Low-income Families Research Articles

Missed opportunities to support parents' use of healthy discipline.

To prevent child abuse, efforts are needed to identify potentially unhealthy parenting behaviors. To assess the proportion of parents with potentially unhealthy parenting attitudes and behaviors who receive parenting support. Parents of children ages 6months to 10years completed a survey in a pediatric clinic serving low-income families in Nashville Tennessee. Measures included parents' attitudes toward spanking (Attitudes Toward Spanking (ATS)) and parents' discipline practices (Quick Parenting Assessment (QPA)). Higher ATS and QPA scores indicate increased use of potentially unhealthy parenting. We assessed associations between the ATS and QPA and sociodemographic factors. We performed a blinded chart review to identify parents who received some type of parenting support, either education in clinic or referral to a parenting class. 807 parents completed the survey. 59% had a low ATS score, 35% had a medium ATS score, and 5% had a high ATS score. 54% had a low QPA score, 24% had a medium QPA score, and 22% participants had a high QPA score. Elevated QPA scores were associated with the parent being unmarried and having other children. Overall, 13% of parents received education about parenting and 2% were referred to a parenting class. For parents with either elevated ATS scores or QPAs, <20% received some type of parenting support. Pediatric health care providers are missing opportunities to support parents in their use of healthy discipline behaviors. The findings have implications for the prevention of child abuse and other health problems.

Democratisation of the outdoors: how equipment lending is emerging in Norway’s sharing economy to provide sustainable consumption at the local scale

ABSTRACT Outdoor equipment lending is emerging as a collaborative consumption practice in Norway’s sharing economy, potentially providing a solution to the adverse climate and environmental impacts connected with the country’s outdoor culture. Little is known, however, of how to upscale such practices when owning equipment is culturally embedded. This article contributes to an emerging literature on how emotions, knowledge, and environmental values may contribute to participation in collaborative consumption and responds to calls for research on cultural and contextual elements of sharing practices. Through ethnographic fieldwork and interviews, we explore the outdoor equipment lending outlet TURBO in the city of Tromsø, Norway. We ask, how can collaborative consumption of equipment provide a sustainable solution to the societal goal of democratic participation in outdoor life. Building on practice theory, our analyses reveal a shift in focus from low-income and immigrant families to broader outreach and inclusion of many new user groups. In the encounters taking place at TURBO, emotions of trust and affinity, knowledge of how to access the outdoors, and environmental values are shared in dynamic interaction between lenders and borrowers. The direct effect on private consumption lies outside the scope of this research, but we argue that collaborative consumption of equipment provides potential climate and environmental benefits through the lending of donated equipment, by extending life cycles of equipment through reuse and repair, and when borrowing equipment supersedes traditional consumption. Moreover, the practices at TURBO destigmatise borrowing instead of buying and contribute to the democratisation of the outdoors.

Priced Out: Do Adolescents from Low-Income Families Respond More to Cost-Sharing in Primary Care?

Priced Out: Do Adolescents from Low-Income Families Respond More to Cost-Sharing in Primary Care?

Predictors of anemia among infants at the age of one year attending health centers in the West Bank/Palestine: a retrospective study

BackgroundAnemia is a major problem among infants aged under 1 year. There are limited studies in Palestine about anemia among infants. Thus, this study aimed to address this gap.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted. A review of 1249 infants recorded in primary health centers of the West Bank, Palestine was performed during the period from January to December 2022. The collected data included sociodemographic factors, feeding practices, and hemoglobin levels. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and binary logistic regression were performed to analyze the data.ResultsThe findings showed that 35.2% of infants were anemic, of which 67.2% had mild anemia. The detrimental predictors for anemia were introducing complementary feeding earlier than six months of age, receiving exclusive bottle feeding with complementary feeding (solid or semisolid) at 12 months, and low family income. While receiving exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding at 12 months was a protective predictor.ConclusionHealthcare professionals should develop intervention programs to enhance hemoglobin levels and decrease anemia among infants while considering correlating factors.

Nourishing Change in Houston, Texas: Exploring Grocery Shopping Behaviors and Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Low-Income Families in the Brighter Bites Program.

