Lowest Income Category Research Articles

Alcoholism, Family Violence and Related Consequences: A Case Study of Alcohol Affected Families of Punjab

Aims: The main objective of the study was to understand the issues of alcoholism and violence in the family. It discusses how alcoholism leads to family violence and further, derails the life of family members and put an institution of family into a crisis. Study Design: The study was based on fieldwork conducted in different parts of Punjab. Exploratory research design was prepared to understand the issue. Methodology: Sample of 100 families were selected for study and further, four members in each family namely, the alcoholic, spouse, one of the parents and one of the children were selected for the interview, so that an overall picture of family violence can be obtained. A total number of 303 respondents (100 alcoholics, 73 spouse, 68 children, and 62 parents) are interviewed. Semi-structured interview schedule used for data collection purpose. With the help of snowball technique, sampled families and their members are located and interviewed. Results: The study found 87% of the families faced the incident of violence due to the critical addiction of alcoholic members. Among these families, 80.82% spouses, 79.03% parents and 64.70% children were the victim of violence. Physical abuse was found very common among spouses (69.86%), verbal abuse among parents (91.78%) and mental abuse among children (63.01%). Majority (57.47%) families, who faced violence, belongs to low income category and less education category (86.18%). Conclusion: The study concludes, critical addiction of alcohol leaves the highest probability for occurrence of violence in the family. Further, it increases the probability of more critical consumption of alcohol among alcoholics and then more violence. Gradually, all of this turn into a vicious circle of critical drinking and family violence. Moreover, this creates many troubles for all members of the family and pushes the institution of family towards crisis.

Nexus of Human Development and Environmental Quality in Low-Income and Developing Countries: Do Renewable Energy and Good Governance Matter?

The relationship between human development and environmental quality has been explored in this study by examining the human-development status and carbon (CO2)-emissions levels of 60 countries from the low, lower-middle, and upper-middle income categories. The roles of renewable energy and some economic and institutional factors such as GDP, the rule of law, regulatory quality, and corruption control have also been investigated to ascertain their impacts on the relationship. The empirical investigations apply the generalized method of moments (GMM), fixed effects (FE), and random effects (RE) methods, and the long-run associations among the variables are investigated by applying the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) techniques. The robust findings support the trade-off relationship between human development and environmental quality in the selected low-income and developing countries. With evidence of an environmental Kuznets’s relationship between economic growth and environmental quality, these findings reveal that the measures pursued to improve human-development status have a contributory impact on CO2 emissions in the selected countries. However, an increased demand for renewable energy, effective enforcement of the rule of law, and improved control over corruption have a mitigating effect on CO2 emissions. The result has also highlighted the policy issues instrumental to increased emissions levels in these countries. Consequently, it is recommended to formulate policies for resolving disparities within the various dimensions of human development while also making deliberate investments in the socio-economic aspects of human development to ensure both sustainable human development and environmental quality.

PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ESTIMATION IN SURABAYA USING ENSEMBLE MODEL APPROACH

The categorization of the Low-Income Community category is based on the poverty indicators in the Multidimensional Poverty Index, including the dimensions of health, education, and living standards. The Proxy Means Test (PMT) can estimate household income or consumption by taking into account household conditions that are readily observable and cannot be manipulated. This method offers the advantage of being capable of determining both the poverty level of a household and the household's characteristics based on asset ownership and socio-demographic conditions. This study aims to estimate per capita consumption using OLS, Robust, Quantile, LASSO, and Ensemble methods. The application of these methods is intended to address various issues, including the presence of outlier data, multicollinearity, and uncertainties. The results indicate that none of the four methods used achieved the highest accuracy based on the MSE, MAE, and sMAPE criteria. Consequently, employing an ensemble model becomes essential to accommodate the element of uncertainty present in these four models. The application of the ensemble method is not only as a comparison between the models, but also as a means to capture the uncertainty contained in each model

EVALUATING THE EFFICIENCY OF COUNTRIES' DIGITALIZATION IN TERMS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION BY USING DEA

The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of countries in digitalization in terms of financial inclusion, in other words, their success in digitalization. Within the scope of the study, 117 countries were grouped as high, upper-middle, lower middle and low income and subjected to Data Envelopment Analysis. In the study conducted for the year 2021, four input variables related to the utilization and access of digital financial services were identified, along with ten corresponding output variables. Efficient countries were determined in the study based on the constant and variable return scale model for output. Digital efficiency has been identified in financial inclusion was detected in 25 countries based on variable returns and 18 countries based on constant returns in high-income countries. In upper-middle-income countries, digital efficiency in financial inclusion was identified in 12 countries based on variable returns and 9 countries based on constant returns. 16 countries in the lower middle and low income categories demonstrated digital efficiency in financial inclusion using variable returns, while 9 countries detected digital efficiency using constant returns. In the study, the comprehensive analysis of the success of digitalization in financial inclusion at the level of countries divided into income groups by using data envelopment analysis reveals the originality of the study.

