Low-frequency Processes Research Articles

Оценка качества термоэлектронных катодов сверхвысокочастотных электровакуумных приборов с использованием характеристик низкочастотного шума

It is proposed to estimate the quality of thermionic cathode emitting surface in microwave vacuum tubes from the level and shape of low- frequency noise spectral characteristics. The proposed concept is based on the idea about the noise generation mechanism caused by migrating flow of activating atoms over the surface of weakly emitting defects. The noise is generated due to work function fluctuations caused by a randomly changing number of activating atoms on the defect surface. The cathode emitting surface contains both emission centers with a low work function (the current from them is taken predominantly when the noise is significantly damped by spatial charge) and low-emitting areas with an increased work function, which are in saturated state when there is no spatial charge. The latter ones make the predominant contribution to the noise and perform the role of emission defects. A procedure for preprocessing the measured noise spectral characteristics has been developed, which involves smoothing and averaging by means of median filtering and cubic spline interpolation algorithms. The procedure also includes subsequent decomposition into separate components using the previously modeled base components for defects of different sizes. The decomposition technique has been implemented as a computer program based on a synthesis of spectral characteristics by summation of base components in various combinations. For a group of similar dispenser cathodes made of W-Re sponge impregnated with Ba compounds and coated with a thin Os film, the quantitative content of defects as a function of their dimensions — so-called cathode images — has been determined. The found defect areas increase with the operating time and are proportional to the square of cathode currents. It is shown that a larger defect area obtained from the noise spectral characteristics before long-term tests corresponds to more significant degradation of cathode emission parameters after the test. Thus, the measurement of low-frequency noise and processing the results after comprehensive experimental confirmation on large batches of cathodes can be regarded as a tool for predicting and evaluating the reliability of vacuum tubes.

The Earth angle moment balance, low-frequency atmospheric processes and radiowaveguides: ii. application of an advanced non-stationary theory for different forms of atmosphere circulation

In the paper we present the results of application of a new advanced non-stationary theory of global mechanisms in atmospheric low-frequency processes, the balance of the angular momentum of the Earth, teleconnection effects and atmospheric radio waveguides, for the Pacific ocean region for different forms of the atmosphere circulation. The theory is realized and implemented into Microsystem Technology "GeoMath" and focused on the discovery and testing of new predictors for long-term and very long-forecasts of low-frequency atmospheric processes. The PC experiments have demonstrated an effectiveness of a new advanced theory in application to modeling balance of angular momentum, the atmospheric moisture turnover in relation to the genesis of tropospheric radio waveguides and succession processes of atmospheric circulation forms (teleconnection, front-genesis) in order to develop new practical sensors in long-term forecasting and modeling of low-frequency atmospheric processes. It is determined a link of tropospheric waveguide with atmospheric moisture circulation and, accordingly, with the shape of the atmospheric circulation over the position of the front sections of (atmospheric fronts as the main drives moisture). Atmospheric moisture cycle is linked with such typical low-frequency process as the angular momentum balance; the latter accounts violation of the atmosphere rotating balance with the Earth.

Characterizing Drought and Flood Events over the Yangtze River Basin Using the HUST-Grace2016 Solution and Ancillary Data

Accurate terrestrial water storage (TWS) estimation is important to evaluate the situation of the water resources over the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). This study exploits the TWS observation from the new temporal gravity field model, HUST-Grace2016 (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), which is developed by a new low-frequency noise processing strategy. A novel GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) post-processing approach is proposed to enhance the quality of the TWS estimate, and the improved TWS is used to characterize the drought and flood events over the YRB. The HUST-Grace2016-derived TWS presents good agreement with the CSR (Center for Space Research) mascon solution as well as the PCR-GLOBWB (PCRaster Global Water Balance) hydrological model. Particularly, our solution provides remarkable performance in identifying the extreme climate events e.g., flood and drought over the YRB and its sub-basins. The comparison between GRACE-derived TWS variations and the MODIS-derived (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) inundated area variations is then conducted. The analysis demonstrates that the terrestrial reflectance data can provide an alternative way of cross-comparing and validating TWS information in Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake, with a correlation coefficient of 0.77 and 0.70, respectively. In contrast, the correlation is only 0.10 for Tai Lake, indicating the limitation of cross-comparison between MODIS and GRACE data. In addition, for the first time, the NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) vertical velocity data is incorporated with GRACE TWS in the exploration of the climate-induced hydrological activities. The good agreement between non-seasonal NCEP/NCAR vertical velocities and non-seasonal GRACE TWSs is found in flood years (2005, 2010, 2012 and 2016) and drought years (2006, 2011 and 2013). The evidence shown in this study may contribute to the analysis of the mechanism of climate impacts on the YRB.

