low fat intake and low SFA intake groups, DSST scores first increased and then decreased with increasing copper. However, in the high fat intake and high SFA intake groups, DSST scores first increased and then flattened with increasing copper. ConclusionsThe present study suggests a nonlinear association between copper intake and cognitive function and identifies threshold effects of copper intake on cognitive function. Copper intake below the inflection point was positively and independently associated with cognitive function. High fat and high SFA intake may protect older adults against a decline in DSST scores related to high copper intake.

Dietary Saturated Fatty Acid Intake and Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Japanese Population.

PurposeTo assess the association of dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake with the presence of early AMD in a Japanese population.MethodsThe population-based Tsuruoka Metabolomics Cohort Study enrolled general population individuals aged 35 to 74 years from among participants in annual health check-up programs that included fundus photographs in Tsuruoka, Japan. A total of 4010 individuals participated in the baseline survey. After excluding nonresponders to a dietary survey and participants with suboptimal fundus image quality, 3988 participants (median age, 62.4 years) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Fatty acids intake was adjusted for total energy intake by the residuals method. The association between fatty acid intake and presence of early AMD was assessed by logistic regression models.ResultsMedian daily SFA intake was 11.3 g (interquartile range, 9.6, 13.0 g). After adjustments for potential confounding factors, participants in the highest quartile of SFA intake were less likely to have early AMD, compared with the lowest quartile (odds ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval: 0.52–0.96). A significant trend for decreased risk of early AMD with increasing SFA intake was noted (P = 0.011). There was no significant association between poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) including n3-PUFA intake and early AMD.ConclusionsWe found that increased SFA intake was associated with reduced risk of early AMD in a Japanese population with low SFA intake. Adequate fatty acid intake may be required to maintain retinal homeostasis and prevent AMD.

Fatty acids, food groups and semen variables in men referring to an Italian Fertility Clinic: Cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort study.

Diet has been suggested as a factor affecting sperm quality, both in healthy and infertile men. To study whether specific food groups and fatty acids (FA) intake were associated with sperm parameters of men from couples referring to an Italian Fertility Clinic, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis. A semen sample was collected and analysed before proceeding with assisted reproduction. To evaluate food groups and fatty acids intake, we used a questionnaire of food frequency. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for abnormal semen parameters. Among 323 men, 19% had semen volume (SV) <1.5ml, 31% sperm concentration (SC) <15mil/mL, 33% total sperm count (TSC) <39mil and 27% sperm progressive motility <32%. Low SC was more frequent in men with higher saturated FA (SFA) and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) intake. Better SC and TSC were related to higher monounsaturated FA (MUFA)/SFA ratio. Monounsaturated FA and linoleic/linolenic acid ratio were not related to any considered parameters. Low TSC was associated with low vegetable intake. In conclusion, normal sperm parameters were more frequent in men with low intake of SFA and PUFA, and high vegetable intake. Higher MUFA/SFA ratio was associated with better sperm quality parameters.

Association of ADRB2 rs1042713 with Obesity and Obesity-Related Phenotypes and Its Interaction with Dietary Fat in Modulating Glycaemic Indices in Malaysian Adults.

Gene-diet interaction studies have reported that individual variations in phenotypic traits may be due to variations in individual diet. Our study aimed to evaluate (i) the association of ADRB2 rs1042713 with obesity and obesity-related metabolic parameters and (ii) the effect of dietary nutrients on these associations in Malaysian adults. ADRB2 genotyping, dietary, physical activity, anthropometric, and biochemical data were collected from 79 obese and 99 nonobese individuals. Logistic regression revealed no association between ADRB2 rs1042713 and obesity (p=0.725). However, the carriers of G allele (AG + GG genotypes) of rs1042713 were associated with increased odds of insulin resistance, 2.83 (CI = 1.04–7.70, adjusted p=0.042), in the dominant model, even after adjusting for potential confounders. Obese individuals carrying the G allele were associated with higher total cholesterol (p=0.011), LDL cholesterol levels (p=0.008), and total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio (p=0.048), compared to the noncarriers (AA), even after adjusting for potential confounders. Irrespective of obesity, the carriers of GG genotype had significantly lower fasting glucose levels with low saturated fatty acid intake (<7.3% of TE/day) (4.92 ± 0.1 mmol/L vs 5.80 ± 0.3 mmol/L, p=0.011) and high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acid:saturated fatty acid ratio (≥0.8/day) (4.83 ± 0.1 mmol/L vs 5.93 ± 0.4 mmol/L, p=0.006). Moreover, the carriers of GG genotype with high polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (≥6% of TE/day) had significantly lower HOMA-IR (1.5 ± 0.3 vs 3.0 ± 0.7, p=0.026) and fasting insulin levels (6.8 ± 1.6 µU/mL vs 11.4 ± 2.1 µU/mL, p=0.036). These effects were not found in the noncarriers (AA). In conclusion, G allele carriers of ADRB2 rs1042713 were associated with increased odds of insulin resistance. Obese individuals carrying G allele were compromised with higher blood lipid levels. Although it is premature to report gene-diet interaction on the regulation of glucose and insulin levels in Malaysians, we suggest that higher quantity of PUFA-rich food sources in regular diet may benefit overweight and obese Malaysian adults metabolically. Large-scale studies are required to replicate and confirm the current findings in the Malaysian population.