We qualitatively examine the grocery shopping behaviors and fruit and vegetable consumption of low-income families participating in the Brighter Bites program in Houston, Texas. We used a single-group observational study design. We used (1) purposive sampling of schools and (2) convenience sampling of parents/caregivers to recruit participants. Research staff conducted three face-to-face qualitative focus groups in Spanish and English. Transcripts were coded using deductive and inductive reasoning. Three elementary schools serving low-income families in Houston, Texas, in February-May of 2022. Brighter Bites parents/caregivers from the 2021-2022 school year. Three primary themes emerged: 1) child involvement in grocery shopping - most parents/caregivers shop with their children. Children sometimes bring their own grocery lists, select their produce, or help by counting produce; 2) the importance of balancing quality and affordability of fruits and vegetables purchased - both when selecting stores and choosing produce; 3) exposure to new varieties and higher quality of fruits and vegetables through Brighter Bites programming - parents/caregivers reported purchasing new fruits and vegetables as a result of participating in Brighter Bites. Findings can inform nutrition education programming and policies targeting fruit and vegetable consumption for low-income families. Child involvement may be a good target for nutrition-based behavior change programs. Nutrition programs and policies should consider both produce affordability and quality. Exposure and opportunities to try new fruits and vegetables can lead to future purchases of new produce. Findings can also inform grocery stores' efforts to understand low-income families' purchasing habits, preferences, and priorities.

Early bedtime routines and behavioral outcomes among children from low-income families: Mediating role of emotion regulation.

The establishment of early bedtime routine is essential for children's emotion and behavioral outcomes. Less is known, however, about the longitudinal effects and mechanisms predicting behavioral outcomes through early bedtime routine and emotion regulation in school-age children from low-income families. Thus, the present study examined emotion regulation at age three as a potential mediator in the longitudinal links between early bedtime routine and behavioral outcomes among racially diverse school age children from low-income families. Participants include a subsample of families (n = 2977) participating in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project (EHSRE). Structural equation modeling with bootstrapping techniques was used to examine the models. The early bedtime routine index was created from parents' reports at 14, 24, and 36 months. Children's emotion regulation was drawn from interviewer assessments at 36 months and problem behaviors were reported by mothers when the child was approximately at age 10. Results indicated that children with consistent early bedtime routine were better able to regulate their emotions at age three. Also, emotion regulation at age three mediated the associations between early bedtime routine at 14-36 months and internalizing and externalizing behaviors among fifth-grade children. Findings indicated that consistent early bedtime routine helps children to regulate their emerging emotions which in turn has long-term benefits on their emotional and behavioral outcomes. These findings have important implications for pediatricians, nurse practitioners, nurses, and early childhood educators who can provide education and resources to support families in establishing consistent bedtime routine for their young children.

Health literacy assessment and analysis of influencing factors in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus in Southwest China.

The main objectives of our study are evaluating the health literacy level among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Southwest China and explore the influencing factors, using a multidimensional health literacy assessment scale (Chinese version of the HLS-14). Given that the HLS-14 has not been used in GDM previously, its reliability and validity testing was included as a secondary objective. It was a cross-sectional survey with 565 GDM pregnancies. The Maternal and child health information access questionnaire, Chinese version of the HLS-14, Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) and General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES) was used to collect health information access behaviors, health literacy, social support and self-efficacy levels, respectively. SPSS 21.0 was used for descriptive statistical, multiple stepwise linear regression analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Amos 26.0 was used for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Chinese version of HLS-14 has good reliability and validity in GDM pregnancies. The Cronbach's α are 0.849, 0.866, 0.859, and 0.883, respectively. The exploratory factor analysis extracted three common factors with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 68.405%. The confirmatory factor analysis model fit was good (χ2/df = 2.595, RMSEA = 0.055, IFI = 0.970, TLI = 0.963, CFI = 0.970). The HL level in pregnancies with GDM was moderate with a mean score of 3.26 ± 0.41, of which 24.10% had limited HL, 41.87% had moderate HL, and 34.03% had adequate HL. Regression analysis showed that the women with higher family support (β = 0.298, p < 0.001), recording pregnancy management diary (β = 0.199, p < 0.001), higher the family income (β = 0.140, p < 0.001), lower pre-pregnancy BMI (β = -0.116, p = 0.004), longer time spent searching for health information (β = 0.111, p = 0.006), and searching for health information through a medical health information website (β = 0.093, p = 0.019) had higher HL levels. These variables explained 23.1% of the variance in HL. The Chinese version of the HLS-14 has good applicability in the GDM pregnancies. The HL level of them is moderate, needs to be improved. Healthcare professionals should focus on the GDM population with low family income and high pre-pregnancy BMI, fully mobilize their social support system, provide reliable access to information, encourage all GDM pregnancies to use pregnancy management diaries to record their self-management behaviors, and ensure the effectiveness of health education.