Activity-dependent formation of a vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter gradient in the superior olivary complex of NMRI mice

BackgroundIn the mammalian superior olivary complex (SOC), synaptic inhibition contributes to the processing of binaural sound cues important for sound localization. Previous analyses demonstrated a tonotopic gradient for postsynaptic proteins mediating inhibitory neurotransmission in the lateral superior olive (LSO), a major nucleus of the SOC. To probe, whether a presynaptic molecular gradient exists as well, we investigated immunoreactivity against the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (VIAAT) in the mouse auditory brainstem.ResultsImmunoreactivity against VIAAT revealed a gradient in the LSO and the superior paraolivary nucleus (SPN) of NMRI mice, with high expression in the lateral, low frequency processing limb and low expression in the medial, high frequency processing limb of both nuclei. This orientation is opposite to the previously reported gradient of glycine receptors in the LSO. Other nuclei of the SOC showed a uniform distribution of VIAAT-immunoreactivity. No gradient was observed for the glycine transporter GlyT2 and the neuronal protein NeuN. Formation of the VIAAT gradient was developmentally regulated and occurred around hearing-onset between postnatal days 8 and 16. Congenital deaf Claudin14−/− mice bred on an NMRI background showed a uniform VIAAT-immunoreactivity in the LSO, whereas cochlear ablation in NMRI mice after hearing-onset did not affect the gradient. Additional analysis of C57Bl6/J, 129/SvJ and CBA/J mice revealed a strain-specific formation of the gradient.ConclusionsOur results identify an activity-regulated gradient of VIAAT in the SOC of NRMI mice. Its absence in other mouse strains adds a novel layer of strain-specific features in the auditory system, i.e. tonotopic organization of molecular gradients. This calls for caution when comparing data from different mouse strains frequently used in studies involving transgenic animals. The presence of strain-specific differences offers the possibility of genetic mapping to identify molecular factors involved in activity-dependent developmental processes in the auditory system. This would provide an important step forward concerning improved auditory rehabilitation in cases of congenital deafness.

Особенности математического моделирования динамики газовых трактов в задаче об устойчивости низкочастотных процессов в жидкостных ракетных двигателях

Особенности математического моделирования динамики газовых трактов в задаче об устойчивости низкочастотных процессов в жидкостных ракетных двигателях

Fine and Predictable Tuning of TALEN Gene Editing Targeting for Improved T Cell Adoptive Immunotherapy.

Using a TALEN-mediated gene-editing approach, we have previously described a process for the large-scale manufacturing of “off-the-shelf” CAR T cells from third-party donor T cells by disrupting the gene encoding TCRα constant chain (TRAC). Taking advantage of a previously described strategy to control TALEN targeting based on the exclusion capacities of non-conventional RVDs, we have developed highly efficient and specific nucleases targeting a key T cell immune checkpoint, PD-1, to improve engineered CAR T cells’ functionalities. Here, we demonstrate that this approach allows combined TRAC and PDCD1 TALEN processing at the desired locus while eliminating low-frequency off-site processing. Thus, by replacing few RVDs, we provide here an easy and rapid redesign of optimal TALEN combinations. We anticipate that this method can greatly benefit multiplex editing, which is of key importance especially for therapeutic applications where high editing efficiencies need to be associated with maximal specificity and safety.

A Study of Moisture Sorption and Dielectric Processes of Starch and Sodium Starch Glycolate : Theme: Formulation and Manufacturing of Solid Dosage Forms Guest Editors: Tony Zhou and Tonglei Li.