Understanding Factors Influencing the Adoption of Digital Marketing Among Small Businesses: The Application of Decomposed Model of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)

Digital marketing has seen rapid growth. Millions have been spent on the digital marketing tools. The increase in the investment in digital marketing is due its effect in increasing sales, improving brand image, increasing customer image, and reducing the overall marketing cost. to companies. Despite these advancements in marketing and its effects, these phenomena are not really observed in small and medium enterprises in developing and less developed country. This has motivated this study to analyse factors that influence the adoption of digital marketing among a group of entrepreneurs from low-income category that is under the assistantship of a state government agency in Malaysia. The sample comprises of 60 entrepreneurs from the group that have just attended digital marketing training have responded to the survey. The study employs a quantitative technique that utilizes the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model that combines the TPB and the Theory of Acceptance Model (TAM). The result indicates that the dependent variable (Digital Marketing Adoption) can be significantly explained by the independent variables (Except Subjective Norm). The result also provides an important finding on the importance of the participants internal factors- Perceived Ease of Use (PEU) , Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Behavior Control (PBC) in improving the rate of digital marketing adoption. This provides an important insight into the future development of e- marketing among the entrepreneurs from the lower income group in Malaysia. This indicates the importance of the role of effective training in e- marketing.

Vocabulary Proficiency And Language Skills Development Of English Majors: Various Factors And Significant Impacts

English majors should possess vocabulary proficiency and language skills to excel in their field. This study aimed to investigate the various factors and significant impact of vocabulary proficiency and language skills development on the English majors at Cebu Normal University-Main Campus. Using a quantitative approach with a descriptive-inferential design, the research investigates the significance of demographic profiles in language development. A Likert scale, designed by the researchers, gauges factors affecting vocabulary and language skills in 71 randomly selected respondents from three different degree programs. Based on the findings, most of the respondents scored very high, indicating that these factors are likely to improve their vocabulary and language skills. Moreover, most respondents are female, and their socioeconomic status tends to be in the poor and lower-income categories. Findings suggest that there is a significant relationship between the respondents’ degree program with a p-value of 0.039608 and socioeconomic status with a p-value of 0.0001 and their vocabulary proficiency and language skills development, with gender showing no significance.

The utilization and contribution of timber and non-timber forest products to livelihoods under a changing climate in the Limpopo River Basin

Forest products contribute immensely to rural livelihoods and household income. However, their contribution to climate change adaptation in semi-arid areas, and the limited ecosystem management capacities of rural communities are poorly examined. We examined the influence and challenges of cash income derived from forest products on livelihoods and climate change adaptation using data from 130 household surveys, 20 participatory mapping exercises, several in-depth interviews, and field observations in the Limpopo Basin of Botswana. Households derived livelihoods and/or income from Mopane caterpillars, firewood, timber, palm plants, wild fruits, thatch, medicinal plants, natural dyes, natural pastures, and game meat. Mopane caterpillars, firewood, and other forest products featured in the top ten sources of household income and contributed weighted monthly income of BWP 1,647.27 ± 1,519.04, BWP 1,110.02 ± 1,980.05, and BWP 780.56 ± 1,360.32, respectively (US$1 ≈ BWP13.4). A higher proportion of households (62.3%) were in the low-income category, earning income below BWP5,000/month. Income derived from Mopane caterpillars and firewood made a significant difference between low-income and high-income households (p = 0.006). Generally, higher proportions of high-income households adopted climate change adaptation measures than proportions in the low-income category, indicating the influence of cash income on household adaptations. However, significant differences were only observed in cropland expansion, purchasing of supplementary livestock feed, drilling boreholes/wells, and use of drip irrigation (p < 0.05). We discuss the potential threats, such as the unsustainable harvesting of forest products, caused by an increasing need for cash incomes and the interconnectedness with distant urban markets. Such threats add to the institutional and biophysical challenges, further limiting prospects for effective adaptation in the Limpopo Basin of Botswana. We call on the government to capacitate and strengthen traditional authorities—as custodians of local resources—in the regulation, management, and conservation of forest products to make them more sustainable adaptation options.