Childhood family income and medication use in youth

BackgroundLow family socioeconomic position is a well-established determinant of poor health in youth. Much less is known about the social patterning of youth medication use, and the current evidence is...

Parental stress and mental health among transgender parents

Background Parental stress impacts individual health and the development of the next generation, but there is a lack of comprehensive research on parental stress among transgender parents in China. This study is the first to investigate parental stress and mental health among transgender parents and identify potential influencing factors. Methods We designed a cross-sectional survey that recruited a representative sample of 647 transgender parents. A validated questionnaire was used to investigate parental stress, depression, anxiety, and their associated factors, including parent factors (gender dysphoria, time of coming out, depression, and anxiety) and situational factors (family violence, partner violence, relationship with partner, discrimination and family income). Linear regression models were used to explore the influencing factors of parental stress among transgender parents, a structural equation model (SEM) was established to explore the possible pathways between these factors and parental stress, and network analysis was conducted to determine primary symptoms and central risk factors. Results The average parental stress score was 50.4 ± 8.02. 92.7% of participants exhibited depressive tendencies and 73.7% showed anxiety tendencies. Lower family income (p < 0.001), coming out after having a child (Coefficient (Coef.) = 2.6, 95% confidential interval (CI) = 1.174 ∼ 4.027), family violence (Coef. = 3.582, 95%CI = 2.372 ∼ 4.791), partner violence (Coef. = 4.199, 95%CI = 2.998 ∼ 5.401), being discriminated during seeking of childbearing health care (Coef. = 3.29, 95%CI = 2.054 ∼ 4.526), poor relationship with partner (fair relationship: coef. = −3.205, 95%CI = −4.86∼−1.551; good relationship: coef. = −5.372, 95%CI = −6.886∼−3.858), depression (Coef. = 5.873, 95%CI = 3.557 ∼ 8.189), and anxiety (Coef. = 5.705, 95%CI = 4.368 ∼ 7.042) were significantly associated with higher parental stress. Through the pathway analysis, the direct or indirect effects of parent factors and situational factors on parental stress were observed. Additionally, network analysis revealed that gender dysphoria, family violence, psychological abuse, and various anxiety types as central risk factors, with two gender dysphoria symptoms showing the strongest direct relationship to stress. Conclusions Transgender parents experience significant parental stress influenced by mental health, sociodemographic, transgender-specific, family, and socio-environmental factors. Enhanced family support and a more inclusive social environment are crucial for reducing stress and improving the well-being of transgender parents and their children.

Relations Between Parental Emotion Talk and Preschoolers' Emotion Expressions in Low-Income Chinese American and Mexican American Families.

Background/Objectives: Preschool children learn to express emotions in accordance with sociocultural norms. Parental emotion talk (ET) has been theorized to shape these processes. Limited research has examined preschoolers' observed emotion expressions and emotion-related behaviors in culturally diverse samples. We sought to explore the following: (1) cultural group differences and similarities in observed emotion expressions (anger, sadness, and positive emotions) and emotion-related behaviors between Chinese American and Mexican American preschoolers, and (2) the concurrent links between parental ET and children's emotion expressions. Methods: In a sample of 86 children (age range = 38 to 70 months, 62% girls) from low-income immigrant families (Mexican Americans/MA = 43 and Chinese Americans/CA = 43), the observed children's emotion expressions and emotion-related behaviors were coded based on a frustration-eliciting task. Parental ET quality and quantity were coded from transcripts of a parent-child shared reading task. Results: MA children expressed more anger and sadness, but the two groups did not differ on positive emotions or emotion-related behaviors. Multiple regressions showed that children whose parents engaged in more ET expressed higher levels of anger and sadness and used more non-feeling state languages than children whose parents engaged in less ET. Conclusions: The results revealed cultural variations in preschool-age children's emotion expressions and provided support for associations between parental ET and children's emotion expressions.