This study explored the potential of combining the use of moisture sorption isotherms and dielectric relaxation profiles of starch and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) to probe the location of moisture in dried and hydrated samples. Starch and SSG samples, dried and hydrated, were prepared. For hydrated samples, their moisture contents were determined. The samples were probed by dielectric spectroscopy using a frequency band of 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz to investigate their moisture-related relaxation profiles. The moisture sorption and desorption isotherms of starch and SSG were generated using a vapor sorption analyzer, and modeled using the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer equation. A clear high frequency relaxation process was detected in both dried and hydrated starches, while for dried starch, an additional slower low frequency process was also detected. The high frequency relaxation processes in hydrated and dried starches were assigned to the coupled starch-hydrated water relaxation. The low frequency relaxation in dried starch was attributed to the local chain motions of the starch backbone. No relaxation process associated with water was detected in both hydrated and dried SSG within the frequency and temperature range used in this study. The moisture sorption isotherms of SSG suggest the presence of high energy free water, which could have masked the relaxation process of the bound water during dielectric measurements. The combined study of moisture sorption isotherms and dielectric spectroscopy was shown to be beneficial and complementary in probing the effects of moisture on the relaxation processes of starch and SSG.

OSL chronologies of paleoenvironmental dynamics recorded by loess-paleosol sequences from Europe: Case studies from the Rhine-Meuse area and the Neckar Basin

Loess-paleosol sequences (LPS) represent an important terrestrial archive for the reconstruction of the paleoenvironmental evolution during the Last Glacial cycle in Europe. In the Rhine-Meuse area and the southwestern Germany, there are only few numerical ages determined with state-of-the-art luminescence methods, which limits the robustness of established chronostratigraphies. This study presents a comparative dating approach using quartz and feldspar post-infrared (pIRIR290) optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) from fine- and medium-grained samples of five loess-paleosol sequences. Paleoenvironmental dynamics are reconstructed by high-resolution grain-size analysis.The OSL ages are evaluated as being robust and consistent with other records. Furthermore, we show that ages for hillslope deposits are sometimes overestimated due to low-frequency high-magnitude erosive processes. The integration of OSL ages, stratigraphy and high-resolution grain-size data contributes to a temporal more complete data record from Western and Central Europe. Secondly, we propose a combined stratigraphic model for LPS of the Last Glacial cycle, which is developed and discussed in the context of other key sites such as Havrincourt, Schwalbenberg II, Tönchesberg, Nussloch and Dolni Vĕstonice. Comparable chronologies and patterns in proxy data between sites with a large spatial distance suggest a possible semi-synchronous response to climatic changes in Europe. By combining our data with the Eifel-Laminated-Sediment-Archive (ELSA) and the NGRIP ice core, a relationship of loess archives and large-scale climatic signals is discussed and a proxydata based event-stratigraphy is developed. This model refines existing chronostratigraphic models and contributes to solve open discussion concerning the timing and demarcation of sedimentary units and sequences from for Western and Central Europe.

Electrodynamic response of Ca1 – x Pb x TiO3 two-phase solid solution in a wide frequency range

The dielectric response of Ca1–x Pb x TiO3 two-phase ceramics is studied in a wide frequency range, from 120 Hz to 100 THz, using impedancemetric radio-frequency methods and infrared spectroscopy. The problems of applications of various dispersion models to analyze infrared spectra of disordered ceramics in which high permittivities are formed in the microwave–terahertz ranges are discussed. The effect of low-frequency relaxation processes on the infrared spectrum and the formation of the constant level of dielectric losses is indicated.

The vertical structure and variability of the western boundary currents east of the Philippines: case study from in situ observations from December 2010 to August 2014

In this work, the vertical structure and variability along the western boundary of the Philippines are investigated using direct observations from acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), Doppler volume sampler (DVS) and Aanderaa Seaguard instruments, which are mounted on a subsurface mooring deployed at 8°N, 127°3′E. In climatology, the southward Mindanao Current (MC) and northward Mindanao Undercurrent (MUC) play a dominant role in the upper layer. The mean currents at 1200 and 3500 m flow northward, whereas those at 2500 and 5600 m flow equatorward. The power spectral density (PSD) shows that an intraseasonal signal of 60–80 days is common from the sea surface to the bottom. The semiannual signals are strongest in the MUC layer, and the amplitude then decreases with depth to 3500 m. The seasonal variability at 2500 and 5600 m is similar between the two depths, suggesting a southward current in winter and northward flow in autumn. The current at 3500 m exhibits a northward direction in spring and southward flow in winter. In addition, the linear correlations between mooring data and altimetry products indicate that the variations in surface meridional currents along the western boundary of the Pacific Ocean can reach the bottom via low-frequency processes. The vertical-mode decomposition for observations indicates that the first four modes can effectively capture the original data. The relative contributions of different modes exhibit seasonal variability. The first baroclinic mode plays a dominant role in spring and autumn. In winter and summer, its contribution decreases and becomes comparable to that of the other modes.