A composite index; socioeconomic deprivation and coverage of reproductive and maternal health interventions.

To examine inequalities in the coverage of reproductive and maternal health interventions in low- and middle-income countries and territories using a composite index of socioeconomic deprivation status. We obtained data on education and living standards from national household surveys conducted between 2015 and 2019 to calculate socioeconomic deprivation status. We assessed the coverage of reproductive and maternal health interventions, using three indicators: (i)demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods; (ii)women who received antenatal care in at least four visits; and (iii)the presence of a skilled attendant at delivery. Absolute and relative inequalities were evaluated both directly and using the slope index of inequality and the concentration index. In the 73 countries and territories with available data, the median proportions of deprivation were 41% in the low-income category, 11% in the lower-middle-income category and less than 1% in the upper-middle-income category. The coverage analysis, conducted for 48 countries with sufficient data, showed consistently lower median coverage among deprived households across all health indicators. The coverage of skilled attendant at delivery showed the largest inequalities, where coverage among the socioeconomically deprived was substantially lower in almost all countries. Antenatal care visits and demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods also showed significant disparities, favouring the less deprived population. The findings highlight persistent disparities in the coverage of reproductive and maternal health interventions, requiring efforts to reduce those disparities and improve coverage, particularly for skilled attendant at delivery.

Catching Cab - An Act of Fear or Compulsion? Empirical Study based on Online APP Cabs in India during COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic brought about a significant transformation in our daily commute from public transport to either personal transport or private cabs. The economic status of commuters determines whether switching from public to private mode of transport is a feasible option. This study explores the reasons behind the surge in online cab fares. The two probable reasons are the COVID-19 pandemic and public transport shortage. Additionally, the effects of weekends, dual shifts and infrastructure blockage were controlled. The results indicate that the surge in cab fares is driven by the inadequate public transport in relation to the number of commuters. The dual shifts of jobs are effective in transferring transport demand from peak to slack period. However, infrastructure blockage diminishes the effectiveness of dual shifts of jobs in transferring transport demands. The findings add to the existing literature by emphasizing the relevance of public transport for the lower income category in developing countries. Keywords: social distancing, technology, COVID-19, transport, online cab service, dual shifts

Understanding the association between county-level unemployment and health stratified by education and income in the southwestern United States

Past research on the relationship between unemployment rates and population health has produced mixed findings. The relationship can be influenced by the kinds of health outcomes observed, time frame, level of geographic aggregation, and other factors. Given these mixed findings, there is a need to add to our knowledge about how unemployment rates and population health are related. There is limited research that examines the association of unemployment rates with both physical and mental health, while simultaneously stratifying populations by income and education levels. Using survey-based self-reported data, this first population-based study examined the association between unemployment rates and physically and mentally unhealthy days in the southwestern United States, by county-level stratification of income (high and low) as well as education (high and low), from 2015 to 2019. After controlling for covariates, associations were modelled using negative binomial regression, with autocorrelative residuals, and were reported as rate ratios (RR). Overall, we found that a 1% rise in unemployment rates was significantly associated with an increase in physically unhealthy days [adjusted RR 1.007; 95% CI, 1.004–1.011, P < 0.001] and mentally unhealthy days [RR 1.006; 95% CI, 1.003–1.009, P < 0.001]. Upon stratification, a significant risk was found among the high education and high income category [RR 1.035; 95% CI, 1.021–1.049, P < 0.001], as well as for the high education and low income category [RR 1.026; 95% CI, 1.013–1.040, P < 0.001]. A better understanding of how unemployment is associated with the health of communities with different education and income levels could help reduce the burden on society through tailored interventions and social policies not only in the United States, but also in other developed nations.