Perceived Need, Unmet Need for Mental Health Care and Related Factors Among Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Hamadan, Western Iran

Background: There is no reliable data on the perceived need of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) for mental services, and it is unclear how much of mothers' needs are met in Western Iran. Objective: This study aimed to quantify the perceived need and avoidance/delay for mental health care among mothers of children with ASD and also to elucidate the factors associated with perceived need and avoidance/delay. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving all mothers of children with ASD in Hamadan City, Western Iran. Socio-demographic characteristics, depression, anxiety, stress as well as perceived need and avoidance/delay, and associated factors were obtained using researcher-made and standard validated questionnaires. Penalized logistic regression analysis via data augmentation was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: In total of 103 mothers, approximately 75% and 61% of mothers reported a perceived need and avoiding/delaying needed services during the past 12 months, respectively. Psychological stress and lower family income were significant determinants of the perceived need for mental health care. Minimization (OR: 6.06; 95% CI: 1.33-27.68), low perceived treatment effectiveness (4.40; 1.05-18.35), and financial barrier (4.26; 1.01-17.86) were the most important reasons for avoiding/delaying needed services, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of perceived needs and unmet needs is high. Effective psychosocial interventions should be provided to reduce the mental health care gap among mothers of children with ASD.

Family Poultry Farming in Sri Lanka: An Integral Component of Protein Security, Poverty Alleviation and Public Health.

Family poultry farming plays a crucial role in ensuring protein availability and household income, particularly in low-income families. This study investigates the knowledge, attitudes and practices of family poultry farmers regarding poultry diseases, biosecurity and vaccinations. The research involved surveying 150 farmers in a selected area in Sri Lanka's western province, revealing significant knowledge gaps, particularly in understanding poultry diseases, their causes, transmission pathways and potential impacts on humans. Most respondents demonstrated a lack of familiarity with biosecurity practices, with only a small fraction accurately identified recommended measures. Among the total respondents, only 16.7% were familiar with the term 'biosecurity'. Additionally, only 29.3% recognized that family poultry could pose a threat to public health. A significant majority (84.67%) admitted to not knowing which diseases could be effectively prevented through vaccination, and 80% of respondents had never vaccinated their birds. These findings highlight the challenges faced by family poultry farmers due to their limited understanding of crucial aspects of poultry management. The study underscores the need for government intervention and policy development to address these issues. Education and training programmes are essential to enhance farmers' awareness regarding disease control, biosecurity measures and the benefits of vaccination.

Symptoms among patients with breast cancer undergoing endocrine therapy: Application of latent profile analysis and network analysis.

To identify the subgroups and symptom networks associated with endocrine therapy in patients with breast cancer. This study was a cross-sectional design using convenience sampling to select patients from a tertiary hospital in China. A total of 406 patients were invited to complete demographic and clinical questionnaires and the Chinese Breast Cancer Prevention Trial Symptom Scale was used to assess their symptoms. Latent profile analysis was used to classify the symptom subgroups of patients with breast cancer undergoing endocrine therapy. Univariate and binary multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the influence of these factors on different subgroups. Network analysis was used to identify the core symptoms of different subgroups. The analysis revealed two distinct subgroups: low symptom distress (74%; Class 1) and high symptom distress (26%; Class 2). Patients who were older, had a lower monthly family income per capita, and had not received radiotherapy were more likely to belong to Class 2. Furthermore, the network analysis results revealed that "difficulty concentrating" was a core symptom of the entire sample. The core symptom for Class 1 was "lack of energy," and the core symptom for Class 2 was "joint pain." The symptoms of patients with breast cancer undergoing endocrine therapy were heterogeneous. Different subgroups exhibited different core symptoms. Therefore, targeted interventions should be provided according to the characteristics of the different symptom subgroups and their core symptoms to achieve precise and effective symptom management.

Association between maternal mental health and early childhood development, nutrition, and common childhood illnesses in Khwisero subcounty, Kenya.

