Low Hybrid Fitness Research Articles

Fitness of backcross and F2 hybrids between weedy Brassica rapa and oilseed rape (B. napus)

With the cultivation of genetically modified crops, transgenes may spread by introgression from crops into weedy and wild populations of related species. The likelihood of this depends in part on the fitness of first and later generation hybrids. We here present results on the fitness of F2 and backcross hybrids between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and weedy B. rapa. Two populations of B. rapa, two varieties of B. napus, and their F1 hybrids were used for controlled crosses, and seed development, survival in the field, pollen viability, pod- and seed-set were estimated for the offspring. Offspring from F2 and backcrosses had a reduced fitness relative to their parents for most of the fitness components and for a combined estimate of fitness, with F2 offspring suffering the lowest fitness. Despite their lower fitness on average, some of the hybrids were as fit as the parents. Significant fitness differences were detected between backcross and F2 offspring from different B. rapa populations, B. napus varieties, and parental plants. Our results suggest that introgression of transgenes from oilseed rape to B. rapa will be slowed down, but not hindered, by the low fitness of second generation hybrids.

Mating between two hybridizing species,Viviparus aterandV. contectus(Mollusca: Prosobranchia)

The aquatic snailsViviparus aterandV.contectusare sympatric in several places in southern Europe; they differ morphologically, karyotypically and in their life-history traits. Previous work has shown weak introgression of allozyme markers associated with high heterospecific mating rates in a natural population at Lazise in Lake Garda, northern Italy. Snails were kept in small artificial ponds with equal numbers of males and females of both species, and rates of assortative mating, species-specific mating propensities, and the relative frequencies of the reciprocal heterospecific mating pairs (V.atermales×V.contectusfemales andV.contectusmales×V.aterfemales) were determined. Randomization tests were used to control statistically for problems inherent in many assortative mating experiments. The extent of assortative mating under relative densities of 50V.ater:1V.contectus, which is closer to the natural condition at Lazise, was also determined. Heterospecific matings occurred at a rate of 10·9% at relative densities of 1:1, significantly different from random mating. The heterospecific mating rate ofV.contectuswas much higher (75%) when it was at low density.Viviparus contectusfemales had significantly higher mating propensities than didV.aterfemales. In contrast to field data, the relative frequencies of the reciprocal heterospecific mating pairs were similar in the experiments, suggesting that factors other than mate choice may be responsible for the higher frequency ofV.atermales×V.contectusfemales in the field. Assortative mating inViviparuscomprises an insignificant barrier to introgression even in conjunction with the low fitness of hybrids, especially where the relative population densities in the species differ.