Infrasound and internal gravity waves generated by atmospheric storms

The recordings of infrasound and internal gravity waves (IGWs) obtained during 2015-2016 at infrasound station I43 IMS and a network of microbarographs installed by Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (OIAP) are presented. The OIAP network of microbarographs is capable of detecting simultaneously an infrasound at frequencies less than 3 Hz and IGWs with periods ranging from 5 min to 3 hr. It is shown that the low-frequency wave processes generated by atmospheric fronts retain high coherence (0.6-0.9) over the areas with horizontal dimensions of a few tens of km. It is found that after the passage of atmospheric front the internal wave trains were observed with the amplitudes considerably exceeding those of IGWs that were detected before the passage of the atmospheric front. The discrete periods of 35 min, 56 min, and 110 min were found in the frequency spectra of the observed wave trains. For these periods, the coherence between atmospheric pressure variations measured at different points reach local maxima, and the sum of the phase differences between selected three points tends to zero. The phase speeds for the observed IGWs are in the range of 10-50 m/c. The wave “precursors” with amplitudes of 10 Pa and periods of 15-20 min were also detected 10 to 15 hr before a passage of the atmospheric front through a network. Along with IGWs, the infrasound associated with atmospheric front was also detected (August 2016) by I43 in the frequency range 0.1-0.4 Hz.

Individual Differences in Rhythm Skills: Links with Neural Consistency and Linguistic Ability

Durational patterns provide cues to linguistic structure, thus so variations in rhythm skills may have consequences for language development. Understanding individual differences in rhythm skills, therefore, could help explain variability in language abilities across the population. We investigated the neural foundations of rhythmic proficiency and its relation to language skills in young adults. We hypothesized that rhythmic abilities can be characterized by at least two constructs, which are tied to independent language abilities and neural profiles. Specifically, we hypothesized that rhythm skills that require integration of information across time rely upon the consistency of slow, low-frequency auditory processing, which we measured using the evoked cortical response. On the other hand, we hypothesized that rhythm skills that require fine temporal precision rely upon the consistency of fast, higher-frequency auditory processing, which we measured using the frequency-following response. Performance on rhythm tests aligned with two constructs: rhythm sequencing and synchronization. Rhythm sequencing and synchronization were linked to the consistency of slow cortical and fast frequency-following responses, respectively. Furthermore, whereas rhythm sequencing ability was linked to verbal memory and reading, synchronization ability was linked only to nonverbal auditory temporal processing. Thus, rhythm perception at different time scales reflects distinct abilities, which rely on distinct auditory neural resources. In young adults, slow rhythmic processing makes the more extensive contribution to language skills.

Two-dimensional Phase Unwrapping Method Using Cost Function of L0 Norm

Considering cost model and convergence speed of the minimum norm unwrapping, a highly efficient two-dimensional global phase unwrapping method optimized with L0 norm is proposed. As analysing features of cost model in phase unwrapping with minimum norm, a cost function definition is provided in line with the L0 norm, which impose a stronger constraint in the tangent direction of phase discontinuity boundary than that in normal direction, in order to preserve integrity of discontinuity during iterative unwrapping processing for continuous phase. For the sake of slow speed of low-frequency error convergence during linear solving, a data partitioning strategy is introduced into unwrapping processing. Due to independence of minimum norm method in blocks, linear solving only focus on high-frequency information and improve efficiency of iterative work, and the low-frequency processing part is transferred to offsetting-aligning between blocks. With experiments and analysis, reliability and efficiency of the novel phase unwrapping method are certified comparing to existing methods.