Despite the significant public health burden of maternal mental health disorders in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), limited data are available on their effects on early childhood development (ECD), nutritional status, and child health in the region. This study investigated the association between maternal mental health and ECD, nutritional status, and common childhood illnesses, while controlling for biological, social, financial, and health-related factors and/or confounders. As part of the Innovative Partnership for Universal and Sustainable Healthcare (i-PUSH) program evaluation study, initiated in November 2019, a cohort of low-income rural families, including pregnant women or women of childbearing age with children under five, was recruited for this study. A total of 24 villages were randomly selected from a list of villages near two health facilities. Following a census to identify eligible households, 10 households per village were randomly selected. Data collection included maternal mental health, assessed using Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, ECD, nutritional status (anthropometric measurements), and common childhood illnesses, their symptoms, and healthcare utilization. This study presents a cross-sectional analysis of the data drawn from endline survey of 299 target mothers and 315 children. The majority of the mothers were aged between 25 and 34 years. The mean age of children was 3.2 years, with 53% being male. The overall maternal mental health score, as measured by the CES-D scale, was 28. Children of mothers with higher CES-D scores exhibited poorer ECD domains, lower nutritional status indicators, and increased incidence of ill-health in the previous two weeks, in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Individual, parental, and household factors-including maternal age, household wealth index, and decision-making regarding child healthcare-were significantly associated with children's development, nutrition status, and health outcomes. Children of mothers with low mental health scores demonstrated suboptimal developmental outcomes, nutritional status, and overall well-being, particularly for those from impoverished households. These findings suggest that improving the socioeconomic conditions of low-income households is essential for promoting children's development, nutritional status, and well-being. Longitudinal studies are needed to further investigate the impact of maternal mental health on child development, nutrition, and health outcomes, considering additional factors across the maternal, newborn, and child health continuum. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04068571), AEA Registry (AEARCTR-0006089) and PACTR (PACTR202204635504887).

Evaluating Conditional Cash Transfers in the Philippines: A Review of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program’s Impact on Poverty Alleviation

The Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program is the most important tool globally for poverty reduction efforts; they are conditional cash transfer programs offering targeted financial support to the lowest-income families contingent upon meeting certain requirements of health, education, and social welfare. This review examines the impact of the Philippines’ flagship poverty reduction program, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), in terms of health, education, and empowerment. By synthesizing extant literature, the review identifies key themes regarding the beneficiaries’ perceptions of success, their degree of satisfaction with the program, and its general role in poverty alleviation. The results suggest that success among the beneficiaries does not only relate to economic benefits but also encompasses education, increased family well-being, and active participation in the community. The perceived quality of implementation of the program is a critical determinant in shaping the satisfaction of its beneficiaries and the overall effectiveness of the program. The review concludes with actionable recommendations for improving 4Ps, including strengthening the monitoring and evaluation mechanisms and finding gaps in service delivery. Finally, it suggests several avenues for future research to more clearly understand the nuanced impacts CCT programs have on the lives of beneficiaries and the broader socio-economic outcomes.

Hubungan antara Tingkat Pendapatan Keluarga dan Pola Konsumsi Pangan Masyarakat: Sebuah Literatur Review

Food is a basic need that must be fulfilled before other needs, such as clothing, shelter, and education. This study aims to analyze the impact of family income on the food consumption patterns of society, specifically how income affects access to and the quality of food consumption. Through a literature review, this study examines various previous studies on the factors influencing food consumption patterns. The findings show that family income significantly affects food consumption patterns. Families with higher income tend to consume more nutritious and diverse food, while low-income families are more limited in choosing nutritious food, which may negatively impact their health. These findings highlight the importance of income increase in improving food consumption patterns. This study also aims to provide strategic recommendations for improving access to quality food for low-income families. By integrating previous findings, this research is expected to serve as a reference for policymakers in developing programs that support food security and the improvement of the nutritional quality of society, contributing to the future welfare development of the community.