Technology for Financial Inclusion

Financial inclusion is one of the top most policy priorities of Government of India. The actual agenda is social inclusion of which financial inclusion is an integral part. Financial inclusion is "the process of ensuring access to financial services, timely and adequate credit where needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost.” In today’s rapidly changing and competitive industry, most institutions are looking hard at the potential benefits to be derived from Information and communication technology. More than 50% of the adult population in our country is excluded from the financial sector, It is not just people in rural areas, Many of the lower income categories of the urban population are also excluded because of transaction costs of financial services to the poor, financial illiteracy. With the use of latest information &amp; Communication technology it is to reduce transaction costs, improve awareness, provide access of information in all forms to excluded group and also to simplify the transaction time, Simplify the transaction processes, increase the security improve other transaction facilities for the included group. The present paper makes an attempt to pave the way for achieving financial inclusion to the maximum by Proper use of the Technological innovations to the optimum possible extent.

Family Entrepreneurship as a Tool of Social Support for Low-Income Categories of Citizens in Russia

Family business (family entrepreneurship) is of particular relevance in modern conditions, since it combines family values and business interests with due regard to the complex international political situation and the need to find new tools for social support. Family entrepreneurship is characterized by a high degree of loyalty between family values and business interests, which ensures reliability and sustainability of an enterprise. In addition, family entrepreneurship allows solving social problems such as unemployment and low income of the population. This can be an important factor in economic development of both individual regions and the whole country.The author concludes that family business can become one of the keys to getting out of a difficult economic situation. Many foreign enterprises have left the Russian market due to the sanctions of unfriendly states. Thus, it is not necessary to replace them with Chinese and other foreign analogues. It is necessary to invest money in the development of family enterprises today so that tomorrow they can become competitive business units and produce high-quality and in-demand goods.Based on the data analysis, the author identifies possible ways to solve problems in the field of family entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation. They include creation of special support and assistance programs for aspiring family entrepreneurs, including tax incentives, loans and assistance in finding financing; targeted promotion of family entrepreneurship in social networks and the media; organization of support and training in marketing, business planning and business analytics; training in practical skills for successful business; creation of projects for the joint use of resources and infrastructure for family entrepreneurs. The paper provides proposals aimed at creating favourable conditions for the family business development.

Socioeconomic and gender inequalities in mental disorders among adolescents and young adults

BackgroundSocioeconomic status (SES) and gender play a key role in mental health. The objective of this study was to assess socioeconomic and gender mental health inequalities in adolescents and young adults using a population-based registry. Materials and methodsWe conducted a lifetime follow-up study of all residents in the Basque Country between 1 and 30 years old (n=609,381) as of 31 December 2018. Primary care, specialized outpatient, and hospital care records were searched for diagnoses. SES was assessed based on household income. We estimated disaggregated lifetime prevalence of substance use, behaviour, anxiety, depression, psychosis, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The local Institute of Statistics validated the mortality data. The likelihood of risks was estimated using logistic regression. ResultsOverall, 96,671 individuals (15.9%) had a diagnosed mental disorder, with clear gradients by gender and SES. Females of medium-to-high SES had the lowest prevalence of all mental disorders, except anxiety and depression. This group was followed by males of the same SES and females of low SES, while the highest prevalence of mental disorders was observed in low-SES males. The lower income categories had higher risks of psychiatric admission (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.64 for females; 6.66 for males) and death (AOR: 5.42). People with a mental health diagnosis had higher mortality (AOR: 2.38). ConclusionsOur work evidenced important SES and gender inequalities in the mental health and premature mortality of adolescents and young adults, findings that should drive the development and implementation of early preventive interventions.

Sleeping Like a Baby: An Investigation of Bed-Sharing, Co-Sleeping, and Breastfeeding Among Pregnant Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction: Given the lack of clarity in the literature related to the impact of breastfeeding intentions on sleeping practices, the current research aimed to investigate the relationship between co-sleeping or bed-sharing and breastfeeding intentions among a sample of pregnant adults, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Materials and Methods: Pregnant adults from a large nationally representative sample, responded to a one-time, online Qualtrics survey between October and November 2020. Pregnant adults (n = 544) were asked closed and open-ended questions about their family characteristics, sociodemographic factors, sleeping and breastfeeding habits, and intentions. This protocol was approved by the Wesleyan University Institutional Review Board. Results: Bed-sharing (odds ratio [OR] = 2.47) and co-sleeping (OR = 3.52) intentions doubled and tripled, respectively, intentions to breastfeed at 3 months. Additionally, income at some higher levels (i.e., $150,000+/year) significantly increased breastfeeding intentions at 3 months compared with the lowest income category (OR = 5.74, p = 0.011). There was also a significant relationship between intentions to bed-share (OR = 2.96, p = 0.012) and co-sleep (OR = 3.62, p < 0.001) with breastfeeding at 6 months. Prior breastfeeding experience was significantly associated with breastfeeding intention at 6 months (OR = 1.88, p = 0.035). Based on the qualitative findings, breastfeeding ease was by far the most common motivation for co-sleeping or bed-sharing, followed by security/safety, closeness, and past experience. Conclusion: Plans to bed-share and co-sleep, significantly increased the odds of breastfeeding intentions up to 6 months postpartum. Supporting breastfeeding should include conversations about parent-infant sleeping modality, style, and preference. Future research is necessary to understand the directional impacts of these decisions and the predictive role of prenatal intentions on postpartum behaviors in this context.