Performance Enhancement of La0.3Ca0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3-δ Air Electrodes by Infiltration Methods

Our recent studies have shown that La0.3Ca0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3-δ (LCFCr) is an extremely promising material for use as an air electrode in reversible solid oxide cells (RSOFCS), due to its excellent activity towards the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. LCFCr has also been shown to be a very active catalyst for CO2/CO reactions at the fuel electrode, thus making it a good candidate for use in symmetrical RSOFCs. In the present work, GDC and GDC + LCFCr polymeric precursor solutions were infiltrated into a porous LCFCr scaffold to further enhance the performance, producing a high surface area, nanoporous coating on the LCFCr surface. GDC infiltration resulted in a ca. 2-fold decrease in polarization resistance, specifically lowering the high frequency resistance, which is associated with the electrode/electrolyte interface. When the porous LCFCr electrode structure was co-infiltrated with GDC + LCFCr, the resistance of both the high and low frequency processes decreased, which according to our model, indicates that the quality of both the electrode/electrolyte (high frequency) and solid/gas (low frequency) interfaces were improved. Overall, it was shown to be possible to reduce the polarization resistance of the LCFCr air electrode by up to ca. 2.5 times using these infiltration approaches.

An Introduction to Applications of Wavelet Benchmarking with Seasonal Adjustment

Summary Before adjustment, low and high frequency data sets from national accounts are frequently inconsistent. Benchmarking is the procedure used by economic agencies to make such data sets consistent. It typically involves adjusting the high frequency time series (e.g. quarterly data) so that they become consistent with the lower frequency version (e.g. annual data). Various methods have been developed to approach this problem of inconsistency between data sets. The paper introduces a new statistical procedure, namely wavelet benchmarking. Wavelet properties allow high and low frequency processes to be jointly analysed and we show that benchmarking can be formulated and approached succinctly in the wavelet domain. Furthermore the time and frequency localization properties of wavelets are ideal for handling more complicated benchmarking problems. The versatility of the procedure is demonstrated by using simulation studies where we provide evidence showing that it substantially outperforms currently used methods. Finally, we apply this novel method of wavelet benchmarking to official data from the UK's Office for National Statistics.

(Invited) EIS for the Early Detection of Unexpected Corrosion Phenomena in Highly Resistive Organic Solutions: Multiple Electrical Equivalent Circuit Fitting Validated By Parametric Continuity Conditions

Unexpected corrosion phenomena caused by a priori non-corrosive organic highly resistive solutions have been identified in some industrial petrochemical plants. Due to the extremely low conductivity of this kind of non-polar solution, performing reliable and reproducible electrochemical tests remains a difficult task. In which concerns EIS, Nyquist diagrams are prone to be crippled by a strong bulk-related capacitive behavior imposed by the dielectric nature of the electrolyte. The low frequency processes at the metal interface are then often hidden or at least badly resolved. In spite of these inherent difficulties, some of these phenomena have been successfully reproduced and studied in laboratory with a two-electrode cell in which two identical large surface plates of carbon or stainless steel were assembled facing each other and separated by a gap of 1 mm. EIS was then used to detect the onset and investigate the possible causes of the corrosion phenomena. Results appeared to be related either to water contamination or to the presence of solution additives. In the case of water contamination results showed that, even below the solubility coefficient, droplets of aqueous solution are ejected from the organic matrix at the metal interface creating clusters of aggressive electrolyte yielding localized corrosion. The corresponding Nyquist diagrams after water contamination have been fitted with a two time-constants electrical equivalent circuit in which the low frequency domain was straightforwardly associated to the aqueous droplets formation and was used to monitor the onset of corrosion. In the case of additive-containing organic matrix, however, the Nyquist diagrams exhibited a time-evolving profile that required a dual electrical circuit fitting strategy to be applied. Indeed, the process time evolution was so that diagrams were alternatively fitted with two different circuits for the same system depending on the immersion duration: a 2 time-constants EEC for the first ca 36 hours and a single bulk-related time-constant after that. This fitting methodology, although mandatory from an experimental point of view due to the time evolution profile of the diagrams, brings to the forefront of the problem the question of the validity of shifting between two or more different EEC for the survey of a monotonically evolving single interface. In other words, the shift between the two different circuits must match the physical continuity of characteristic parameters. This means that the fitting results for the different elements introduced in the EEC must not show leaps or discontinuities as the EEC are changed, since they are supposed to represent the same system. This parametric continuity condition has been used throughout the study and is illustrated in Figure 1 for the time evolution of the dielectric constant of the bulk organic phase and the solution resistance as obtained from the numeric values of the fitted EEC. It can be seen that in the initial stages the modified solution showed a higher dielectric constant that was associated with corrosion processes taking place till the reactive species were depleted at the interface or till the surface was blocked by adsorbed species. The bulk phase consistently retrieved his usual dielectric constant values after ca 36 hours in the conditions of Figure 1. Figure 1