The Relationship Between Lifestyle, Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile II And High Blood Pressure In University Students.

BACKGROUND:Identifying and controlling systemic arterial blood pressure is important in young people, and it is possible to reduce the frequency of systemic arterial hypertension by improving the lifestyle.AIM:The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between healthy lifestyle behaviors and systemic blood pressure in university students.MATERIALS:The study sample consisted of 200 university students from a state university in Edirne. Lifestyles and habits were evaluated with Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile II. Students’ blood pressure was measured from both arms twice.RESULTS:The mean HPLP-II score of those who frequently feel good was significantly higher than those who rarely feel good. The mean score of those who frequently wake up between 06:00-09:00 in the morning was statistically significantly higher than those who wake up outside these hours. Those who perform social or artistic activities during their leisure times had a mean scale score higher than those who don’t perform. Although there wasn’t a statistically significant difference according to smoking status, the mean score of non-smokers was higher than smokers. The mean scale scores were higher in frequent salt users than non-frequent users; participants with low saturated fatty acid intake had higher scores than those with high intake, and rare fast food consumers had higher scores than frequent consumers. The statistically significant difference between blood pressure values of females and males was due to higher blood pressure in male students. Those working in a part-time job had higher blood pressure values than those who weren’t working. Among the students whose body mass indexes could be evaluated, there were differences in blood pressure values.CONCLUSION:It has been observed in our study that health-related responsibilities and lifestyle behaviours increase with better leisure time activities, improved eating habits and a positive outlook on life. Turning youngs’ tendencies towards healthy lifestyle behaviours to habits can make them healthier, more collective and more productive regarding physical, social and psychological well-being.

PON1 and Mediterranean Diet.

The Mediterranean diet has been proven to be highly effective in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has been implicated in the development of those conditions, especially atherosclerosis. The present work describes a systematic review of current evidence supporting the influence of Mediterranean diet and its constituents on this enzyme. Despite the differential response of some genetic polymorphisms, the Mediterranean diet has been shown to exert a protective action on this enzyme. Extra virgin olive oil, the main source of fat, has been particularly effective in increasing PON1 activity, an action that could be due to low saturated fatty acid intake, oleic acid enrichment of phospholipids present in high-density lipoproteins that favor the activity, and increasing hepatic PON1 mRNA and protein expressions induced by minor components present in this oil. Other Mediterranean diet constituents, such as nuts, fruits and vegetables, have been effective in modulating the activity of the enzyme, pomegranate and its compounds being the best characterized items. Ongoing research on compounds isolated from all these natural products, mainly phenolic compounds and carotenoids, indicates that some of them are particularly effective, and this may enhance the use of nutraceuticals and functional foods capable of potentiating PON1 activity.

Saturated Fatty Acid Intake Can Influence Increase in Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Obese Adolescents

The aim of this study was to verify if saturated fatty acid intake adjusted by tertiles can influence metabolic, inflammation, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in obese adolescents. Body mass, height, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, and body composition of 108 obese adolescents were obtained. Fasting glucose, insulin, PAI-1, and CRP were determined. Insulin resistance was assessed by Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) and insulin sensitivity by Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI). Dietetic intake was estimated by a 3-day dietary record, and volunteers were divided according to consumption of saturated fatty acids: tertile 1 [Low Saturated Fatty Acid Intake (Low-SFA): ≤12.14 g], tertile 2 [Moderate Saturated Fatty Intake (Moderate SFA intake): 12.15-20.48 g], and tertile 3 [High Saturated Fatty Acid Intake (High-SFA Intake); >20.48 g]. Statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA 7.0 software and the significance level was set at p<0.05. The most important finding in the present study is that Moderate and High-SFA intakes presented significantly higher values of PAI-1 than Low-SFA Intake. PAI-1 was positively associated with saturated fatty intake, waist circumference, mean blood pressure, and HOMA-IR. SFA intake was predictor of PAI-1 independent of body fat, HOMA-IR and total-cholesterol. In addition, PAI-1 was an independent predictor of blood pressure. HOMA-IR and QUICKI presented significantly higher and lower, respectively, in High-SFA compared to Moderate-SFA intake. High-SFA influenced cardiovascular disease risks, since it increased PAI-1 and insulin resistance, and decreased insulin sensibility, leading to vicious cycle among food ingestion, pro-thrombotic state, and cardiovascular risks in obese adolescents.

Maternal dietary counseling during pregnancy and infant fatty acid profiles

We aimed to explore whether maternal dietary counseling to increase the intake of unsaturated fatty acids (FA) is reflected in infant FA status. Serum cholesteryl ester (CE) and triacylglycerol (TAG) FA were analyzed from infants of 45 women randomized to receive dietary counseling from the first trimester of pregnancy and 45 control women. Counseling resulted in a higher intake of polyunsaturated FA and a lower intake of saturated FA. The dietary intake was reflected in cord blood TAGs: the n−6 to n−3 FA ratio was lower [mean difference −0.50 (95%CI −0.95 to −0.06)] and the sum of n−3 FA was higher in the intervention than in the control group [1.46 (0.44 to 2.48)% of total FA]. Reasons for the lack of changes in the cord blood CE fraction and FA fractions at 1-month remain unclear, but may indicate that the changes achieved in the maternal diet through counseling were too modest.