Affordable and sustainable transportation: Key drivers and policy choices for a megacity in India

The city of Bengaluru is one of the latest entrants to the list of 33 mega cities in the world. The transportation infrastructure of the city is expanding to accommodate the rapidly increasing population. As such, there is a need to reevaluate public transport policies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 11.2. In this study, we conducted a socio-economic survey of 1350 households belonging to the low and low-middle income categories in Bengaluru city to understand their travel behaviour and transportation mode choices in the event of changing transport infrastructure dynamics of the city. While two-wheelers are the dominant mode among employed working males in the age group of 18–45 years, buses are preferred for long-distance travel. Metro ridership is low even where metro stations are accessible at the start of the journey because low- and middle-income groups are unable to afford metro services. Additionally, we used Random Forest model to assess the contribution of each explanatory variable in mode choice determination. The results shows that travel cost followed by travel time and travel distance are the most important explanators in determining the mode choice for our sample population. Based on these findings, the authors have created two scenarios to assess the impact of metro fare rationalisation on metro ridership. This study quantifies the co-benefits of the proposed policy changes in terms of economic benefits to the operators and the avoidance of air pollution and CO2 emissions.

Who Wants School Vouchers in America? A Comprehensive Study Using Multilevel Regression and Poststratification

The debate surrounding school vouchers in educational policy remains contentious, with conflicting survey data presenting contradictory levels of public endorsement. To gain a more nuanced comprehension of viewpoints towards vouchers, we propose deconstructing the American populace into distinct demographic and geographical sectors. However, this approach encounters challenges due to data insufficiency arising from small sample sizes in individual segments. To address this quandary, we advocate employing a model-based simulation methodology called multilevel regression and poststratification to derive more accurate estimates of voucher attitudes. Our exploration reveals that vouchers enjoy the most favor among affluent White Catholics and Evangelicals, with popularity escalating alongside income within the White demographic. In contrast, among non-White individuals, voucher support exhibits a different pattern, with less favor observed within the middle-income bracket and greater acceptance among those in lower-income categories. Our findings shed light on the complex interplay of demographic and geographic factors influencing public opinion on school vouchers, offering valuable insights for policymakers and education reform efforts.

HOW TO COMBAT POVERTY AND ENSURE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH OF THE MIDDLE CLASS: CRITERIA OF DISTRIBUTIONAND POLICY MEASURES (PART 2)

The traditionally applied approach to determine the boundaries of poverty and the middle class based predominantly on the criteria of income level overlooks a wide group of citizens related to low-income category. The paper examines multicriteria approaches in determining the boundaries of poverty and the middle class which cover social, economic and behavioral factors. As an essential criterion to classify population as a poor class the authors chose behavioral characteristics related to the possibility and propensity for long-term planning. Applied regression analysis confirms the significance of some households’ social and economic characteristics that increase the likelihood of their belonging to a certain population group, such as household size, age of the head of household, education level, professional activity, etc. Based on various methodological approaches, the analysis of the Russian society structure reveals its high polarization where the share of the poor fluctuates from 10% to a quarter of population and even more considering the parameters that determine the quality of life, behavior and self-identification. Drawing on multicriterial approach, the authors propose additional measures of support, which cover not only the poorest segments and large families,but also a significant cohort of low-income citizens, as well as measures that contribute to higher-income work and the increment of human wealth. The analysis concludes with cost assessment of suggested measures and the effect of their implementation on socio-economic development and welfare until 2030.