Estimation of steady-state leakage current in polycrystalline PZT thin films

Estimation of the steady state (or “true”) leakage current Js in polycrystalline ferroelectric PZT films with the use of the voltage-step technique is discussed. Curie-von Schweidler (CvS) and sum of exponents (Σexp) models are studied for current-time J (t) data fitting. Σexp model (sum of three or two exponents) gives better fitting characteristics and provides good accuracy of Js estimation at reduced measurement time thus making possible to avoid film degradation, whereas CvS model is very sensitive to both start and finish time points and give in many cases incorrect results. The results give rise to suggest an existence of low-frequency relaxation processes in PZT films with characteristic duration of tens and hundreds of seconds.

Distinctive dielectric properties of nematic liquid crystal dimers

ABSTRACTWe provide an overview of the effect of the molecular structure on the dielectric properties of dimers exhibiting nematic and twist-bend nematic phases with special focus on how the conformational distribution changes are reflected by the dielectric behaviour. Nematic dimers show distinctive dielectric properties which differ from those of archetypical nematic liquid crystals, as for example, unusual temperature dependence of the static permittivity or dielectric spectra characterised by two low-frequency relaxation processes with correlated strengths. The interpretation of such characteristic behaviour requires that account is taken of the effect of molecular flexibility on the energetically favoured molecular shapes. The anisotropic nematic interactions greatly influence the conformational distribution. Dielectric behaviour can be used to track those conformational changes due to dependence of the averaged molecular dipole moment on the averaged molecular shape. Results for a number of dimers are compared and analysed on the basis of the influence of details of the molecular structure, using a recently developed theory for the dielectric properties of dimers.

Elbow- and hinge-bending motions of IgG: Dielectric response and dynamic feature.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a Y-shaped globular protein consisting of two Fab segments connecting to an Fc segment with a flexible hinge region, in which the Fab segments show secondary flexibility at an "elbow" region. In the present work, the hinge-bending and elbow-bending motions of aqueous solutions of IgG by microwave dielectric measurements below the freezing point of bulk water was observed. The presence of unfreezable water around the macromolecules reduced the effects of steric hindrance normally generated by ice and enabled the intramolecular motions of IgG. At the same time, the overall IgG molecule rotation was restricted by ice. Papain digestion and reduction of the disulfide linkage at the hinge region was used to generate Fab and Fc fragments. In solutions of these fragments, the dielectric relaxation process of the hinge-bending motion was absent, although the elbow-bending motion remained. Three relaxation processes were observed for papain-digested IgG. The high, middle, and low frequency processes were attributed to unfrozen water, local peptide motions cooperating with bound water, and the elbow-bending motion, respectively. In the case of the intact IgG, an additional relaxation process due to the hinge-bending motion was observed at frequencies lower than that of the elbow-bending motion. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 626-632, 2016.

Low-frequency relaxation modes in ferroelectric liquid crystal/gold nanoparticle dispersion: impact of nanoparticle shape

ABSTRACTLow-frequency (1 mHz–100 Hz) dielectric relaxation modes were experimentally studied in ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC)/gold nanoparticles (nanospheres and nanorods) dispersion. It was demonstrated that the dielectric spectra of nanodispersion are strongly influenced by the shape of nanoparticles. Using different formalisms of the impedance spectroscopy, three possible low-frequency relaxation processes were found in the dispersions and the pure FLC. Due to the electrical double layers (EDLs) near nanoparticles and the alignment layers, one can observe the relaxation of the EDL polarisation around the nanoparticles (Schwarz’s relaxation) and near the driving indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes (electrode polarisation). The other possible relaxation process is interfacial polarisation (Maxwell–Wagner mode) in which the frequency is unaffected by the nanoparticles. It was shown that Schwarz’s relaxation frequency strongly depended on the shape and size of the nanoparticles. Moreover, dispersion of nanoparticles significantly reduced direct current conductivity of the FLC mixture.