Sociodemographic, Clinical &amp; Biochemical Features in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome: A Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

Background: The estimated incidence of nephrotic syndrome is between 2-7 per 100,000 children worldwide, with higher rates reported among those with African and South Asian ancestry. There is a significant gap in the literature on the role of socio-demographic modifiers of nephrotic syndrome in children in the long term. This study aimed to evaluate the sociodemographic &amp; clinical features in children with nephrotic syndrome. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Nephrology in the National Institute of Kidney Diseases &amp; Urology (NIKDU), Sher-E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, from November 2019 to June 2021. Children of age group 1-12 years with primary NS enrolled in this study and a total of 108 patients were included. Informed written consent was taken from the parents. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional ethical committee. A purposive sampling technique was used in this study. On entry into the study, a detailed history was taken &amp; proper physical examinations were done. Routine investigations such as complete blood count, CRP, serum albumin, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine, Mantoux test, screening tests for hepatitis-B &amp; hepatitis-C, urine RME and culture sensitivity, X-ray chest, and serum C3 level were done. All investigation was done from NIKDU except the MT test that was done from Dhaka Shishu Hospital. Infection was screened out and appropriate measures were taken. The data were collected and preserved in a case record form (CRF). The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 23.0. Results: The majority of the patients (50, 46.29%) were 5 to 8 years old, followed by (40, 37.03%) 1-4 years old. Mean ±SD 5.42±2.67. Most of the patients (73, 67.6%) were male and the rest (35, 32.4%) were female, the majority (71%) belonged to rural areas. Regarding socioeconomic status, the majority of the patients (80, 74.08%) belonged to low-income families. .......

“Can I speak that यहाँ पे (here)?”: Emergent bilinguals navigating intersectional inequities with relational multimodal multilingual practices in elementary school

ABSTRACT This paper highlights the stories of two grade 2/3 emergent bilinguals, Jay and Pari, to underscore the need for more inclusive listening for the experiences of marginalized learners and to offer relational, multimodal, and multilingual pedagogical designs. Framed by theories of intersectionality, translanguaging, and multimodality, I present moments from a collaborative multilingual photo project, Something/Someone I love, and center Jay and Pari’s identities – newcomers marginalized as ELLs, racialized students from low-income families – and their gendered experiences. The children negotiated the identity categories within the classroom’s social and academic worlds and shifted their deficit identities. Jay took up writing in Spanish and digitally editing a favorite car photo; Pari shared a photo of her stuffy, reflecting multiliterate competencies in her Hindi and English narratives. Jay and Pari drew on their communicative repertoires for connection and achievement, transitioning their languages, experiences, and emotions as valued resources. Yet this shifting of identities was not straightforward and normative English-only discourses were apparent. Three themes connect their stories: bridging multimodal and multilingual practices to celebrate capacities; focusing on relational and emotional processes to invite children’s experiences; and challenging dominant language ideologies for equitable learning. Implications center on redesigning the relationship between children’s lived experiences and school practices toward more inclusive listening for equity and relationality.

The Rationality Analysis of Family Education Investment

With the change of family structure, more and more one-child families appear, and parents' attention to their children has shifted from multiple to one. In this case, parents' expectations and requirements for their children are getting higher and higher, and the school learning content has been unable to meet parents' expectations for their children's learning. Therefore, Therefore, parents begin to invest in order to improve their children's learning ability and other skills, but some of the investment is obviously irrational, even zero rate of return, but parents are still happy to do it. According to China's household income expenditure, education accounts for nearly 40%, household investment Dezhuang Hu, Hongbin Li and other scholars, according to a study of China's education spending more than half of the income of low-income families, far higher than the high income families, and in which there are a large part of the investment is not being accepted by children, This is not only to the child's physical and mental health caused a certain degree of influence, and also caused the waste of education resources for social inequality as well as to promote education resources.

Comparative Study on China's Public Rental Housing System and Singapore's HDB System

Against the backdrop of rapid global urbanization, housing issues have become an important challenge facing all countries. This paper explores China's public rental housing system and Singapore's public housing system as two core strategies for addressing urban housing challenges. China's public rental housing, which seeks to give security to middle-class and low-income families, has undergone multiple developmental stages since the 1980s and eventually formed a comprehensive system covering basic housing security. In contrast, Singapore's public housing system has emphasized the goal of Home Ownership for All, promoted high homeownership rates, and covered a wider range of income groups since its implementation in the 1960s. This paper points out the key differences between the two systems regarding policy objectives, coverage, funding sources, and management efficiency.The paper concludes by examining the achievements and difficulties of Singapores public housing scheme and drawing inspiration for improving China's public rental housing system in combination with China's actual situation. It also provides recommendations for addressing Chinas housing crisis and looking forward to Chinas future.