Comparisons of Clients' and Caregivers' Satisfaction Across Conventional, Virtual, and Hybrid Speech-Language Therapy Services in Malaysia.

This study compared the satisfaction of recipients of conventional speech-language therapy (C-SLT), speech-language teletherapy (SLTT), and hybrid speech-language therapy (H-SLT), and determined sociodemographic factors that affect their satisfaction. Participants were clients and caregivers of a speech-language clinic at a public university. Services were primarily provided by student clinicians, who were undergoing supervised clinical training. An online survey was distributed, which consisted of three sections: Background Information, Overall Satisfaction in SLT, and Satisfaction in SLTT. All participants completed the first two sections, while the third section was completed only by those who experienced SLTT or H-SLT. Most of the respondents were caregivers (89.7%), female (79.4%), of Malay ethnicity (80.9%), have received tertiary education (77.9%), within the low-income category (66.2%), held a job (76.5%), and resided in central West Malaysia (83.8%). Many participants experienced C-SLT (51%), followed by H-SLT (34%), and SLTT (15%). There were no significant differences in the overall satisfaction of the participants across three modes of services delivery (F[2,67] = 0.02, p = 0.95), and in the satisfaction with teletherapy between the H-SLT and SLTT groups (t = 0.90, p = 0.38). Income was the only sociodemographic factor that was correlated with the satisfaction level in teletherapy (r = 0.37, p = 0.04).

Self-Regulated Learning of Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

The nursing degree programme requires the students to be resilient due to the high learning burden of theoretical courses and clinical attachment requirements. The ability of the students to self-regulate their learning has been postulated for success. In this study, we aim to investigate the self-regulated learning level of nursing students at one public institution and identify the self-regulation aspects that warrant a remediation plan to be developed. A cross-sectional survey was conducted online. Active status students in one public institution’s Bachelor of Nursing programme were invited to participate in this study. The invitation was distributed online via social media and email, where they are required to self-administer the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) through Google Forms. Thereafter, responses from 63 students with a response rate of 64.3% were received. Most respondents are female (76.2%), Malay (74.6%), in year 4 of their bachelor’s study (33.3%), and in the lower household income category (69.8%). Most self-regulation aspects of the students have been found to be at a satisfactory level except for specific learning strategies. Participants’ characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, study cohort, and academic achievement were determined to have a significant association with a small aspect of self-regulation. Interestingly, household income is the primary factor significantly associated with almost all self-regulation aspects. Being in the lower-income category was predominantly associated with higher motivation domains. In contrast, being in the middle-income category was predominantly associated with better learning strategies and resources. Comparatively, this study indicates that nursing students achieved the highest level in 8 of 15 self-regulation aspects than other learner populations in Malaysia. Learning strategies which exercise higher autonomy and resource management are warranted. This recommended various approaches which foster active and collaborative learning to be implemented for the students to improve their self-regulation skills. Students, especially from the highest income bracket, are the most critical and thus require attention from educators.

Income disparities between adult childhood cancer survivors and their peers-A register-based cohort study from the SALiCCS research programme.

Childhood cancer survivors face various adverse consequences. This Nordic register-based cohort study aimed to assess whether survivors of childhood cancer are more likely to have low income than their peers. We identified 17,392 childhood cancer survivors diagnosed at ages 0 to 19 between 1971 and 2009 with 83,221 age-, sex-, and country-matched population comparisons. Annual disposable income at ages 20 to 50 years was retrieved from statistical offices (for 1990-2017) and categorized into low income and middle/high income. The number of transitions between income categories were assessed using binomial regression analyses. The prevalence of annual low income among childhood cancer survivors was 18.1% and 15.6% among population comparisons (risk ratio [RR] 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-1.18). Compared to population comparisons, childhood cancer survivors were 10% (95% CI 8%-11%) less likely to transition from low to middle/high income and 12% (10%-15%) more likely to transition from middle/high to low income during follow-up. Among those initially in the low income category, survivors were 7% (95% CI 3%-11%) more likely to remain in the low income category. If the initial category was middle/high income, childhood cancer survivors were 10% (95% CI 8%-11%) less likely to remain in the middle/high income and 45% (37%-53%) more likely to transition to the low income category permanently. Childhood cancer survivors are at higher risk for low income in adulthood than their peers. These disparities might be reduced by continued career counseling along with support in managing within the social security system.